【英语写作技巧】unit 3 paragraph

Unit3WritingParagraphs

Contents1234WhatisaparagraphBasicParagraphStructureParagraphCoherenceSummary Aparagraphisabasicunitoforganizationinwritinginwhichagroupofrelatedsentencesdevelopsonemainidea.Soaparagraphshould: beaboutoneidea(unity) bedevelopedlogically(coherence) beformattedaccordingtoconvention.1.Whatisaparagraph?Discussion1:Readthefollowingparagraphcarefullyandanalyzeitsstructure.Gold,apreciousmetal,isprizedfortwoimportantcharacteristics.Firstofall,goldhasalustrousbeautythatisresistanttocorrosion.Therefore,itissuitableforjewelry,coins,andornamentalpurposes.Goldneverneedstobepolishedandwillremainbeautifulforever.2.BasicParagraphStructureForexample,aMacedoniancoinremainsasuntarnishedtodayasthedayitwasmintedtwenty-threecenturiesago.Anotherimportantcharacteristicofgoldisitsusefulnesstoindustryandscience.Formanyyears,ithasbeenusedinhundredsofindustrialapplications.Themostrecentuseofgoldisastronauts’suits.Astronautsweargold-platedheatshieldsforprotectionoutsidethespaceship.Inconclusion,goldistreasurednotonlyforitsbeautybutalsoforitsutility.2.BasicParagraphStructureTopicSentenceSupportingsentence1Supporting

sentence

2Supportingsentence3ConcludingSentenceThethreepartsofaparagraphAnexampleTherearethreereasonswhyCanadaisoneofthebestcountriesintheworld.

First,Canadahasanexcellenthealthcaresystem.AllCanadianshaveaccesstomedicalservicesatareasonableprice.Second,Canadahasahighstandardofeducation.Studentsaretaughtbywell-trainedteachersandareencouragedtocontinuestudyingatuniversity.Finally,Canada'scitiesarecleanandefficientlymanaged.Canadiancitieshavemanyparksandlotsofspaceforpeopletolive.Asaresult,Canadaisadesirableplacetolive.Discussion2:

Thesentencesbelowcannotbeusedastopicsentences.Canyoufigureoutwhytheyareinappropriate?

(1)MyhometownisfamousbecauseitislocatedbyWheatonRiver,whichisverywide,andbecauseitisbuiltnearanunusuallysteephillcalledWheatonHill.

2.1Topicsentence

(2)Therearetworeasonswhysomepeopleliketobuycarswithautomatictransmissionandtworeasonswhyotherslikecarswithmanualtransmission.

2.1TopicsentenceRevised:1.Myhometownisfamousforseveralamazinggeographicalfeatures.2.1TopicsentenceRevised:2.Therearetworeasonswhysomepeopleliketobuycarswithautomatictransmission.

OR(inadifferentparagraph):Therearetworeasonswhysomepeoplelikecarswithmanualtransmission.2.1TopicsentenceThetopicsentenceThetopicsentenceintroducesthemainideaoftheparagraph.Itsummarizesthemainideaofyourparagraph,andindicatetothereaderwhatyourparagraphwillbeabout.

Writeatopicsentenceforaparagraphwhichdescribesyourhometown.Task1Theycomeafterthetopicsentence,makingupthebodyofaparagraph.Theygivedetailstodevelopandsupportthemainideaoftheparagraph.Youshouldgivesupportingfacts,details,andexamples.listingFirstofall,inaddition,what’smore

ExemplificationForinstance,forexample2.2SupportingSentences-Fourwaystoexpandthetopicsentencecauseandeffectas,asaresult,becauseof,dueto,thus,since,asaconsequence,leadto,resultin,…comparisonandcontrastonthecontrary,incontrast,while,whereas,…2.2SupportingSentences-FourwaystoexpandthetopicsentenceWritesomesentencestosupportyourtopicsentence(finishedintask1)Task2First,itisnotedfortheWheatonRiver,whichisverywideandbeautiful.Also,ontheothersideofthetownisWheatonHill,whichisunusualbecauseitisverysteep.ThethirdamazingfeatureistheBigOldTree.Thistreestandstwohundredfeettallandisprobablyaboutsixhundredyearsold.SampleTheclosingsentenceisthelastsentenceinaparagraph.Itrestatesthemainideaofyourparagraph.Restatethemainideaoftheparagraphusingdifferentwords.Sample:Thesethreelandmarksaretrulyamazingandmakemyhometownafamousplace.2.4DetailsinParagraphs2.5ANoteonFormality

