中英高层建筑展望及建筑结构

专业英语翻译原文：ThefutureofthetallbuildingAndstructureofbuildingsZoningeffectsonthedensityoftallbuildingsandsolardesignmayraiseethicalchallenge.Acombinedprojectofoldandnewbuildingsmaybringbackhumanscaletoourcities.Ownersandconceptualdesignerswillbechallengedinthe1980stoproduceeconomicallysound,people-orientedbuildings.In1980theLevelHouse,designedbySkidmore,OwingsandMerril1(SOM)receivedthe25-yearawardfromtheAmericanInstituteofArchitects“inrecognitionofarchitecturaldesignofenduringsignificance”.Thisawardisgivenonceayearforabuildingbetween25and35yearsold.LewisMumforddescribedtheLeverHouseas“thefirstofficebuildinginwhichmodernmaterials,modernconstruction,modernfunctionshavebeencombinedwithamodernplan”.Atthetime,thisdaringconceptcouldonlybeachievedbyvisionarymenlikeGordonBunshaft,thedesigner,andCharlesLuckman,theownerandthen-presidentofLeverBrothers.Theprojectalsoincludedafew“first”:(1)itwasthefirstsealedglasstowereverbuilt;(2)itwasthefirstofficebuildingdesignedbySOM;and(3)itwasthefirstofficebuildingonParkAvenuetoomitretailspaceonthefirstfloor.Today,afterhundredsoflook-alikeandvariationsonthegriddesign,wehavereachedwhatmaybetheepitomeoftallbuildingdesign:thenondescriptbuilding.Exceptforafewrecentlycompletedbuildingsthatseemtobepeople-orientedintheirlowerfloors,mosttallbuildingsseemtobearepletionofthedull,graph-paper-likemonolithsinmanyofourcities.Canthisbetheendofthedesign-linefortallbuildings?Probablynot.Therearedefinitesignsthataremostencouraging.Architectsandownershaverecentlybeguntodiscussthedesignproblempublicly.Perhapsweareatthethresholdofanewera.The1980smaybringforthsomenewvisionarieslikeBunshaftandLuckman.Ifso,whatkindsofrestrictionsorchallengesdotheyface?ZoningIndicationsarestrongthatcitiesmayrestrictthedensityoftallbuildings,thatis,reducethenumberoftallbuildingspersquaremile.In1980thetermgrid-lockwasusedforthefirsttimepubliclyinNewYorkCity.Itcausedaterror-likesensationinthepitofone’sstomach.Thetermreferstoasituationinwhichtrafficcomestoastandstillformanycityblocksinalldirections.Thejam-upmayevenreachtothetunnelsandbridges.Strangelyenough,suchaseventhappenedinNewYorkinayearoffuelshortagesandhighgasolineprices.Ifwearetoavoidsimilaroccurrences,itisobviousthatthedensityofpeople,places,andvehiclesmustbedrasticallyreduced.Zoningmaybetheonlylong-termsolution.Solarzoningmaybecomemoreandmorepopularascityresidentsareblockedfromthesunbytallbuildings.Regardlessofhoweffectivelyatallbuildingisdesignedtoconserveenergy,itmayatthesametimedeprivearesidentorneighborofsolaraccess.Inthe1980stherighttoseethesunmaybecomeamostinterestingethicalquestionthatmayrevolutionizethearchitecturalfabricofthecity.Mixed-usezoningbecameafinanciallyviablealternativeduringthe1970s,maybecomecommonplaceduringthe1980s,especiallyifitiscombinedwithsolarzoningtoprovideaccesstothesunforalloccupants.RenovationEmeryRothandSonsdesignedthePalaceHotelinNewYorkasanadditiontoarenovatedhistoricVillardhouseonMadisonAvenue.Itisastrikingexampleofwhatcanbedonewithsalvageableandbeautifullydetailedoldbuildings.Recyclingbothlargeandsmallbuildingsmaybecomethewayinwhichhumanismandwarmthwillbereturnedtobuildingsduringthe80’s.Ifwemustcontinuetodesignwithglassandaluminuminstarkgridpatterns,forwhateverreason,wemayfindthatacombinationofnewandoldwillbecomethegreathumanedesigntrendofthefuture.ConceptualdesignIthasbeensuggestedinarchitecturalmagazinesthattheBankofAmericaofficebuildinginSanFranciscoistoolargeforthecity’sscale.IthasalsobeensuggestedthattheJohnHancockCenterinBostoninnotonlyoutofscalebutalsooutofcharacterwiththecity.Similarstatementsandopinionshavebeenmadeaboutothersignificanttallbuildingsincitiesthroughouttheworld.Thesecommentsraisesomebasicquestionsaboutthedesignprocessandwhoreallymakethedesigndecisionsonimportantstructures-andaboutwhowillmakethesedecisionsinthe1980s.Willtheforthcomingvisionaries-architectsandowners-returntomorehumanedesigns?Willthesociologistorpsychologistplayamoreimportantroleintheyearsaheadtohelpconvincethesevisionariesthatanew,radicallydifferent,human-scaledarchitectureislongoverdue?Ifthesearevalidquestions,coulditbethatour“best”architecturaldesignersofthe60’sand70’swillbecometheworstdesignersofthe80’sand90’s?Orwilltheylearnandrespondtoavaluablelessontheyshouldhavelearnedintheir“HistoryofArchitecture”courseincollegethat“architectureusuallyreflectsthesuccessorfailureorfailureofacivilizedsociety”?Onlytimewilltell.Abuildingiscloselyboundupwithpeople,foritprovidespeoplewiththenecessaryspacetoworkandlivein.Asclassifiedbytheiruse,buildingsaremainlyoftwotypes:industrialbuildingsandcivilbuildings.Industrialbuildingsareusedbyvariousfactoriesorindustrialproductionwhilecivilbuildingsarethosethatareusedbypeoplefordwelling,emplovment,educationandothersocialactivities.Theconstructionofindustrialbuildingsisthesameasthatofcivilbuildings.However,industrialandcivilbuildingsdifferinthematerialsused,andinthestructuralformsorsystemstheyareused.Consideringonlytheengineeringessentials,thestructureofabuildingcanbedefinedastheassemblageofthosepartswhichexistforthepurposeofmaintainingshapeandstability.Itsprimarypurposeistoresistanyloadsappliedtothebuildingandtotransmitthosetotheground.Intermsofarchitecture,thestructureofabuildingisanddoesmuchmorethanthat.Itisaninseparablepartofthebuildingformandtovaryingdegreesisageneratorofthatform.Usedskillfully,thebuildingstructurecanestablishorreinforceordersandrhythmsamongthearchitecturalvolumesandplanes.Itcanbevisuallydominantorrecessive.Itcandevelopharmoniesorconflicts.Itcanbebothconfiningandemancipating.And,unfortunatelyinsomecases,itcannotbeignored.Itisphysical.Thestructuremustalsobeengineeredtomaintainthearchitecturalform.Theprinciplesandtoolsofphysicsandmathematicsprovidethebasisfordifferentiatingbetweenrationalandirrationalformsintermsofconstruction.Artistscansometimesgenerateshapesthatobviateanyconsiderationofscience,butarchitectscannot.Thereareatleastthreeitemsthatmustbepresentinthestructureofabuilding:stability,strengthandstiffness,economy.Takingthefirstofthethreerequirements,itisobviousthatstabilityisneededtomaintainshape.Anunstablebuildingstructureimpliesunbalancedforcesoralackofequilibriumandaconsequentaccelerationofthestructureoritspieces.金Th稿erequ半iremen额tofs失trengt霸hmean辛sthat该them触ateria番lssel蚂ected果tores烘istth傻estre蓬ssesg恐enerat称edby勇thelo蛇adsan法dshap佛esof画thest摘ructur舞e(s)熊mustb迹eadeq扛uate.筋Indeed斜,a屈哈“侧factor惯ofsa邮fet傻y鉴”岸isus雨ually丸provid必edso裂thatu魔ndert翠heant管icipat宴edloa阶ds,a滚given蚕materi益alis怖notst窑ressed劈toa泄level快evenc蜂loset妥oits道ruptur耐epoin纵t.The包mater礼ialpr节operty衫calle渴dstif梁fness迈iscon院sidere退dwith荣ther叙equire糠mento制fstre迷ngth.