佩佩语法完全版

目录一、TheSCProcess 2二、Grammar&Meaning 2三、SentenceStructure 3四、Modifiers 5五、Parallelism 9六、Comparisons 11七、Pronouns 14八、Verbs 16九、Idioms 18曼哈顿语法分类整理&RON一、TheSCProcess1、浏览一下句子，知道大概意思，看划线部分和选项2、找到一个攻击点浏览5个选项3、排除4、找另外一个再排除5、时间控制在40s，不超过90s！！①判断划线部分长度：长>5个字符，一般会考句子结构，意思，修饰和平行；短<5个字符，需要比较各个选选项②划线部分的第一个单词以及该单词前面是什么：可以用来判断考什么知识点③比较选项之间的差别：通常来说，一个相同错误或出现在2个以上的选项中总结常见陷阱！二、Grammar&Meaning★并列连词(可以连接两个独立句子)：FANBOYS(forandnorbutoryetso)1、Chooseyourwords：注意helpingverbs改变句意-may,will,must,should2、Placeyourwords:注意shortwords改变句意-only,all;当一个词跟同一个介词表达两个意思时要注意不要将两个意思放在介词的同一侧3、Matchyourwords:时态，主谓一致，比较结构，代词4、AvoidRedundancy:最常见的是几个词语表达了相同的意思，特别注意划线和未划线之间5、”of”&noun-adj&“‘s“:①当表示时间，数量或者其他表示量的单词作为firstword时，要使用of，不要使用noun-adj（例如MemorialDayweed错误，改为theweekofMemorialday）②当意思有歧义的时候，要加上介词（例如，Bostonsoldier歧义，改为thesoldierfromBoston）例子:1、Nomatterhowmuchworkitmayrequire,gettingMBAturnsouttobeawiseinvestmentformostpeople.Eventhoughitrequiresmuchwork1对2错：nomatterhowmuchworkitmayrequire指的是工作量大还是小都无关2、Risingcoststorawmaterialsmayimpelustorisepricesfarther.Costsofrawmaterialsmayimpelustoraisepricesfurther.1错2对：①costtoX=Xhastopay/costofX=…pay…tobuyX②rise不及物，raise及物③farther指距离；further指抽象Everyone,everybody,everythingWhatever,whoeverEither,neither(就近原则)(3)特殊名词的单复数①朝代名是复数：TheShangwere★SANAM:someanynoneallmore/most可以单数也可以复数，看内容(3)each和every:用在名词前面都是用单数8、除了FANBOYS，其他的连词都不能连接两个独立句子FORANDNORBUTORYETSO9、PREPOSITION+NOUN+VERB-ing结构iftheACTIONistheintendedobjectofthepreposition,thenthisconstructionisincorrect.除非介词后面宾语的主要就是一个名词，doing什么的只是修饰!!介宾结构中强调的是介词后面的Noun,而这个Noun的修饰成分并不是重点eg:"thepatientissufferingfromaggravatinghealthconditions"这里表达的意思是thehealthconditionitselfiscausingthesuffering而不是healthconditionaggravates!!不要用主动被动当作排除点10、倒装结构（主要注意谓语的单复数情况）常见形况：①介词开头②therebe③fromwhich句型（不倒也对）四、Modifiers1、ADJ和ADV的使用(1)ADJ只能修饰名词和代词；ADV修饰除了名词和代词以外的所有东西(2)在难题中，修饰词语法正确，但是逻辑意思错误Eg:Max’sgrandmotherishissupposedIrishancestor.Max’sgrandmotherishissupposedlyIrishancestor.*第一句中，supposed修饰ancestor，逻辑出现错误2、NOUNMODIFIERS(1)类型①Preposition:Sueplacedthecatonthecouch.②PastParticiple:ThecatownedbySueisplayful.③PresentParticiplewithoutcommas:ThecatsleepingontherugbelongstoSue.！注意这里并没有逗号④定语从句“,which”/that/whose/when等等，只要修饰特定名词即可⑤ADJ