2.3TheConcludingSentence

Myhometownisfamousforseveralamazingnaturalfeatures.

First,itisnotedfortheWheatonRiver,whichisverywideandbeautiful.Also,ontheothersideofthetownisWheatonHill,whichisunusualbecauseitisverysteep.Myhometownisfamousforseveralamazingnaturalfeatures.

First,itisnotedfortheWheatonRiver,whichisverywideandbeautiful.Also,ontheothersideofthetownisWheatonHill,whichisunusualbecauseitisverysteep.ThethirdamazingfeatureistheBigOldTree.Thistreestandstwohundredfeettallandisprobablyaboutsixhundredyearsold.Myhometownisfamousforseveralamazingnaturalfeatures.

First,itisnotedfortheWheatonRiver,whichisverywideandbeautiful.Also,ontheothersideofthetownisWheatonHill,whichisunusualbecauseitisverysteep.ThethirdamazingfeatureistheBigOldTree.Thistreestandstwohundredfeettallandisprobablyaboutsixhundredyearsold.Thesethreelandmarksaretrulyamazingandmakemyhometownafamousplace.DetailIspentsomepartofeveryyearatthefarmuntilIwastwelveorthirteenyearsold.ThelifewhichIledtherewithmycousinswasfullofcharm,andsoisthememoryofityet.Icancallbackthesolemntwilightandmysteryofthedeepwoods,theearthysmells,thefaintodorsofthewildflowers,thesheenofrain-washedfoliage,therattlingclatterofdropswhenthewindshookthetrees,thefar-offhammeringofwoodpeckersandmuffleddrummingofwoodpheasantsintheremotenessoftheforest,thesnapshotglimpsesofdisturbedwildcreaturesscurryingthroughthegrass----Icancallitallbackandmakeitasrealasiteverwas,andasblessed.Icancallbacktheprairie,anditslonelinessandpeace,andavasthawkhangingmotionlessinthesky,withhis

wingsspreadwideandtheblueofthevaultshowingthroughthefringeoftheendfeathers.Icanseethewoodsintheirautumndress,theoakspurple,thehickorieswashedwithgold,themapleluminouswithcrimsonfires,andIcanheartherustlemadebythefallenleavesasweplowedthroughthem.Icanseetheblueclustersofwildgrapeshangingamongthefoliageofthesaplings,andIrememberthetasteofthemandthesmell.Iknowhowthewildblackberrieslooked,andhowtheytasted,andthesamewiththepawpaws,thehazelnuts,andpersimmons;andIcanfeelthethumpingrain,uponmyhead,ofhickorynutsandwalnutswhenwewereoutinthefrostydawntoscrambleforthemwiththepigsandthegustsofwindloosedthemandsentthemdown.KindsofParagraphsDefinitionClassificationDescriptionCompareandContrastSequenceChoiceExplanationEvaluationDefinitionParagraphWhenwritingadefinitionparagraph,youtakeathingoranideaandexplainwhatitis.Example:Writeaparagraphgivingthedefinitionof“apest”.Thefollowingwordscanhelpyouwriteagooddefinitionparagraph:

1."isdefinedas"

Apestisdefinedasanyanimalorplantthatdamagescrops,forests,orproperty.2."isakindof"