皮Stiffn梳essis师diffe铃rentf添romst周rength帐inth倾atit芹direct筹lyinv此olves私howmu劳chas蚀tructu阿restr晶ainor卧defle佩ctsun肯derlo蛇ad.A恢materi抖altha峡tisv迈eryst昼rongb冤utlac勿kingi草nstif疮fness晴willd洪eform姥toomu个chto防beof愿value顾inres陶isting缺thef驰orces傲applie刃d.耻Ec下onomy很ofbui康lding践struct帝urere准ferst倾omore吴than摆justt则hecos译toft林hemat结erials藏used.源Constr指uction肢econo盒myis度acomp包licate旅dsubj劝ectin暮volvin冶graw瞒materi拌als,f即abrica肿tion,践erecti蛮on,an列dmain尖tenanc屯e.Des金ignan蕉dcons拔tructi步onlab皱orcos鸭tsand满thec控ostso忧fener锐gycon渠sumpti冬onmus近tbec政onside不red.S傻peedo判fcons古tructi桑onand碰thec桨ostof靠money震(inte释rest)器areal线sofac吉tors.洗Inmos阿tdesi浊gnsit宾uation粮s,mor剂ethan晓ones露tructu及ralma惠terial猪requi标resco闸nsider贪ation廊.Compl哭etive门altern竟atives利almos受talwa拼ysexi渣st,an萌dthe取choice钢isse比ldomo恨bvious脑.睡Ap胶artfr榴omthe烈sethr纲eepri飞maryr拦equire特ments贿,sever延aloth泊erfac望torsa稻rewor感thyof请empha凯sis.F娘irst,往thest略ructur井eors愧tructu汉ralsy萍stemm根ustre禾latet恶othe著buildi话n邻g乔’纷sfunc未tion.毫Itsho膏uldno龟tbei姨nconf置licti辟nterm屠soff长orm.F叼orexa漏mple,费aline瓶arfun利ction屯demand柴sali训nears拥tructu哗re,an天dther拾efore秀itwou净ldbe墨improp尘erto关roofa最bowli保ngall击eywit尺hado泥me.Si垦milarl伟y,at链heater朗must揭havel怒arge,醒unobs瞧tructe强dspan副sbut禽afine膝resta诞urant晶probab邮lysho跟uldno所t.Sta样tedsi益mply,深thes普tructu集remus纹tbea圣ppropr够iatet皇othe钞functi县onit举isto盒shelte哭r.抢Se鞋cond,抹thest断ructur顷emust戏befi桶re-res蔬istant鸭.Iti矩sobvi皂ousth激atthe授struc随tural博system拥must肚beabl存etom或aintai藏nits渣integr刚ityat昏least撕until酸theo妇ccupan太tsare箭safel西yout.罗Build屈ingco厌dessp牌ecify累thenu完mbero扰fhour腹sfor魔which挥certai淹npart悼sofa程build院ingmu拢stres懒istth济eheat屑witho斗utcol耍lapse.粗Thes郑tructu岩ralma遮terial控sused低fort胖hosee任lement麦smust盖bein量herent撒ly挣fire-r颈esista肉ntor锐beade围quatel哀yprot昆ected税byfir李eproof书ingma剧terial便s.The狂degre恳eoff乎irere家sistan昼ceto刚bepro涌vided颤willd醒epend沾upona腾numbe弯rofi杆tems,欣includ英ingth刊euse市andoc挣cupanc霉yload谈ofth骡espac尸e,its询dimen福sions,扰andt碌heloc有ation论ofthe袍build厅ing.铃Th帅ird,t惊hestr串ucture熔shoul罪dinte向grate惩wellw犬ithth茄ebuil技din班g供’竞scirc省ulatio策nsyst铺ems.I刘tshou摆ldnot便bein幼confl赖ictwi涝ththe盛pipin战gsyst钟emsfo泳rwate垮rand俱waste,妈thed歼ucting限syste饭msfor丈air,膏or(mo内stimp炸ortant掏)the叙moveme悼ntof么people止.Iti跑sobvi膏ousbu薄ilding阴syste绝msmus花tbec败oordin扰ateda猫sthe近design移progr村esses.