★(2)位置①当看到选项中同一个modifier被放到了不同的地方，要问自己，放在哪个地方modifier是closest(离修饰的名词越近越好)②所有格里的名词不是名词：*X’sbox里的X不能作为名词来处理*所有格不能和of连用*复数所有格一般都是错误的(3)★关系代词WhichThatWhoWhoseWhomWhereWhen①who和whom必须！修饰people；which和that不能修饰people②where修饰一个nounplace:area,site,country等；不能修饰抽象地点：condition,situation,case,circumstances,arrangement，要用inwhich③when可以来修饰一个eventortime:period,age,1987ordecade.可以和inwhich互换!!限制性定语从句that之类和非限制性定语从句“，which”的区别！！！！！根据句意来判断Eg:People,whotalkloudlyontheircellphonesincrowdedtrains,showlittlerespectforotherpassengers.错误改：Peoplewhotalkloudlyontheircellphonesincrowdedtrainsshowlittlerespectforotherpassengers.如果who….是非限制性的话，去掉之后，句意发生了改变ThetallestmountainonEarthisMountEverestthatisontheborderbetweenNandT.错误改：ThetallestmountainonEarthisMountEverest，WHICHisontheborderbetweenNandT.原句表达的意思是tallestmountain，定语从句表达的是位置，并没有什么联系，可以去掉，且不影响句意。④关系代词的省略：如果关系代词（which,whom）在从句作宾语，那么可以省略(4)介词和分词①通常来说，介宾短语直接跟在被修饰名词的后面Eg:ResearchersdiscoveredthatthemostcommonRSIKFACTORresultingincholeraepidemicsistheLACKofacleanwatersupply.3、ADVERBIALMODIFIERS(1)类型①ADV②PrepositionalPhrase:TheTeamAttendsstaffmeetingsonMondays.③PresentParticiplewithCommas:Theengineerfixedtheproblem,earninghimselfapromotion.修饰部分的逻辑主语还是theengineer④PastParticiplewithCommas:Exhilaratedbythesuccessfulproductlaunch,theteamcelebratedafterwork.！！！注意修饰的逻辑，X,Y句型，不论X,Y哪一个是主句，哪一个是修饰，X都是原因，Y都是结果*传说中的状语从句就是属于这一类，可以用来修饰除了名词和代词之外的任何东西（包括动词，修饰成分，句子等等等）--原来although这些都是修饰性成分啊！！！！！状语从句的引导词啊！①时间：when/while/since/as/till/until/before/after/whenever②地点:where/wherever③原因:because/as/since④条件:if/unless/solongas/incase⑤让步:though/although/nomatter/evenif⑥方式:as/asif/asthough⑦比较:as….as/notso…as/⑧结果:so….that/such….that⑨目的:inorderthat4、INITIALMODIFIERS!!INITIALMODIFIERSTHATMUSTAPPLYTOTHEFOLLOWINGSUBJECT(1)STARTINGWITH-ING(orwithpreposition+-ING)(2)PASTPARTICIPLE(3)JustaNOUN(+modifiers)(4)ADJ(+modifiers)(5)Like/Unlike!!Verbalnouns(eg:theexposure,theconstruction,theadoption)areimpersonal.也就是说不用主语发出!!2种情况-ing：Gerundforms(eg:exposing,constructing,adopting)areusedwhenthesubjectisdirectlyinvolved.必须有主语的参与，或者强调过程5、Which&-ING的对比(which只能修饰Noun,“,ing”可以修饰前面整个句子)HOWTOUSE"WHICH"(1)BASICRULE:TheymodifytheNOUNthatPrecedesTheComma(2)CANMODIFY2:①theNounthatImmediatelyprecedestheComma②theNounthat+PrepPhrasethatimmediatelyprecedesthecommaeg:ED'sletterstoSHD,whichwerewritten此处，SHD=NOUN，LETTERSTOSHD=NOUN+PREPPHRASE,需要根据内容和从句的语法来选择！！WHICH单独出现，必然followaCOMMA;“prep+WHICH"mayormaynotfollowacommaOnthetableisabox,whichcontainsallmypaperwork.可以Onthetableisaboxwhichcontainsallmypaperwork.不可以Onthetableisaboxthatcontainsallmypaperwork.可以OnthetableisaboxinwhichIkeepallmypaperwork.可以Onthetableisabox，inwhichIkeepallmypaperwork.可以!遇到定语从句和ing结构，根据意思来取舍（doing一般表示的是现在时）Eg:Therateoflanguageextinctionisaccelerating,atendencyultimatelyculminatinginthesurvivalofjustafewlanguages,accordingtosome.(不好)Therateoflanguageextinctionisaccelerating,atendencythatwillultimatelyculminateinthesurvivalofjustafewlanguages,accordingtosome.√6、同位语修饰(1)由comma引出(2)只包含一个Noun或者noun+modifier！！具体的同位语只修饰precedingnoun;！！抽象的同位语可以修饰前面的一个句子，但是如果前面一个词也是抽象词的或就只修饰前面的7、修饰和主句FANBOYS可以连接动词！！Eg:Bothshockingandentertainingaudiencesacrossthenation,GeorgeCarlininfluencedandinspiredagenerationofcomediansyetstruggledpubliclywithdrugabuse.8、Subgroup和独立主格(1)Subgroup就是用来表达主句对象的一部分怎么样：（仅有三种表述）Eg:①thismodelexplainsallknownsubatomicparticles,someofwhichwereonlyrecentlydiscovered.②thismodelexplainsallknownsubatomicparticles,someofthemonlyrecentlydiscovered.③thismodelexplainsallknownsubatomicparticles,someonlyrecentlydiscovered.！！遇到SANAM或者manyeacheitherneitherhalfone等代表数量的都必须用这个结构次序(2)独立主格①构成：anounplusanounmodifier②作用：作为advmodifier修饰整个句子③当独立主格出现在句子最后时，可以使用破折号8、数量词(1)只修饰可数名词：Many,Few,Numberof,Numerous(2)只修饰不可数名词：Much,Little,Amount,Great(3)皆可：More,most,enough,all!!注意unitnouns:dollarsorgallons.作为一个一笔钱，是不可数的!!使用numbers这个单词时，要用greaterthan（在表示数字比较的时候）!!使用Increase表示的是thechangeofonethingovertime;使用Greater表示的是比较9、to和for在表示目的时的区别（详细见错题修饰-4）一般认为fordoing单纯表目的，是对前面名词的补充说明。而todo会有逻辑主语的问题。错题集合10、不定式todo结构的一些注意事项①词性：名词：Ilovetoswim.(所以todo结构可以作为主语)形容词：Thepersontomeetishere.副词：Suepausedtoeatlunch.②注意，todo结构的动作发起者就是逻辑主语1、Minivanscarryasmanyassevenpassengersand,comparedwithmostsportutilityvehicles,costless,

