新托福TPO17阅读原文及译文(一)

经典word整理文档，仅参考，双击此处可删除页眉页脚。本资料属于网络整理，如有侵权，请联系删除，谢谢！新托福TPO17阅读原文(一：Europe'sEarlySeaTradewithAsiaTPO17-1：Europe'sEarlySeaTradewithAsiaInthefourteenthcentury,anumberofpoliticaldevelopmentscutEurope'soverlandtraderoutestosouthernandeasternAsia,withwhichEuropehadhadimportantandhighlyprofitablecommercialtiessincethetwelfthcentury.Thisdevelopment,comingasitdidwhenthebottomhadfallenoutoftheEuropeaneconomy,providedanimpetustoalong-helddesiretosecuredirectrelationswiththeEastbyestablishingaseatrade.Widelyreported,ifsomewhatdistrusted,accountsbyfigureslikethefamoustravelerfromVenice,MarcoPolo,ofthewillingnessofpeopleinChinatotradewithEuropeansandoftheimmensityofthewealthtobegainedbysuchcontactmadetheideairresistible.Possibilitiesfortradeseemedpromising,butnohopeexistedformaintainingthetraditionalroutesoverlandAnewwayhadtobefound.Thechiefproblemwastechnological:HowweretheEuropeanstoreachtheEast?Europe'smaritimetraditionhaddevelopedinthecontextofeasilynavigable—theMediterranean,theBaltic,and,toalesserextent,theNorthSeabetweenEnglandandtheContinent—notofvastoceans.Newtypesofshipswereneeded,newmethodsoffindingone'sway,newtechniquesforfinancingsovastascheme.ThesheerscaleoftheinvestmentittooktobegincommercialexpansionatseareflectstheimmensityoftheprofitsthatsuchEast-WesttradecouldcreateSpiceswerethemostsought-aftercommodities.SpicesnotonlydramaticallyimprovedthetasteoftheEuropeandietbutalsowereusedtomanufactureperfumesandcertainmedicines.Butevenhigh-pricedcommoditieslikespiceshadtobetransportedinlargebulkinordertojustifytheexpenseandtroubleofsailingaroundtheAfricancontinentallthewaytoIndiaandChina.TheprincipalseagoingshipusedthroughouttheMiddleAgeswasthegalley,along,lowshipfittedwithsailsbutdrivenprimarilybyoars.Thelargestgalleyshadasmanyas50oarsmenSincetheyhadrelativelyshallowhulls,theywereunstabledrivenbysailorwhenonroughwater:hencetheywereunsuitableforthevoyagetotheEast.EveniftheyhuggedtheAfricancoastline,theyhadlittlechanceofsurvivingacrossingoftheIndianOcean.Shortlyafter1400,shipbuildersbegandevelopinganewtypeofvesselproperlydesignedtooperateinrough,openwater:thecaravel.Ithadawideranddeeperhullthanthegalleyandhencecouldcarrymorecargo:increasedstabilitymadeitpossibletoaddmultiplemastsandsails.Inthelargestcaravels,twomainmastsheldlargesquaresailsthatprovidedthebulkofthethrustdrivingtheshipforward,whileasmallerforwardmastheldatriangular-shapedsail,calledalateensail,whichcouldbemovedintoavarietyofpositionstomaneuvertheship.Theastrolabehadlongbeentheprimaryinstrumentfornavigation,havingbeenintroducedintheeleventhcentury.ItoperatedbymeasuringtheheightoftheSunandthefixedstars:bycalculatingtheanglescreatedbythesepoints,itdeterminedthedegreeoflatitudeatwhichonestood(Theproblemofdetermininglongitude,though,wasnotsolveduntiltheeighteenthcentury.)Bytheearlythirteenthcentury.WesternEuropeanshadalsodevelopedandputintousethemagneticcompass,whichhelpedwhencloudsobliteratedboththeSunandthestars.Alsobeginninginthethirteenthcentury,therewerenewmapsrefinedbyprecisecalculationsandthereportsofsailorsthatmadeitpossibletotraceone'spathwithreasonableaccuracy.Certaininstitutionalandpracticalnormshadbecomeestablishedaswell.AmaritimecodeknownastheConsulateoftheSea,whichoriginatedinthewesternMediterraneanregioninthefourteenthcentury,wonacceptancebyamajorityofseagoersasthenormativecodeformaritimeconduct;itdefinedsuchmattersastheauthorityofaship'sofficers,protocolsofcommand,paystructures,therightsofsailors,andtherulesofengagementwhenshipsmetoneanotheronthesea-lanes.Thusbyabout1400thekeyelementswereinplacetoenableEuropetobeginitsseawardadventure.TPO17-1译文：欧亚地区早期的海洋贸易自12世纪起，欧洲就已经建立起与南亚和东亚之间高度互利的贸易关系，但14世纪时，政治的发展切断了双方的陆路贸易路线。政治的发展在将欧洲经能不足为信，威尼斯著名旅行家马可•波罗在其书中就描述了中国人希望和欧洲人难以抗拒。双方贸易有无限商机，前景看好，但传统的陆路贸易已然无望，所以开辟新的贸易路线势在必行。技术问题最为重要：欧洲人如何到达东方?欧洲的航海传统是在那些易于航行的海域中建立和发展起来的——绕行非洲运输至中国和印度所耗费的巨额成本和麻烦。还是靠浆操控。最大的划桨帆船有50个划手由于船体相对较浅，靠帆航行或是在汹涌的海面上航行时很难保持稳定。因此它们不适合在去往东方的航线上航行。即使紧贴着非洲海岸线行驶，这种船也很难穿越印度洋。15世纪初，造船专家们开始研制一种能够适用于波涛汹涌的开放海域的新型船只——轻快帆船。船帆，这种船帆叫做三角帆，它可以移动到不同位置控制帆船。自11世纪星盘引入欧洲以来，它已经成为航海的重要工具。星盘通过测定而经度测量的难题，直到18世纪才得以解决。13世