导Onec举andes皮ignin疗aseq瘦uentia政lstep翁-by-st庆epman塌nerwi装thina近nyone闭syste琴m,but竭thed雾esign渡ofall扎ofth派emsho拴uldmo栽vein够apara玩llelm炎anner堪toward凝compl券etion.膜Spati牛ally,值allth盼evari不ouspa律rtsof缺abui手lding漏arein喝terdep鉴endent姥.说Fo途urth,塑thest叶ructur摆emust饭beps照ycholo枪gicall牵ysafe乡aswe俩llas峰physic名allys取afe.A凝high-糟risef继ramet累hatsw拥aysco狮nsider美ablyi汪nthe涝windm晴ightn味otact寺ually石bedan困gerous柔butm拔aymak急ethe日buildi乖nguni特nhabit擦ablej烧ustth谨esame乎.Ligh勾tweigh赛tfloo滋rsyst诉emsth然atare祖too:投系”网bounc素y恰”魄canm秀aketh捆euser蔬svery投uncom眉fortab洒le.La岛rgegl蜓asswi负ndows,障unint抄errupt唯edby恋dividi快ngmot素ions,第canbe锣quite招safe数butwi亮llapp榜earve端ryins辛ecure狂tothe猛occup灭antst集anding算next殊toon炸40flo支orsab没oveth嘱estre讲et.扇So狮metime悔sthe既archit珠ectmu管stmak耳edeli节berate教attem尘ptsto慌incre职aseth俱eappa粗rents烧trengt沿hors悦olidne桂ssof着thest木ructur满e.Thi饭sappa希rents跑afety侦maybe坟more搏import香antth恢anhon斑estly春expres流singt恳hebui模ldin宗g厕’倚sstru拦cture,搁becau恨sethe意untra限inedv颗iewer比cannot香disti宋nguish季betwe漏enrea办land蔑percei摄vedsa翠fety.拒Th阔ebuil天dingd透esigne庆rneed乐stou边nderst踏andth蛙ebeha秧viorl贝fphys川icals娇tructu他resun竿derlo延ad.An妈abili碧tyto千intuit批or东餐“掏fee糠l筝”革struc锯tural侨behavi扬oris每posses宫sedby毛those迫havin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第一座集现代逮材料、现代施雅工、现代功能渴与现代设计方挂案为一体的办捡公布楼膨”歪。在当时，这伶样大胆的构思补只有像设计师往戈晨登盲.顿邦沙福特和业疼主宗—百莱弗兄弟公司汪当时的总裁查习尔仰斯壁.菌卢克曼那样富泪于幻想的人才遣能创造出来了恢。而且，这项皂工程包含了几费个尼”登第懂一眼”炕：踏（腊1筝）它是第一座辛全封闭的玻璃追大厦；好（享2赤）它宏是蓝SO勺M名三人合作设计沟的第一栋办公抽楼；币（厦3性）它是公园大桨街第一座一层宫楼不设零售商阁场的办公楼。义今天，经过众屡多外观相似而可柱网变化的设起计，我们已难可以对建筑物进析行归类，这也疾许是高层建筑劈设计的缩影。快除了最近竣工妥的几栋低层楼坦房似乎比较怡龟人外，在我们临的许多城市中被，多数高层建天筑物看上去就挠像图表上的柱命标，好似一块乌块单调而又笨勿拙的巨石。难通道这就是高层智建筑设计行业瓦的终点吗？也巾许不是。有迹六象表明其发展伶是非常令人鼓虾舞的。建筑师拒和业主最近已壮开始公开讨论极设计问题。也窝许我们正处在往一个新时代的行开端歼，负2世0凝世伴纪孙8范0孩年代也许会产跨生一些像邦沙欢福特和卢克曼吩那样的幻想家君。要是如此，截他们会面临什肠么样的限制或浩挑战呢？晌区域规弟划喘塔锯很显然，城市尺可以限制高层苗建筑的密度，铸也就是减少每楚平方英里高层劲建筑的数量查。胆198部0暂年搬，尖“贪堵塞回网物”捷这个术语第一付次在纽约市公绪开使用。它的企出现在公众心育中引起恐慌。碎这个词指的是泻城市中四面八根方的街区同时座出现的交通停然滞不动的现象济，堵塞甚至一吊直延伸到隧道梁里和高架桥上委。奇怪的是，殃这种事情竟然路发生在纽约燃缓料短缺、油价核高涨的年份。嫩很显然，要想逆避免类似情况潜的出现，就必蜻须大幅度地降倍低人口、降低固活动场所油价析车辆的密度。脏区域规划也许绘是唯一长远的鸦解决方法。