getbettergasmileage,allowpassengerstogetinandoutmoreeasily,andhaveasmootherride.错误选项：Minivans,carryingasmanyassevenpassengers,comparedwithmostsportutilityvehicles,costless,错误选项的错误在于，noun+modifier+modifier，这样的结构容易歧义，这里的compared可以被认为修饰passengers五、Parallelism1、BasicPrincipleofParallelism(1)TheparallelstructuresareindicatedbyPARALLELTAGS(signalworksormarkers)!!notomitwordsthatfolloweachtag-->mustbeParallelGrammar(2)遇到了and或者or的时候，需要从righttoleft，因为右边的是再tag后面的，然后到前面找到平行①三个或三个以上并立时，出现AND和COMMA的时候，COMMASandANDaretags②theMODIFIERSdon'thaveto-andshouldn't-beparalleltotheMAINACTION③MUSTBE"X,Y,andZ"这样才表示三个例举例子eg:handsignsusedbynativesandappearinginlocalrituals！！记住这个特例，and前后是appearing和used都是participialphrase用于adj*有that从句出现时，要注意that的平行(3)NOTPERFECTPARALLEL:eg:Theyarguejustasfrequentlyandaboutthesametopicsasthecouplelivingnextdoortothem.*这里的asfrequently和aboutthesametopics都是作adv修饰argue!!betweenXandY必须平行!!notallowedtoendmodifierswithprepositions!eg:therestaurantweateAt错误therestaurantATWHICHWEATE正确(4)Ideasreferenceparallel>structurestobeparallel!!什么时候要在第二个比较处补出动词（helpingverb的位置可以在noun后面，也可以在noun前面，但是如果有Modifier修饰noun,动词只能在前面）(1)iftheyarerequiredby2-partparallelsignals(both...and,etc)(2)toresolveAMBIGUITYeg:IknowmoreaboutShakespearethanmybrother错误IknowmoreaboutShakespearethanmybrotherdoes正确2、AND的平行结构：(1)结构成分是independent（除非theyaresequence)(2)在优先级或者重要水平上相同eg:Ilikeapples,grapes,andbananas.Weatedinner,sawashow,and(then)wenttoaclub.!!eg:Atruckcrashedinfrontofmeonthefreeway,andIwaslatetowork.错误改为因果关系：Atruckcrashedinfrontofmeonthefreeway,makingmelatetowork.或者Atruckcrashedinfrontofmeonthefreeway,andIwasthuslatetowork.2.1、aswellas的平行结构①和asmuchas的用法差不多Eg:Shedoesn’tplaythepianoaswellasyoudo.②aswellas连接名词AaswellasBis③aswellas连接动词时，动词用动名词形式Shesingsaswellasplayingthepiano④aswellas连接简单动词形式，构成一个插入语Heworks,aswellassleeps,intheroom.⑤aswellas连接（分词或不定式动词）Wearerepairingtheroof,aswellaspaintingthewalls.Yououghttoplaygames,aswellasstudybooks.(有to的时候要省略to)⑥aswellas放在句首，作介词，表达“除了…以外”Aswellasbreakinghisleg,hehurthisarm.⑦连接形容词、副词，类似于andSheiscleveraswellasbeautiful.⑧连接介词短语或从句3、Linkingverb(系动词)=bebecomeEg:Thebouquetofflowerswasagiftoflove.（描述X是Y的时候，XY的结构要相同）**TOBEIsarewaswereambeenbebeingOTHERSAppearbecomefeelgrowlookremainrepresentresembleseemsmellsoundstaytasteturn!!平行结构中的成分拆开组合一定要makesense，用这个方法可以用来检验平行结构Eg:Weweredismayedtolearnthatourneighborswereuntidy,disagreeable,andtheywereuninterestedtomakenewfriends.错误！改:Weweredismayedtolearnthatourneighborswereuntidy,disagreeable,anduninterestedinmakingnewfriends.!!平行结构中定语从句平行一定要带上先行词（比如that）4、平行词(1)名词①Concretenouns②Actionnouns,Complexgerund③Simplegerund(1)修饰词①adjectives,participles5、平行结构中的省略情况当遇到FANBOYS时，如果平行结构中出现beorbecome这样的helpingwords可以进行省略Eg：theseareactuallyBOTHcorrect.herearetheparallelstructures:

