英美国家历史一览

II.HistoryoftheUKTheBeginningsoftheUKMiddleAgesEngland16th&17thcenturyModernTimesTheBeginningsoftheUK——ahistoryofinvasionsearlysettlementIberians/Mediterranean（伊比利亚人/地中海人）

3000B.CtheCelts

Gaels——theancestryoftheScottishandtheIrish(700B.C)Britons（布列吞族）——theancestryoftheWelsh(500B.C)nativesoftheUKfromEurope(upperRhineland)insearchofemptylandsthecombinationoftheNordicandtheAlpinewhiteskin,blondhair,tallerthantheIberiansdevelopedtheirowncivilizationIberians/MediterraneanIberians,Nordic（北欧）andAlpine（阿尔卑斯）arethreekindEuropeanRaces.About3000B.C,IberiansfromtheMediterraneanlandssailedrightupthewestcoastofEnglandandaroundScotlandtoScandinavia,foratthattimetheEnglishChannelwasstillimpassable.SomeofthemsettledinBritain.TheBeginningsoftheUK——ahistoryofinvasionstheRomanOccupation(55B.C——410)54B.Cand55B.CJuliusCaesar’s（凯撒大帝）nominalconquests43A.DrealconquestbyClaudius（克劳迪）410A.DRomanpowerinBritaincollapsedconsequencesoftheRomanoccupationandtheeffectsonBritainTheBeginningsoftheUK——ahistoryofinvasionstheRomanOccupation(55B.C——410)EnglandandWaleswereconqueredbytheRomanswhileScotlandandIrelandwerenot.BritainbecameaRomanprovinceinname.ThelowlandBritonsacceptedtheRomanwayofliferadicallywhilethehilldwellersresistedtheRomans.TheHadrian’sWallwasbuiltbytheRomansin122A.DtodrivebackthePicts（皮克特人）.TheEnglishupperclasseswereRomanized.SomeofthenativepeoplebecameslavesoftheRomans.HADRIAN‘SWALL（哈德良长城）

Themostprominentandimportantmonument(遗迹)leftbytheRomansinBritain,itspansthewidthofthecountry.ThehighestroadbuiltbytheRomansinEngland.TheBeginningsoftheUK——ahistoryofinvasionsAnglo-SaxonsTimes(410——871)thearrivaloftheGermanicTribesinthe5thcentury(449)theAngles（盎格鲁人）theSaxons（撒克逊人）theJutes（朱特人）TheyspokealanguagethatwenowcallOldEnglish.TheydrovetheWelshandtheScottishtothenorthofthecountry,forming“thenationoftheEnglish”TheBeginningsoftheUK——ahistoryofinvasionsAnglo-SaxonsTimes(410——871)Heptarchy(6th——9thcentury)七国争雄时期——7kingdomsinEnglandtheAnglestheJutestheSaxonsNorthumbria（诺森布里亚）Mercia（麦西亚）EastAnglia（东盎格利亚）Kent（肯特）Essex(EastSaxon)埃塞克斯Sussex(SouthSaxon)苏塞克斯Wessex(WestSaxon)威塞克斯Wessexwontheother6kingdoms,thekingofWessexEgbertwasthekingofEnglishin829.TheBeginningsoftheUK——ahistoryofinvasionsAnglo-SaxonsTimes(410——871)achievementsduringtheHeptarchyscholarship——Beowulf《贝尔武夫》socialsystemreligionthegreatestOldEnglishepicthebeginningofBritishliteratureTheclasspolarizationappeared.Thesocietyadvancedtowardsfeudalism.AChristianmissionunderAugustinecamefromRomein597.AllEnglandhadbeenChristianizedbythe7thcenturyTheAnglo-SaxonschurchTheBeginningsoftheUK——ahistoryofinvasionsDanishInvasionandtheDanishRuleVikings(Danes)invadedEnglandin8thcenturyKingAlfred（艾尔弗雷德大王）ofWessexdefeatedtheDanesAnagreement(PeaceofEdington《埃丁顿和约》)wasmadebetweenEnglishkingAlfredandDanishkingGuthrumthatDanesruledthenorthwhiletheEnglishruledthesouthofEngland.(878A.D)AlfredforcedtheDanestoacceptChristianity.TheVikings威金人/北欧海盗TheScandinavianwarriorswhoraidedthecoastsofEurope,theBritishIsles,IcelandandGreenlandbetweenthe8thand10thcentury.Inthe9thandthe10thcenturyEngland,theVikings,knownastheDanes,settledintheDanelaw,tooktheEnglishthroneinthe11thcenturyandbuiltupavastkingdomunderCanute.TheBeginningsoftheUK——ahistoryofinvasionsDanishInvasionandtheDanishRuleDanesinvadedEnglandforthesecondtimeattheendof10thcenturyAnagreementwasmadethatEnglandwassharedbytheDanishandtheEnglish.(1016)EnglandwasruledbyEnglishandDanishkingsalternatively.EnglishandDanishKingsbetween9thand11thCenturyEnglishKingDanishKing973EdgarunitedEngland1013EthelredfledtoNormandySweynruledEngland1014——1015EthelredruledEnglandSweyndied1016Ethelreddied,EdmundruledEngland1017EdmunddiedCanuteruledEngland1035——1042HaroldIandHardecanuteruledEngland1042EdwardruledEnglandHardecanutediedEdgarwasAlfred’sgrandsonEthelredhadtwosons:EdmundandEdwardCanutewasSweyn’ssonCanutehadtwosons:HaroldIandHardecanuedtheJorvikVikingCentre,forauniqueinsightintothelifeoftheVikings.TheBeginningsoftheUK——ahistoryofinvasionstheNormanConquest（诺曼征服）causesprocessconsequencesInJan.1066,Edwarddiedchildless,givingthethronetoHaroldII,whichmadeWilliam(theDukeofNormandy)angry.WilliamclaimedhehadthesolerighttobekingofEngland.OnOct.14,1066,WilliamdefeatedEnglisharmyunderHaroldII,killingHaroldIIatthebattleofHastingsandconqueredEngland.OnChristmasDay,1066,WilliamwascrownedinWestminsterAbbey,knownasWilliamConqueror（征服者威廉）TheBeginningsoftheUK——ahistoryofinvasionstheNormanConquestcausesprocessconsequencesAstrongmonarchy（君主国）

