中国文化概况-chapter-4

Calligraphy第一页，共73页。Painting第二页，共73页。BeijingOpera第三页，共73页。本章教学的目的1.了解中国艺术瑰宝;2.有关艺术分类基本名词的掌握;3.进一步理解传承和保护中国传统文化的意义。第四页，共73页。本章教学的重难点1.书法、绘画2.京剧与脸谱知识3.民间艺术4.有关传统与现代剧种的讨论第五页，共73页。本章教学的时间安排教师课堂讲解（60minutes）1.Calligraphyandpainting(20minutes)2.Traditionaloperas(20minutes)3.Folkperformingarts(10minutes)4.Traditionalmusicalinstruments(10minutes)师生讨论(10minutes)学生课件展示(30minutes)第六页，共73页。

CalligraphyandPainting

(20minutes)

Calligraphy(10minutes)Painting(5minutes)Fourtreasuresofthestudy(3minutes)HowtopracticeChinesecalligraphy(2minutes)第七页，共73页。HowdoyouunderstandChinesecalligraphy?Chinesecalligraphyisalsocalledtheartoflines.Calligraphy’spurposeistoretainthebeautyofnatureandilluminateman’sspiritualbeauty.Itstressestheoveralllayoutandharmonybetweenwordsandlines.

TheChinesesaying“Thehandwritingrevealstheperson”(字如其人),isdirectlyrelatedtocalligraphy.第八页，共73页。第九页，共73页。Strokes(笔画)ofChineseCharactersThereare6basiccategories:dian—dotstrokeheng—horizontalstrokeshu—verticalstrokepie—curvedstrokezhe—angular(角形的)strokegou—hooked(钩形的)stroke第十页，共73页。第十一页，共73页。ChineseRadicalsStrokesformChineseradicals(偏旁)Aradicalistheprefixoftheword.Somebasiccharactercomponentsarestandalonecharacters(独立成字),like“土”and“山”,butmostarejustpartsofthem.第十二页，共73页。ThemostcomplicatedChinesecharacter?

ThenumberofstrokeswithinasingleChinesecharacterrangesfromafewtomorethan30strokes.Biang,二声(56strokes)第十三页，共73页。FivecategoriesofChinesescripts

thesealform(zhuan篆书)theofficialform(li隶书)the

cursive（草写的）form(cao草书)theregular

form(kai楷书)the

runningform(xing行书)第十四页，共73页。The

Seal

Form(篆书)

Softlinesofstrokesanduprightrectangularshapekeepthesealformcharactersmoreclosetopictography(象形文字).Eachofthecharactershasabalancedandsymmetrical(对称的)pattern.第十五页，共73页。The

Official

Form(隶书)

ItwastheturningpointintheevolutionofChinesescriptsandisthefoundationofthelaterscriptforms.Itturnedtheremainingcurvedandroundstrokesofthesealformintolinear(直线的)andflatsquare(扁方形)shapes.第十六页，共73页。ThecursiveForm

(草书)

Thisstyleofcalligraphyissmoothandlivelywithstrokesflowingandcharacterslinkingtogether.Thecharactersareoftenjoined,withthelaststrokeofonemergingintotheinitialstrokeofthenext.Itisexecutedfreelyandrapidlysothatpartsofthecharactersappearexaggerated(夸张的).第十七页，共73页。Theregular

form

(楷书)

Itisstilltoday’sstandardwriting.Itissquareinform,andnon-cursiveinstrokes.Size:LargerRegularForm(morethan5cm)SmallerRegularForm(smallerthan2cm)MediumRegularForm(in-between)第十八页，共73页。The

runningForm(行书)

Therunningformissomewherebetweentheregularandthecursiveformsallowingsimplerandfasterwriting.therunningregularform行楷therunningcursiveform行草第十九页，共73页。FamousChineseCalligraphers

inHistoryWangXizhi—thesageofChinesecalligraphy

ThePrefacetoTheLantingCollectionofCalligraphy（《兰亭集序》）

第二十页，共73页。第二十一页，共73页。第二十二页，共73页。HowdoyouunderstandChinesePainting

?

ChineseTraditionalPaintingreferstoink-washpainting(水墨画)TraditionalChinesepaintingsarenot“purely”paintings.Theycombinefineart,poetry,calligraphy,andsealengravingtoachieveanartisticunison(一致).Humanfigures,landscapes,flowers,birds,andpavilionsarethemostimportantthemesoftraditionalChinesepainting.第二十三页，共73页。DoyouknowanyChinesefamouspainters?XuBeihong第二十四页，共73页。QiBaishi第二十五页，共73页。FourtreasuresofthestudyFourtreasuresofthestudy:brush,ink,paperandinkstoneThebestofeachoftheseitemsisrepresentedby:

Hubrush(湖笔),Huiinkstick(徽墨),Xuanpaper(宣纸),andDuaninkstone(端砚).