lola

is34yearsold

andthus

istooyoungtocompeteintheMastersdivision.

lolais

34yearsold

andthus

tooyoungtocompeteintheMastersdivisionThecity’sstreetscouldbecleaner,itsfirecode

betterenforced,anditscrimeratereduced

ifthecurrentadministrationimproveditsmanagementpractices.（省略了couldbe）六、Comparisons1、COMPARISON(1)Literalcomparisonsorcontrastseg:XislikeY/XisunlikeYXdoesY,asZdoes(2)Quantitativecomparisonseg:Greaterthan,lessthanMorethan,asas,Halfasmuchas,30%of(3)Generalsituationsthataren'tliterallycomparisons,butthatrequirecomparablethingseg:ImistookXforYThecompanyreplacedXwithY!!parallelismshouldbewritteninGRAMMATICALFORMSthatareasSimpleaspossible两个方面：语法形式/逻辑语义*比较过程中，如果前面是单数想要和复数进行比较的话，后面不能用those来指代，而是应该用该单词的复数形式2、MarkersMarkerSampleStructureLikeLikethecat,thedogisfriendly.Thecat,likethedog,isfriendly.UnlikeUnlikeherparents,shehasgreeneyes.InCalifornia,UnlikeFlorida,thehumidityismoderate.AsDavidissmart,asisAbby.ThanYouhaveearnedabetterscorethanIhave.C’srevenuesareconsiderablyhigherthanS’sAsadj.AsMisaslikelyasSamtowinthepromotion.DifferentfromMycurrentjobisquiteDifferentfrommylastone.Incontrastto/withCanada’shousingmarketdidnotsuffermanydifficultiesduringtheeconomicdownturn,IncontrasttothehousingmarketintheUS.(1)like的进阶★Like放在最后时，容易产生歧义Eg：IwanttocoachdiversLikeGL歧义(又可以修饰divers又可以修饰I)正确的一个表达方式：Somescientistscontend

thatmanyspeciesofdinosaurhadametabolismmorelike

awarm-bloodedmammal'sthanacold-bloodedreptile's.(2)as的进阶①as作为连词：表示同时，原因，像…一样；后面一般接一个完整句子*特殊情况：Asinthepreviouscase,thejudgetookanearlybreak.②as作为介词：表示修饰前面的那个名词（作为……）!!Iwilljumpupasaclown.这里不能说像小丑一样跳，而是说打扮成小丑如果想表达像小丑一样，改为：Iwilljumpupasaclownmight/do③as…as的用法基本意思是“与……一样”，其中第一个as为副词，其后通常形容词或副词(原级)，第二个as可用作介词（后面接名词或代词）或连词（后接从句）。1）在否定句中用notso…as2）