宏固城市居民由于进收到高层建筑剑的遮挡而见不柳到阳光，因此仪，阳光规划将删越来越受欢迎伴。无论高层建毕筑设计得如何芬节能，它同时策有可能剥夺居格住者和邻居享潜受阳光的权力折。更2戴0掩世丙纪飘8碰0伐年代享受阳光愁的权力会成为眠一个十分有趣包的道德问题，首这个问题会彻炸底改变城市的附建筑布局。混井合用途的分区陪规划窝在忧2概0猾世叹纪蹲7挺0垒年代还只是一迫种在经济上可鸭行的抉择，步在洒2晒0舟世克纪梢8尺0禽年代将会得到疾普及，特别是静将混合功能分闹区规划与阳光竖分区规划相结诉合，让所有的馅住户都享受到志阳光。娘整修改愁造斩秀乌伊莫未利央.皆罗斯和桑斯两粉人合作设计的烈纽约王宫酒店步是对麦迪逊大酱街上翻修后的井古建筑维拉德术公寓的补充和扯增色。这是一惭个如何对待可沸抢救的古建筑雪精品的突出实书例丹。连2刑0葛世形纪捡8梯0总年代对中西建怀筑物的重复利袜用将是人情味垮和温馨回到建闲筑物的途径。狸无论出于什么较原因，如果我洪们必须继续使良用玻璃和铝材茄进行那种呆板傻的方式设计的脱话，我们会发脏现新老建筑的口结合将成为未碗来富有人情味放建筑设计的大饺趋势。渣汗概念设垫计新蓄坦有些建筑杂志瓶认为位于旧金砌山的美洲银行纪办公大楼对于收该城市来说规最模过大，位于萝波士顿的约忽翰常.勉汉考克中心不壳仅与该城市的动规模不成比例夹，而且与其特规点不符，对于馒世界各地主要撒高层建筑物的堡类似评论还有伐不少。这类评店论提出了有关饺设计程序，和岂谁是重点项目恋设计的决策者剩，以及上世馒纪幅8铅0鲁年代的建筑设蓝计应由谁来决桌策等基本问题孝。火泽未来的幻想家至，即建筑师和索业主会回到更裙富人情味的设残计吗？鹰在今后的几年机里社会学家和涛心理学家会发彼挥他们的重要差作用使这些幻矿想家相信一种漫截然不同的、腰合乎人体尺寸客的新型建筑设秤计早该付诸实张践吗？如果这拴些问题的突出词解电决略籍有其合理性的猛话，那么六七失十年代被我们思视鞠为蹄“槽最杰出倦的牢”武建筑设计师到向了八九十年代鸦就变成最差的虑吗？他们在大沸学匹“会建筑驰史哀”扁这门课程中应荒该了解款到运“赛建筑常常反映考了文明社会的寺成功与失妥败驱”呜，他们会学到且这有益的一课付并对此作出反何应吗？也许只扰有时间才会作至出回答。心扰建筑物与人类运有着密切的关少系，它能为人竞们在其中工作判和生活提供必林要的空间。根局据其功能不同柳，建筑物主要跌有两大类：工撕业建筑和民用乏建筑。工业建娱筑有各种工厂傲或制造厂，而猛民用建筑指的怠是那些人们用通以居住、工作伯、教育或其他表社会活动的场剖所。宽音工业建筑的建钞造与民用建筑盈相同，但两者谨在所选用的材右料、结构形式邮和体系方面是委有差别的。痰妥就工程的实质旬而言，建筑结性构可定义为：抢以保持形状和调稳定为目的的范各个基本构件蝶的组合体。其秒基本目的是抵剖抗作用在建筑歉物上的各种荷剖载并把它传到扩地基上。奔毅从建筑学的角伟度来讲，建筑亿结构并非仅仅泄如此。它与建费筑风格是不可乔分割的，在不违同程度上是一本种建筑风格的式体现。如能巧畅妙地设计建筑县结构，则可建享立或加强建筑息空间与建筑平丙面之间的格调挂与节奏。它在众直观上可以是看显性的或是隐虚性的。它能产涂生和谐体或对架照体。他可能吴既局限又开放朱。不幸的是，律在一些情况下俭，它不能被忽吹视。它是实际泊存在的。详纤结构设计还必越须与建筑风格肉相吻合。物理刷学和数学的原小理及工具为区颜分在结构上的里合理和不合理炊的形式提供了闸依据。艺术家哲有时可以不必嚼考虑科学就能躺画出图形，但血建筑师却不行撕。在建筑结构午中至少应包括倦三项内容：稳屈定性，强度和借刚度，经济性士。姥滤在上述三项要池求中，首先是转稳定性。它在矩保持建筑物形强状上是必不可蓝少的。一座不族稳定的建筑结巴构意味着有不兰平衡的力或失评去平衡状态，想并且由此导致孟结构整体或构演件产生加速度茅。只强度的要求意肉味着所选择的汉结构材料足以姐承受由荷载产毁生的应力并且旗结构形状必须幸适当。实际上绝，通常都提供论一个安全系数示以便在预计的久荷载作用下，祝使所选震用材料的应力助不会接近破坏针应力。被称为芒刚度的材料的帆特性，需与强县度要求一起考就虑。刚度不同符于强度，因为蝶它涉及荷载作谊用下结构应变郊的大小和变形宴的程度。它具缝有很高强度，科但刚度较低的在材料，在外力雹作用下会因变况形过大而失去午其使用价值。疏拜建筑结构的经愈济性指的不仅站仅是所用材料庙的费用。建筑男经济是一个复原杂的问题，其馆中包括原材料速、制作、安装傅和维修等。必系须考虑设计和莲施工中人工费殿及能源消耗的逮费用。施工的室速度和资金成陷本（利息）也急是需要考虑的崖因素。对大多桨数设计情况，间不能仅仅考虑吓一种建筑材料劈，经常存在一怖些有竞争性的态其他选择，而贡具体应选择哪勾种并不明显。贺虽除了这三种最缺基本要求之外阶，其他几种因窃素也值得重视符。给侧首先，结构或窝结构体系必须古和建筑物的功害能相吻合而不渗应该与建筑形涌式相矛盾。例玻如，线形功能阁要求线形结构枪，所以若把保瓦龄球场的顶部吴盖成圆形是不氧合适的。同样薯剧院必须是大壁跨度、中间没产有障碍的结构焰，而高档饭店哗也许不是这样俘。简而言之，群结构形式必须核与所围护的功旷能相适应。泻毅第二，结构必孩须防火。很显铃然