第二十六页，共73页。Hu

brushHubrushesareproducedinthecityofHuzhou,ZhejiangProvince.Madefromthehairofagoatorwolf,theyareround,neat,strong,andpointed.Thegoathairissoft,suitableforthewritingofbigcharacters,whilethewolfhairishard,suitableforthewritingofsmallones.第二十七页，共73页。Hui

inksticksHuiinksticksareproducedinHuiCity,AnhuiProvince.TheyaremadefromtheashofburntgreenpinefromMountHuangshanandthenmixedwithglue.第二十八页，共73页。XuanpaperXuanpaperisaspecialtypeofhighqualitypaperproducedinXuanchengandJingCountyofAnhuiProvince.Madeinan18-stepprocessfromthebarkofthewingceltis(青檀)treeandricestraw,thepaperissnow-white,soft,durable,absorbent(吸收性的)andmoth-proof.第二十九页，共73页。Duaninkstones

DuaninkstoneswerefirstintroducedinDuanzhou,nowareproducedinZhaoqingCity,GuangdongProvince.Theyhaveafine,solidtextureandaglossysheen(光泽).Inkpreparedinthemdoesnotdryquickly.第三十页，共73页。HowtopracticeChineseCalligraphy?Choosingagoodcopybook(字帖)isagoodbeginning.Differentstrokesarethefirstyoushouldpayattentionto.Theregularformisusuallytakenasthestandardformforbeginnerstopracticebecauseitisthebasicformforotherinscriptions.Furthermore,inordertodevelopthisskillyoumustpracticeregularlyandtrainhard.第三十一页，共73页。“EightWaysofWritingChineseCharacters”(永字八法)Thereisanoldmethodpasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration,practicingthecharacter“永”repeatedlybecauseitcontainstheeightbasicdotsandstrokes.第三十二页，共73页。

TraditionalOperas(20minutes)

BeijingOpera(10minutes)OtherMajorTraditionalChineseOpera(10minutes)第三十三页，共73页。BeijingOperaOriginallyBeijingOperawasaformoflocaltheatre.ItthenspreadacrossthecountryandbecamethenationaloperaofChina.Singing,recitation,acting,andacrobaticfighting(唱、念、做、打)arethefourartisticmeansandthefourbasicskillsofBeijingOpera.

Eachactionbytheperformerishighlysymbolic.Feelingsandideasareoftenexpressedthroughthesesymbolicmotions.第三十四页，共73页。第三十五页，共73页。Sheng,Dan,Jing,andChou

ThecharactersofBeijingOperaareclassifiedaccordingtosex,age,disposition,profession,andsocialstatus.TherearefourmajorrolesinBeijingOperatoday:sheng(male),dan(female),jing(paintedface,male)andchou(clown).第三十六页，共73页。ShengTheshengrolesaregenerallypositiveandcanbedividedintolaosheng(老生:elderlymen),wusheng(武生:militarymen),xiaosheng(小生:youngmen),andwawasheng(娃娃生:children).

第三十七页，共73页。DanDanreferstovariousfemaleroles,includinglaodan(老旦),qingyi(青衣),huadan(花旦)，wuadan(武旦)andcaidan(彩旦).第三十八页，共73页。JingTheJingisaromantic,exaggeratedBeijingOperarole.Thecharactersaremostlycheerful,honest,gallant(豪侠的),andintrepid(刚毅的)menortreacherous(奸诈的)andcruelmen.第三十九页，共73页。ChouThechoucharactersaresharp-witted,clever,humorous,honest,andkindmen.Therearewenchou(文丑:comiccivilianroles)whospeak,act,andsingandwuchou(武丑:arcobaticfightingcomicroles)whoseperformanceinvolvesbothspeakingandacrobaticfighting.第四十页，共73页。FacialMakeupandCostumesTherearetwowaystodistinguishacharacter’spersonalityorroletype.Thefirstistounderstandthecolorcodeofthepaintedface.Thesecondistodistinguishthelinesandpatternsdrawnontheface.第四十一页，共73页。ThecolourcodeofthepaintedfaceReddefinesloyalanduprightpersons

Purpleforloyal,brave,just,andnoblecharacters

Blackfacemakeupforfaithful,brave,andstraightforwardcharactersGreenindicatesstubborn,irritable(急躁),andnoteasilycontrolledcharacters

第四十二页，共73页。Yellowforfierce,brutal,andcalculatingcharacters

Whiteforimperious(专横的)andtreacherous(奸诈的)people

Adistortedface,drawnwithasymmetrical(不对称的)lines,generallyrepresentsavillain(反派角色)oraccomplice(同犯)orsomeonewhosefacehasbeenwounded.Gold-silveredfacesforghostsandgods第四十三页，共73页。

OtherMajorTraditionalChineseOpera(10minutes)

KunquOperaShaanxiOperaChuanOperaYueOperaHuangmeiOperaYueOpera第四十四页，共73页。KunquOpera

KunquOperaisknownforitsgentleandclearvocals,beautifulandrefinedtunes,anddance-likestageperformance.