在该结构的两个as之间通常接形容词或副词的原级，但若涉及数量或程度，可用“asmuch+不可数名词+as”和“asmany+复数名词+as”。如：

You’vemadeasmanymistakesasIhave.Ihaven’tgotasmuchmoneyasIthought.。

其间接形容词时，有时该形容词还可修饰另一名词，但这个名词应带有不定冠词(注意词序)。如：

Sheisasgoodateacherashermother.她和她妈妈一样是位好老师。

也可说。如：Sheisateacherasgoodashermother.

但不说。如：Sheisasagoodteacherashermother./Theyareasgoodteachersasus.3）第二个as后接从句时，该as通常为连词，但有时这个as还充当其后从句的主语或宾语，此时该as实为关系代词。如：

Igavehimasmuchashecouldeat.他能吃多少，我就给了他多少。

We’vegotfoodforasmanypeopleaswantit.我们的食物，无论多少人吃都够了。4）该结构根据情况可用使用以下修饰语。如：(not)nearly,almost,just,nothinglike,exactly,notquite,half,one-ten,twice,threetimes,30percent等，并且这些修饰语必须置于第一个as之前，而不能置于其后。如：

Hedoesn’tplayhalfaswellashissister.他演奏的水平不及他姐姐的一半。

Thisdressistwiceasexpensiveasthat.这件连衣裙比那件贵一倍。5）若第二个as引导一个表示将来意义的从句，则该从句可用现在时表示将来，也可直接使用将来时态。如：

We’llgetthereassoonasyoudo[will].你一到，我们就到3、USAGEOF"COMPAREDTO/WITH"(1)当表示数字间的比较时，在使用comparedto/with的同时，不能使用其他比较词Eg:"paredto"错误！！"more/paredto"错误！！(2)当用来比较数据的时候，必须要两边都把数字列出来，compareto/with后面跟一个数字Eg:28percentAmericanhusbandsweremarriedtowiveswithmoreyearsofschooling,comparedto6percentin1971"正确，只能出现数字(3)comparisonsinvolvePARALLELSTRUCTURES★”，comparedwith/to“&“,ascomparedwith/to”的重要用法！！①Comparedwith直接跟在逗号后面可以修饰前面名词名词的短语的核心词例句：IntheUnitedStates,whilethenumberofforeign-bornresidentsandtheirchildrenishigherthanever,thepercentageofthepopulationtheyrepresentisnot;in1910thisgroupmadeup35percentofthepopulation,comparedwith20percentin2000.②Comparedwith也可以修饰前面整个分句，comparedwith后面的名词与主语比较：例句：*Today,morethan43percentofCaliforniansundertheageofeighteenareHispanic,comparedwithabout35percentadecadeago.*IntheUnitedStates,Fifty-twopercentofhighschoolgraduatesgoontocollege,comparedwiththirty-fivepercentinCanadaandfifteenpercentinGreatBritain,Japan,andWestGermany.*Onebabyinfourisnowborntoamotheragedthirtyorolder,comparedwithjustoneinsixin1975.③ascomparedto/with中as指代前面整句的核心含义例句：Arecentreviewofpayscalesindicatesthat,onaverage,CEO'snowearn419timesthepayofblue-collarworkers,ascomparedto42timestheirpay,theratioin1980.4、比较结构中的助动词（helpingverb）Aleopardcannotcatchawildebeestthatrunsasfastasacheetah.Aleopardcannotcatchawildebeestasfastasitcanacheetah.Aleopardcannotcatchawildebeestasfastasacheetahcan.只有当会引起歧义的时候，才会添加helpingverb5、数量的比较(1)表达倍数的常用方法①Themanisfivetimesasoldashisgrandson.正确-times&as…as结构Themanisfivetimesolderthanhisgrandson错误！②Thecostofticketis12,sixtimesthecosttenyearsoldTheconcertwasattendedby300people,twicethepreviousattendance（注意同义词的转化）(2)表达相对数量多少的常用方法①Iamtenyearsolderthanyou.正确Iamtenyearsasoldasyou.错误！！②more的用法(less也类似)不表示比较的时候也可以单用*名词或者代词：IownmorethanIshould(或者moreof…lessof….)*形容词：IownmoreshirtsthanIshould*副词：IsleepmorethanIshould*仅仅是程度副词(即有More不一定有than)Eg:Gonearethesharpedgesandjuttingplanesofstylesfromformereras;instead,designersofeverythingfromcarstocomputermonitorshaveadoptedacornerlessstyleofsmoothsurfacesandcurvesthatismoreergonomic,conformingtotheshapeofthebodyratherthanflauntingshape