wasestablishedinEngland——theHouseofNormandy（诺曼底王朝）TheupperranksinthechurchwereNormanizedandfeudalized.FrenchspokenbytheNormanshadbeenthelanguageofthecourtandupperclassesuntilthe14thcentury.socialsystem:Feudalismwasfinallyestablished.Normans（诺曼人）&Normandy（诺曼底）AprovinceofFranceontheEnglishChannel,whichwasinvadedbyVikingsorNormansinthe9thcentury.TheybelongtotheVikings,andinvadedFrancein9thcentury,settlingdowninNormandyastheirpermanentsettlementandadoptedFrenchandreligion.NormansNormandyBuiltbytheNormansaround1100,itwasthelargestNormankeepeverbuiltColchesterCastle

ItwasbuiltbytheNormansinthe12thCenturySt.Peter'sCathedral.GodmershamParishChurch,originallybuiltbytheNormans.TheBeginningsoftheUK——ahistoryofinvasionsScottishHistoryfrom1stCenturyto11CenturyTheoriginalScottishCeltsarecalledthePicts.（皮克特人）ScotlandwasnotconqueredbytheRomansinthe1stcentury.MostofScotlandwasnotconqueredbytheAnglo-Saxonsinthe5thcentury.Aroundthe6thcentury,theAnglo-SaxonsoccupiedsoutheastofScotland,includingEdinburghandGlasgow,andtheScots(peoplefromnorthernIreland)invadedthesouth-westofScotland,whilethePictswereleftwithhighlandzone.AnindependentScottishstatewasformedtoresistthepressurefromtheVikingsinthe9thcentury.TheBeginningsoftheUK——ahistoryofinvasionsWelshHistoryfrom1stCenturyto11CenturyWaleswasconqueredbytheRomans.WaleswasnotoccupiedbytheAnglo-Saxonsinthe5thcentury.IrishHistoryfrom1stCenturyto11CenturyIrelandwasnotinvadedbytheRomans.IrelandwasnotsettledbytheAnglo-SaxonsMiddleAgesSignificantEventsintheMiddleAgesEnglandSignificantEventsintheMiddleAgesWalesSignificantEventsintheMiddleAgesScotlandSignificantEventsintheMiddleAgesEnglandtheendoftheHouseofNormandyWilliamIdiedin1087RobertWilliamIIHenryIdaughterdaughter:Matildason-in-law:CountofAnjou（安茹伯爵）StephenHenryIIRobertwaskingofNormandy.WilliamIIwaskingofEngland.Anarrowkilledhimwhilehuntingin1100.HenryIdefeatedRobertandkepthiminprisoninEngland,rulingEnglandandNormandysince1106.Stephenbecamethekingin1135afterHenryI’sdeathanddiedin1154.HenryIIwascrownedin1154,establishingtheHouseofAnjou/Plantagenet.（安茹王朝/金雀花王朝）SignificantEventsintheMiddleAgesEnglandKingJohnandtheMagnaCarta/theGreatCharter（大宪章）HenryII(diedin1189)JohnsucceededtothethroneafterRichardI’sdeathin1199RichardIthekingafterHenryIIdiedin1189backgroundinformationabouttheGreatCharterJohnwasdefeatedinawarwithFranceandlostlargeareaoflandsuchasNormandy,Anjouetc.in1204,whichgotthenickname“KingofLackland”JohndemandedmorefeudaltaxesandarmyservicestorecoverhispoweronFranceSignificantEventsintheMiddleAgesEnglandKingJohnandtheMagnaCarta/theGreatCharter（大宪章）MagnaCarta(theGreatCharter)alongdocumentthatlordsforcedKingJohntosignonJune17th,1215soastorestrictthepowerofthekingessenceoftheGreatCharterafeudaldocumentininterestsoffeudallordsfoundationofthedemocraticparliamentinEnglandSignificantEventsintheMiddleAgesEnglandTheHundredYears’War(1337——1453)百年战争aseriesofmedievalAnglo-Frenchwarsformorethan100yearsfeudalandtradewarThewarendedinthevictoryofFrancein1453.EnglandlostalltheterritoriesinFranceexceptCalais.（加来）