In2001,itwaslistedintheOralandIntangibleCulturalHeritagebytheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO联合国科教文组织).第四十五页，共73页。第四十六页，共73页。ShaanxiOperaShaanxiOpera(秦腔),theoldestofalltheChineseoperasthatarestillinexistencetoday,isthetypicaloperaofShaanxiprovince.TheShaanxiOperaisofgreatfunandtheelderlyresidentsofXi’antakeparticulardelightiniteventoday.

第四十七页，共73页。ChuanOperaInthemid-18thcentury,inSichuanProvinceandsomepartsofYunnanandGuizhouProvinces,KunquOperaandHigh-pitchedOpera(高腔)werecommonlyperformedtogetherwiththelocaloperas;Influencedbyeachother,theyblendedintoanewoperacategorydesignatedasChuanOpera.第四十八页，共73页。FacechangesThetechniqueof“facechanges”ismostoftenusedinChuanOpera.Insomecasesmultiplelayersofmasksaretornawayforeachchangeinfacialexpression.第四十九页，共73页。YueOperaItispopularthroughoutZhejiangProvinceandShanghaiaswellasinmanylargeandmedium-sizedcitiesthroughoutthecountry.

Thesoftandgentlemusicofthisoperaevokessentimentalemotions,andtheactingstyleislikewisegracefulandrefined.第五十页，共73页。第五十一页，共73页。HuangmeiOperaHuangmeiOperahasbeenperformedforover200years.ItisalocaloperainAnhuiProvinceandevolvedfromthe“CaichaTune”(tea-pickingtune)ofHuangmeiCounty,HubeiProvince.HuangmeiOperaiseasytounderstandandlearnbecauseitemployssimplewordsandliterarytraditions.第五十二页，共73页。第五十三页，共73页。YueOperaYueOperaisonetypeoftraditionallocaloperas,popularinGuangdongandGuangxiprovincesandinChinesecommunitiesinSouthAsiaandAmerica.第五十四页，共73页。FolkPerformingArts(10minutes)AcrobaticsQuyi

PuppetShowShadowPlay

Ghost-ExorcisingOpera(傩舞)

第五十五页，共73页。AcrobaticsChineseacrobatshavebeensuccessfulinmanyinternationalcompetitionsovertheyears.Asaresult,foreignaudienceshaveeulogizedtheartformasmythicalandengrossingandChinaisplayingadominatingpartinacrobatics.第五十六页，共73页。QuyiCross-talk(相声)

Clappertalk(快板)Storytelling(评书)

Xiaopin(小品)Shuanghuang(双簧)第五十七页，共73页。Cross-talk(相声)Cross-talkisoneofthemostpopularandinfluentialtypesofquyi.Itsperformanceischaracterizedbytalking,imitation,fun-making,andsinging（说、学、逗、唱）.Satireisitsmainpurpose.

第五十八页，共73页。XiaopinXiaopinareshort,lightcomediesintheHuaju(spokendrama)

style.About15minutesinlength.Theshort,brisk,humorous,andoftenpoignantcomicskits

havebeenregularpopularitemsonChinesetelevision’sNewYearGalaShow.第五十九页，共73页。Chinesepuppetshowcombineselementsofsong,dance,painting,andsculpture.Inpuppetshows,actorsorspecially-trainedoperatorsmanipulatethepuppetsinperformances.Puppetshow第六十页，共73页。ShadowPlayTheperformersmanipulatecolorfulleatherorcardboardfigureswhosesilhouettes（侧面影像）arereflectedonascreenbylanternlight.Alightisshoneontoascreen,behindwhichperformersoperatethesilhouetteswhilesingingtotheaccompanimentofmusic.第六十一页，共73页。

Ghost-Exorcising

Opera(傩舞)TheGhost-Exorcising

Operaoriginatedfromasacrificialceremonyfordrivingawayevilspiritsandpestilence(瘟疫)inancienttimes.第六十二页，共73页。第六十三页，共73页。

TraditionalMusicalInstruments(10minutes)

PluckedInstruments(弦乐器)PercussionInstrument(打击乐器)WindInstrument(管乐器)第六十四页，共73页。PluckedInstruments(弦乐器)Pipa(琵琶)isanancientplucked(拨动的),four-stringedinstrumentmadeofwood,withthefingerboardshapedlikeamelon-seed,andalongbeautifulneckbentbackward.第六十五页，共73页。Zither(古筝)isalsoapluckedstringinstrument,anditisoneofthemainensembleandsoloinstrumentsoftraditionalChinesemusic.Thepresent-dayzither

usuallyhas21-25strings.第六十六页，共73页。Erhu(二胡),sometimesknownintheWestasthe"Chineseviolin",isatwo-stringedbowedmusicalinstrumentandisusedasasoloinstrumentaswellasforsmallensemblesandlargeorchestras.第六十七页，共73页。Percussioninstrument

(打击乐器)Drum(鼓)isapercussioninstrum