foritsownsake.!!注意当more的位置，当放在adj+noun这样的结构前面时容易产生歧义Eg:Wehaveevenmoreefficientenginesthanbefore6、inadditionto的用法很特殊，放在句首，既可以用来比较主语，又可以来比较主句中的其他名词Eg:Inadditiontotaxes,deathisinevitable.InadditiontoMunstercheese,IlikeSwiss.七、Pronouns1、PronounambiguityisNotanabsoluterule,if(1)theCONTEXTisobvious(语义判断明显）(2)thePronounisParalleltotheIntendednoun(3)thePronounisnotparalleltotheothernoun（比如动宾和介宾就不是一回事）2、代词必须有先行词：①意义一致！Sensible②先行词与代词mustagreeinnumber单数：itits复数：theythemtheir3、PronounAmbiguity(1)当存在多个先行词时，将可能的先行词都带入原句，看是否structurally&logicallyEg:Supernovasdestroytheirimmediateenvironmentsinvastexplosions,butbysynthesizingheavychemicalelements,Theyprovidetheuniversewiththepossibilityofbiochemistry-basedlifeasweknowit.在这里，they前面有三个先行词，supernovas,explosions&chemicalelements结构上来说：they指代的是supernovas，因为都是作为主语逻辑上来说：they只能指代supernovas综上所述，they指代的就是supernovas*当然，pronoun和nounareNOTrequiredtoplaythesameroleinthesentence4、几类重要代词(1)It,Its,They,Them,Their（注意单复数问题）(2)This,That,These,Those①用作形容词修饰名词②that和those用作newcopy！！当出现newcopy的时候，必须有修饰，来区分与之前的不同!同一句话中，一个代词指代的内容一定是一致的，但是一个class的代词(比如itits)可以不一样，不是Must.(3)There①therebe句型里面，there没有先行词②作为adv的there表示inthatplace,Eg:Atcurrentprices,oilinAntarcticamaybeworthdrillingfor,ifwellscanbedugThereandenvironmentalconcernsaddressed.(4)Itself,Themselves,Oneanother,Eachother①反身代词itself和themselves*作为宾语，直接指代主语:Aftertheagreementsurfaced,thecommissiondissolveditself.*强调一个Noun:Thecommissionitselfwaswrong.②相互代词oneanother和eachother表示interactionbetweenparties.Eg:TheguestatthepartyinteractedwithOneAnother.(5)SuchandOther/Another(这三个不要混在一起用)和Noun组合在一起表示和先行词相类似的东西，但不是先行词本身。Eg:Aftertheland-useagreementsurfaced,thecommissiondecidedtosubjectanysuchcontractstodebateinthefuture.(6)oneOne不同于IT和THEM,one表示的是一个集合中非特定的某一个5、it形式用法①It’scoldoutside.②Itisfutiletoresisttemptation.③Itgaveusencouragementthatwescoredatall.④Shemadeitpossibleforustoattendthemovie.6、避免将代词放在一起产生歧义，老头很喜欢用同义转换来进行指代Eg1:Aftertoastingthepotato,thecamperextinguishedthefireandthensearchedforaforkwithwhichtoeatit.这个句子就很阳痿，因为代词放在了最后。Eg2:NewNANO-PAPERSincorporatefibersthatgivethesematerialsstrength.老头喜欢的八、Verbs!!ONLYDETERMINEDBYMEANING!!1、MajorVERBTENSERULEs(时间轴）(1)Simplicityisbest(onlyuseperfecttenseswhenyouhaveto)简洁(2)Consistencyisbest(onlychangetenseswhenyouhaveto)一致(3)meaning!!2、PresentTense(1)Generaltruths（遇到比如nowwellknown之类的词，要用现在式）eg:Intheyear1550,theGreekdoctorXXXXdiscoveredthatbloodcirculatesthroughthearteriesandveinsofthehumanbody.(2)Generalactions/statesthatarenotfixedinanyparticulartimeframeorgeneralstates(notactions!)thatarecurrentlytrueeg:WhentheBulldogsplayhomegames,theywearwhitejerseys;whentheyplayawaygames,theywearredjerseys.