词汇学名词解释 2

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16.Back-formation逆构词:Itisaprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytakingawaythesupposedsuffixofanexistingword.Forexample:typewrite(typewriter),edit(editor)

17.Abbreviation缩写(shortening)：isashortenedformofawordorphrasewhichrepresentsthecompleteform.Forexample:TV(television),Dr(doctor),hr(hour),Jan(January)

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32.Degradationorpejorationofmeaning降格--Itisaprocesswherebywordsofgoodoriginfallintoillreputationornon-affectivewordscometobeusedinderogatorysense.

E.g.Awenchwasa\33.Metaphor『n.隐喻』--isafigureofspeechcontaininganimpliedcomparison,inwhichawordorphaseordinarilyandprimarilyusedofonethingisappliedtoanother.

E.g.theteethofacomb;bloodbank;Hehasaheartofstone;Thecurtainofnighthasfallen.

34.Metonymy『n.借代』--isthedeviceinwhichwenamesomethingbyoneofitsattributes,asincrownforking,theWhiteHouseforthePresident.Thekettleisboiling.(Kettleforwaterinthekettle)35.Synecdoche『n.提喻法』--meansusingapartforawhole,anindividualforaclass,amaterialforathingorthereverseofanyofthese.

Forexample,breadforfood,thearmyforasoldier.Heisapoorcreature.--creatureforman

36.Analogy『n.类似，相像』--isaprocesswherebywordsarecreatedinimitationofotherwords.

Forexample,telethonandtalkathonarecreatedonthemodelofmarathon.

最终再给大家一个图表，明了的表示出上面十几个概念的相互联系。native

__________________________________________________________

words:

borrowedwords:__________________________________________________homographs:___________________________________________________homophones:___________________________________________________synonyms

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4、英语习语：（15%）（1）习语的定义。

（2）英语习语的分类：从语义角度；从来源角度；从功能角度分类。（3）习语的运用。

27.Idiom习语--Strictlyspeaking,idiomsareexpressionsthatarenotreadilyunderstandablefromtheirliteralmeaningsofindividualelements.Forexample,flyoffthehandle(becomeexcessivelyangry)andputupwith(tolerate).Inabroadsense,idiomsmayincludecolloquialisms,catchphrases,slangexpressions,proverbs,etc.28.CharacteristicsofIdioms:习语的特点I.Longuse

II.Unitary单一meaning;semanticunity.III.Syntacticfrozenness;structuralstability.

29.Figurativeidioms比喻习语--areidiomsthatincludemetaphor隐喻.Strictlyspeaking,theyaretrueidioms.E.g.adoginthemanger.30.SourcesofFigurativeidioms比喻习语的来源:

I.Colloquialisms白话俗语:bigwheel(aninfluentialorimportantperson)

II.Literaryexpressions:tokillthefattedcalf宰杀那头小肥牛（热心款待）III.Slang俚语:inthesoup(inserioustrouble)IV.Foreignidioms外来习语:sourgrapes.

1.ADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguagebySamJohnsonwaspublishedin______.

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A.1721.B.1735.C.1775.D.1828.2.TheAmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishlanguagebyNoahWebsterwaspublishedin____.

A.1775.B.1785.C.1800.D.1828.3.Thefourmajormodesofsemanticchangeare_____.A.extension,narrowing,elevationanddegradation.B.extension,generalization,elevationanddegradation.C.extension,narrowing,specializationanddegradation.D.extension,elevation,ameliorationanddegradation.

4.Theuseofonenameforthatofanotherassociatedwithitisrhetoricallycalled_____.

A.synecdoche.B.metonymy.C.substitution.D.metaphor.

5.Idiomsadjectivalinnaturefunctionas_____.

A.adjectives.B.attributes.C.modifiers.D.words.6.Grammaticalcontextrefersto_____inwhichawordisused.

A.vocabularyB.grammarC.semanticpatternD.syntacticstructure

7.Intheidiomingoodfeather,wechangegoodintohigh,fullwithoutchangingmeaning.

Thischangeofconstituentisknownas_____.

A.addition.B.replacementC.position-shiftingD.variation

8.Thewordlaconicis_____.

A.onomatopoeicallymotivated.B.morphologicallymotivated.C.semanticallymotivated.D.etymologicallymotivated.9.CCELDisdistinctiveforits_____.

A.cleargrammarcodes.B.languagenotes.C.usagenotes.D.extracolumns.10.WhichofthefollowingwordsisNOTformedthroughclipping?

A.Dorm.B.motel.C.Gent.D.Zoo.11.OldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout_____words.

A.30,000to40,000B.50,000to60,000C.70,000to80,000D.80,000to90,000

12._____areboundmorphemesbecausetheycannotbeusedasseparatewords.A.RootsB.StemsC.AffixesD.Compounds

13.BesidesFrenchwords,Englishalsoabsorbedasmanyas2,500wordsof_____in

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theMiddleEnglishperiod.

A.DutchoriginB.DanishoriginC.LatinoriginD.Greekorigin

14.Awordisasymbolthat_____.

A.isusedbythesamespeechcommunity.B.representssomethingelseintheworld.C.isbothsimpleandcomplexinnature.D.showsd