EdwardIIIHenryIVHenryVHenryVIBlackDeath(1348——1350)Tyler’sUprising(1381)theestablishmentoftheHouseofLancaster（兰开斯特王朝）byHenryIV(1399)EnglishkingsduringtheHundredYears’WarsignificanteventsduringtheHundredYears’WarBlackDeath（黑死病）BlackDeathisthedeadlyplague,mostprobablybubonic（淋巴腺鼠疫）whichkilledlargenumbersofpeopleinAsiaandEuropeinthe14thcentury.ThishappenedinEnglandduringtheHundredYears’War.40%populationdiedandtherewasashortageoflabor,evenschoolscloseddownduringthetime.Tyler’sUprising（泰勒起义）afarmeruprisingledbyWaltTyler（沃特.泰勒）ItfailedbutshookthefoundationofthefeudalismandspeedtheendofthefeudalisminBritain.SignificantEventsintheMiddleAgesEnglandTheWarsoftheRoses(1455——1485)twosidesofthewar(EdwardIII’sdescendants)thefamilyofLancasterwithbadgeofredrosesthefamilyofYorkwithbadgeofwhiterosesessenceofthewar——feudalcivilwar3phasesofthewarwarsbetweenthefamilyofLancasterandYork(1455——1461)——EdwardIVendedtheHouseofLancasterwarsamongthefamilyofYork(1461——1485)——EdwardIVkilledHenryVI,theLancastrianwascompletelydestroyedtheestablishmentoftheHouseofTudorbyHenryVII(1485)——thesymboloftheendoftheMiddleAgesEnglandconsequence:theweakeningoftheoldfeudalnobilitySignificantEventsintheMiddleAgesScotlandWilliamWallace’s（威廉.华莱士）uprisingin1298thebattleofBannockburn（班诺克本战役）in1314ledbyRoberttheBruce（罗伯特.布鲁斯）defeatedtheEnglisharmyunderEdwardII300yearsoffullindependencesince1328SignificantEventsintheMiddleAgesWalesLlywelyntheGreat（大来威灵）unifiedWales,forcingtheEnglishtoacknowledgehimasPrinceofWales（威尔士亲王）in1267EdwardInamedhissonthePrinceofWalestobringWalesintotheBritishnation.OwainGlyndwr’s（欧文.格林道瓦尔）unsuccessfuluprisingintheearly15thcenturyLlywelynandGlyndwrunifiedWalesasanindependentnation.16th&17thcenturyTheDeclineoftheFeudalismandtheRiseoftheBourgeoisie（资产阶级）inEnglandin16thCenturyTheTudorReign(1485——1603)都铎王朝统治HenryVII(1485——1509)HenryVIII(1509——1547)CatherineAnneBoleynJaneSeymourMaryI(1553—1558)ElizabethI(1558——1603)EdwardVI(1547——1553)16th&17thcenturyTheDeclineoftheFeudalismandtheRiseoftheBourgeoisie（资产阶级）inEnglandin16thCenturySignificantEventsduringtheTudorReigntheEnclosureMovement（圈地运动）HenryVIII’sreligiousreformation——establishmentofChurchofEngland（英国国教/圣公会）in16thcentury“BloodyMary”quelledandkilledProtestantsthemostprosperouseraduringtheBritishhistoryinElizabethI’sreignreligioussettlementandthesuccessofthereligiousreformationtheappearanceofnavigatorsandoverseastradeLiteraturewasatthetopofthehistory(WilliamShakespeare)16th&17thcenturyWalesin16thCenturyWaleswasbroughtlegally,administratively,andpoliticallyintotheUKbyanactoftheBritishparliamentin1536.Scotlandin16thCentury——theestablishmentoftheHouseofStuartinScotland（苏格兰的斯图亚特王朝）establishedbyRobert.Stuart(thesonofRobert.Bruce’sdaughter)relationshipbetweentheStuartandtheTudorScottishStuartEnglishTudor(HenryVII)JamesIVMargaretHenryVIIIJamesV

MaryIJamesVIMaryI(bloodyMary)ElizabethIEdwardVI16th&17thcenturyTheBeginningoftheHouseofStuartandtheRevolutionin17thCenturytheHouseofStuartinEngland（英国的斯图亚特王朝）JamesIofEnglandfrom1603kingofScotland——JamesV