(3)NotusedforactionsthatarespecificallyongoinginthepresenttimeframeEg:Althoughinflationcurrentlyincreases,itwilleventuallyreturntoitsnormallevel.错误（应该改为iscurrentlyincreasing,当时正在发生）3、关于进行时的GMAT逻辑进行时表示的是在当前正在进行的动作。几项禁止！！①表达一般定义的时候，不能用进行时，只能用一般现在时②表达将来时，不能用bedoing的结构，只能用will等一般将来时③一些表达陈述的动词，不能用进行时，比如know,signify*关于完成时:指一段连续的时间内一直在做的事情，有一些词比如consistently，暗示用完成时4、”-ING”结构的时态判断一般来说，ING修饰句中的时态与主句的时态相同。Eg:Thecountry’seconomyisunstable,theresultofastockmarketcrashoccurringtenyearsago.Thecountry’seconomyisunstable,theresultofastockmarketcrashthatoccurredtenyearsago.第一句中，occurring认为是现在进行时错误；第二句中，表达正确5、虚拟结构IF…Then①GeneralrulewithcertaintyIfSophieeatspizza,thenshebecomesill.②GeneralrulewithsomeUncertaintyIfSophieeatspizza,thenshecan/maybecomeill③Particularcase(inthefuture)withcertaintyIfSophieeatspizzatomorrow,thenshewillbecomeill.*也可以发生在过去Eg:Ifthesupplierhassignedabindingcontract,hewilldeliverthegoods.④UnlikelyCase(inthefuture)IfSophieatepizzatomorrow,thenshewouldbecomeill.⑤Casethatneverhappened(inthepast)与现在事实相反IfSophiehadeatenpizzayesterday,thenshewouldhavebecomeill.*不要再if从句里面添加，would和should5.1关于虚拟语气的补充1、if省略的虚拟语气(were,had,should)，可省略if，然后倒装Wereyouinmyposition,youwoulddothesame.2、含蓄条件从句①短语：*Butforyourhelpwecouldn’thavesucceededintheexperiment.*Itwouldbeeasiertodoitthisway.*Hemusthavethestrengthofahippopotamus,orhenevercouldhavevanquishedthatgreatbeast.3、不用if引导的条件从句（when,unless,suppose,asif,forfear,incase,Onconditionthat)*Thepeasantspreparedtofeedthecitywhenitshouldbefreed.*UnlessIwerewell,Iwouldn’tbeatschool.*SupposeyouweregivenachanceastudyinUS,wouldyouaccept?*Hecanusethebicycleonconditionthatheshouldreturnittomorrow.*1，对于过去的虚拟语气，并不都是用于“与事实相反的假设”，if虚拟条件句不一定非要虚拟主句才能使用，是可以作为独立成分出现在句中，就像这道题并不是不可能发生，而是虚拟的内容只有违约金这一点，其他的部分都是在实际发生中的，也就是说只有"合同包括了违约金"需要用虚拟语气，作为独立的成分出现2，虚拟语气并不是都要使用would、could这类的词语的，对于一般虚拟语气，我们会用If。。。were,then。。would。。。但是要根据句子的逻辑意思，我们也会使用If。。。were,then。。。一般现在时的V/be6、命令动词Bossyverb+that+subject+commandsubjunctive(用这个形式，不能出现should)①下列动词只有表达命令时才用特殊形式Demand,dictate,insist,mandate,propose,recommend,request,stipulate,suggest,Itisnecessarythat②下列动词只有todo结构Advise,allow,forbid,persuade,want③下列动词又可以todo又可以commandsubjunctiveAsk,beg,intend,order,prefer,urge,require*werequirethathebehere&werequirehimtobehere7、Helpingverb进阶（be,do,have,情态动词canmaycouldmight等）①当前后两句的时态发生变化时，后一句必须以新的时态将整个动词写出Eg：正确：Ihaveneverseenanaardvark,butlastyearmyfathersawone.错误:Ihaveneverseenanaardvark,butlastyearmyfatherdid.②特殊情况下，前后结构不匹配(有一个被动)Eg：正确：Ourcarsweredesignedtoinspireenvy,andtheydo.(=doinspireenvy)错误：Ourcarsweredesignedtoinspireenvy,andtheyare③情态动词很容易产生语义重复的问题Can,could,may,might,must,shall,should,will,would8、动作表达的优先次序动词>名词>动名词Ifyouwanttorefertoathing,useaconcretenoun.Ifyouwanttotalkabouttheprocess,useanactionnoun,suchasagerund.