Apestisakindofanimalorplantthatdamagescrops,forests,orproperty.SequenceParagraphInasequencingparagraph,youarewritingtodescribeaseriesofeventsoraprocessinsomesortoforder.Usually,thisorderisbasedontime.OrderTimefirst,second,etc.recentlyinthebeginningpreviouslybeforeafterwardsthenwhenafterafterfinally

atlast

subsequently

TimeShewasrecentlyelectedprimeminister.Sheisthenewprimeminister.Previously,sheworkedasalawyerinToronto.Shewonthepartyleadershiplastyear.Afterwards,shewontheelection.Whenshewonthepartyleadership,shewasstillworkingasalawyer.AfterwinningaseatintheHouseofCommons,youmustmakesureyouhaveamajorityofseats.OrderInthebeginning,youneedtobecomealeaderofapoliticalparty.Beforebecomingtheprimeminister,youneedtobecometheleaderofapoliticalparty.Then,youmustwinaseatintheHouseofCommons.AfterwinningaseatintheHouseofCommons,youmustmakesureyouhaveamajorityofseats.Finally,afterallthesesteps,youcancallyourselftheprimeminister.Atlast,youcancallyourselftheprimeminister.Subsequently,youmustmakesureyouhaveamajorityofseatsintheHouseofCommons.classificationCoalisakindofnon-renewableresource.Energyresourcescanbedividedintotwotypes.Coalisatypeofnon-renewableresource.Coalfallsunderthecategoryofnon-renewableresources.Coalbelongstothecategoryofnon-renewableresources.Coalisapartofthecategoryofnon-renewableresources.Coalfitsintothecategoryofnon-renewableresources.Coalisgroupedwithnon-renewableresources.Coalisrelatedtoothernon-renewableresources.Coalisassociatedwithothernon-renewableresources.ExplanationParagraphInanexplanationparagraph,youneedtoexplainhoworwhysomethinghappens.Veryofteninsocialstudiesclass,youwillbeaskedtoexplorecausesandeffectsofcertainevents.CausePeoplemovedtoCanadafromEuropeduringthenineteenthcenturybecausetheyhadpoorlivingconditionsinEurope.SincelivingconditionsinEuropewereterrible,manypeoplemovedtoCanada.PeoplemovedtoCanadafromEuropeasaresultofpoorlivingconditionsinEurope.ThelargeinfluxofpeopletoCanadawasduetoeconomicpressuresinEurope.EffectLivingconditionsinEuropewereterrible.Therefore,manypeoplemovedtoCanadaforabetterlife.LivingconditionsinEuropewereterrible.Thus,manypeoplemovedtoCanadaforabetterlife.LivingconditionswereterribleinEurope.Consequently,manypeoplemovedtoCanada.LivingconditionswereterribleinEurope.Hence,manypeoplemovedtoCanada.LivingconditionswereterribleinEurope.ItfollowsthatmanypeoplemovedtoCanada.IflivingconditionswerebetterinEurope,thenfewerpeoplewouldhavemovedtoCanada.CompareandContrastParagraph

Inacompareandcontrastparagraph,youwriteaboutthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweentwoormorepeople,places,things,orideas.SimilaritiesSpringweatherinVancouverissimilartospringweatherinHalifax.BothVancouverandHalifaxhaveraininthespring.Halifaxalsohasarainyspringseason.Halifaxhasarainyspringseason,too.Aswell,Halifaxhasrainyspringseason.DifferencesOntheotherhand,winterismuchcolderinHalifax.However,winterismuchcolderinHalifax.Vancouverhasamildwinter,butHalifaxhasacoldone.IncontrasttoVancouver,Halifaxhasacoldwinter.HalifaxdiffersfromVancouverbyhavingacoldwinter.WhileVancouverhasamildwinter,Halifaxhasacoldwinter.EvaluationParagraphInanevaluationparagraph,youmakejudgmentsaboutpeople,ideas,andpossibleactions.Youneedtomakeyourevaluationbasedoncertaincriteriathatyoudevelop.Intheparagraph,youwillstateyourevaluationorrecommendationandthensupportitbyreferringtoyourcriteria.CriteriaTheuseofpesticidessuchasDDTisbadfortheenvironment.Thebeliefthatpesticidesmustbeusedisincorrect.Theuseofpesticidestocontrolpestsisimmoralbecauseitharmstheenvironment.Itiswrongtousepesticidesbecausetheyharmtheenvironment.Theissueofpesticidesisanimportantonebecauseitaffectstheenvironment.RecommendationIsuggestthatpesticidesshouldnotbeusedtocontrolpests.Irecommendthatpesticidesshouldnotbeusedbecausetheyareharmfultotheenvironment.Iwouldadvisefarmersnottousepesticidesifpossible.Iwouldarguethatpesticidesshouldnotbeusedbecausetheyharmtheenvironment.ChoiceParagraph

Inaparagraphwhereyouhavetomakeachoice,youneedtochoosewhichobject,idea,oractionthatyouprefer.Often,youwillneedtogiveyouropiniononachoiceofactionsorevents.PointofViewInmyopinion,hockeyismorefunthanlacrosse.Mybeliefisthathockeyismorefunthanlacrosse.Myideaisthathockeyismorefunthanlacrosse.Myunderstandingisthathockeyismorefunthanlacrosse.IthinkthatIwouldprefertoplayhockeyandnotlacrosse.Iconsiderhockeytobemoreexcitingthanlacrosse.Ibelievehockeyismoreexcitingthanlacrosse.Itseemstomethathockeyismoreexcitingthanlacrosse.Ipreferhockeyoverlacrosse.PersonalOpinionsIlikethesportofhockeybecauseitisfastandexciting.IhopethatIcanplayhockeyinthefuture.Ifeelthathockeyismyfavoritesport.3.1Whatiscoherence?Coherencereferstotheunitycreatedbetweentheideas,sentences,paragraphsandsectionsofapieceofwriting.3.ParagraphCoherenceOrganizeinformationinalogicalmanner.Useappropriatetransitionwords/phrasesandconjunctions

Usereferents,wordsorphrasesthatstandforpreviouslymentionedwords/ideas(e.g.,pronouns,restatements).3.2Howcanyoucreatecoherence?Useconsistentandappropriateverbtensesandtimewords.Useparallelstructurestocreatebalanceandprogressionwithinyourwriting.3.2Howcanyoucreatecoherence?Exercise:

Rearrangethefollowingsentencesintoacoherentparagraph1.Theyshotthesixcabinetministersathalfpastsixinthemorningagainstthewallofahospital.2.Oneoftheministerswassickwithtyphoid.3.Therewerewetdeadleavesonthepavingofthecourtyard.4.Therewerepoolsofwaterinthecourtyard.5.Alltheshuttersofthehospitalwerenailedshut.6.Itrainedhard.7.Theytriedtoholdhimupagainstthewallbuthesatdowninapuddleofwater.8.Twosoldierscarriedhimdownstairsandoutintotherain.9.Theotherfivestoodveryquietlyagainstthewall.10.Whentheyfiredthefirstvolleyhewassittinginthewaterwithhisheadonhisknees.11.Finallytheofficertoldthesoldiersitwasnogoodtryingtomakehimstandup.1.Theyshotthesixcabinetministersathalfpastsixinthemorningagainstthewallofahospital.4.Therewerepoolsofwaterinthecourtyard.3.Therewerewetdeadleavesonthepavingofthecourtyard.6.Itrainedhard.5.Alltheshuttersofthehospitalwerenailedshut.2.Oneoftheministerswassickwithtyphoid.8.Twosoldierscarriedhimdownstairsandoutintotherain.7.Theytriedtoholdhimupagainstthewallbuthesatdowninapuddleofwater.9.Theotherfivestoodveryquietlyagainstthewall.11.Finallytheofficertoldthesoldiersitwasnogoodtryingtomakehimstandup.10.Whentheyfiredthefirstvolleyhewassittinginthewaterwithhisheadonhisknees.Fillintheblankswithapropertransitionfromthelistbelow:

first second also forexamplemoreover howeverontheotherhand anotherreasonisthatonereasonisthat

thebestchoiceTherearethreemajorairportsnearWashington,D.C.,butthetravelertoWashingtonshouldbecarefulaboutwhi