如果强调的是一样东西，就用名词；强调动作的过程就用动名词

eg：Payingmybillstakesforever;it'snotafunprocess.

Mymortgagepaymentisexpensive;itcostswaytoomuch.九、Idioms1、becauseofdoing=错误表达correct=becauseCLAUSE/becauseofNOUNcapabilityof...in=错误表达2、proofof正确proofthat+clause!!在名词和介词中间可以加入短动词3、Basedon>mustmodifieranoun(1)Basedonxxxx,S+V(修饰S）(2)S+V+Obasedonxxx(修饰O）(3)NOUNis/was/are/werebasedonxxxx3、DUETO>mustmodifieranoun(dueto一般不会放在句首)eg:IhavestayupallnightduetothepresentationthatImustfinish错误！！dueto修饰night明显错误2种用法(1)basedon一样(2)DUETO=CAUSEDBY是否能够替换错题集合：1、Becauseofalawpassedin1933makingitacrimepunishablebyimprisonmentforaUnitedStatescitizentohold

goldintheformofbullionorcoins,immigrantsfoundthatonarrivalintheUnitedStatestheyhadtosurrenderallofthegoldtheyhadbroughtwiththem.错误表达：Withalawpassedin1933thatmakesitacrimepunishablebyimprisonmentthataUnitedStatescitizenholdBECAUSEOF>modifieraclause！不能同时出现dueto和becauseofeg:Iwaslatetothemeetingbecauseofthetraffic.正确4、INCLUDING的用法(1)"comma+INCLUDING"isusedtomodifiertheprecedingNOUN(2)including后面只能列举一些，不能列举全部eg:Thegymteacheraskedustodothreebody-weightexercises,includingABandC.错误5、would&could(1)will和can的过去式(2)would和could用于假设的情况if6、oneof(1)oneoftheXsthat/who（plural)(2)oneoftheXS(singular)(3)onlyoneoftheXs(singular)(4)onlyoneoftheXsthat/who(plural)(5)TheonlyoneoftheXsthat/who(singular)7、like/as（like的位置可以变来变去）1)like+nouns/nounphrases(允许有N+Modifier,eg:Thosebabiesarecute,likelittlepandasslidingdownrainbows.2)as+clause/prepositionalphrases8、Incontrastto和comparedwith/to不同，之后不是一定要加上数字eg:IncontrasttothecorrespondingrateinEsteria,theunemploymentrateinBurdistanfelllastmonth.9、ESTIMATEEstimatethatXhasdoneSbestimatesthtobe10、Ratherthan&Insteadof(1)Ratherthan倾向于动词(2)Insteadof倾向于名词11、ANOUNTOVERB!!onlycorrectwhennounisabstractAwaytoproducegoods正确AsubstancetopromoteX错误；改为AsubstancethatpromotesX12、Namely(1)mustbeusedeitherbeforeanounorbeforeanounphrase/clause;(2)notuseitdirectlybeforeanindependentclause13、TheLawThenewlawmakesitacrimetodoThenewlawmakesitacrimeforsbtodosthThenewlawmakessthacrime14、ProjecteddeclineAprojecteddeclineof...isprojectedtodeclineby15、makingto凑合！！morecommon"makedowithout"Myfamilywasquitepoor,sowemadedowithoutluxuries16、PLANTO/PLANFORPlanto:=Iplantosellmyoldclothes（计划去做什么事）Planfor:=Myplanformakingmoneyistosellmyoldclothes（为了什么目的去做什么事）17、AS的倒装(1)Legislatorsciteasanobstacletocongressionalpassagetheconcernthat...（不用同位语就是表示这是个主观的判断，同时这里citeasAB=citeBasA)(2)Legislatorscitetheconcern,anobstacletocongressionalpassage,that...(用同位语表示客观存在事实，xx,axxx，就是表示xx就是xxx）这里的as修饰动词-Ith