2022-2023年山东省菏泽市大学英语6级大学英语六级知识点汇总（含答案）

2022-2023年山东省菏泽市大学英语6级大学英语六级知识点汇总（含答案）学校:________班级:________姓名:________考号:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20题)1.

Fruits,suchaswatermelon,redgrapefruit,andguava,arenowexcitingtheinterestofresearchersbecause______.

2.

Foranexam,thecrammeralwayschoosetowaituntil______.

3.TopeoplelivingintheArctic,themeltingofsomeglaciersmaypermitnewopportunitiesfor______.

4.

Investigators______thenotesprovidedbyMr.Kayefromdoctorsforhisabsence.

5.

Dihydrogenmonoxideisaverydangerouschemical,whichisoftenusedasanindustrialsolvent.

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6.Whenpeoplemanagetogetawaywithlying,manyofthem______.

A.areproudofthemselves

B.willmakelyingahabit

C.feelashamedandguilty

D.areheldingreataffection

7.

Itis,partlyatleast,owingtotheeffectivenessofcigarettegiants'advertisingthatsmokingforeignbrand-namecigaretteshasalmostbecomeafashioninAsia.

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8.

TheAIDSvirusisspreadthroughtheexchangeofinfectedbloodorbodyfluidsreleasedduringsexualactivity.

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9.

AccordingtoRamjee,thecombinationof______ispossiblythemosteffectiveinpreventingHIVvirusfromtransmittingduringintercourse.

10.

Insteadofanaspectofnature,sportsbelongtothefieldof______.

11.

OneofthemostdisturbingtruthsaboutTVisthatitmakesreadingbooksceasetobe______inoursociety.

A.themostpopularrecreation

B.theonlymethodofacquiringliteracy

C.theprimarywayofgettinginformation

D.thefinancialresources

12.

Inordertogathermuchmoredata,Wal-Martpreferred______tobarcodes.

13.

Accordingtothispassage,thereseemstobenodisagreementover______betweencouples.

14.

Inordertomeet______,low-incomeshoppersmustconsideralotoffactorswhenselectingfoodproducts.

15.ThePowerofWords:AdvertisingTricks

Theeffectthatwordscanhaveisincredible:toinform,persuade,hurtoreasepain,endwarorstartonekillingthousandsorevenmillionsofpeople.Theycangetyourpointacross,ordestroyanyhopeofyourideaseverbeingunderstood.Amajorelementofadvertisingisthewords,whichonesandinwhatorder.Thefollowingisseveralofthespecifictricksthatarecommonlyusedinadvertising.

Black/WhiteTrick

Theblack/white,oreither/or,trickismakingastatementthatprovidesinsufficientoptionstoyourargument."Loveitorleaveit"wasabigsloganofthe1960s,anditsoundslogical.Nevertheless,itprovidesnootherpossibleoptions,suchas"Loveit,ordon'tloveit,stayornot,youdon'thavetoagreewithmeifyoudon'twantto."

Thereasonthisfallacyisoftencalledtheblack/whitefallacyisthatitdeniesanyotherchoicesonanissueoridea.Usingitgivestheimpressionthateverythingcanbeseenintermsofyesorno,trueorfalse,onoroff,withnomaybesorbothtrueandfalsedependingoncircumstancesallowed.Thisfallacyisparticularlypopularandeffectiveinsloganslike"Loveitorleaveit","Ifyou'renotforme,you'reagainstme","Mycountry,rightorwrong".Notethatalloftheaboveactuallyhaveotheroptions,butthestatementsdonotallowforthem.

Acommonwayinwhichthistrickisusedinadvertisingisbypresentingtwosituations,onewiththeproductand'theotherwithout.Theonewiththeproductshowscircumstancesthattheadvertiserpresumesthetargetaudiencewouldliketobein,andviceversaforthesituationwithouttheproduct.Forexample,youhavetwogroupsofpeople:thefirstisyoung,beautiful,fit,happy,fun-lovingandactive;thesecondisold,ugly,miserable,andpassive.Thefirstusestheproduct;theseconddoesn't.Theassumptionisthatthepurchaseoftheproductmakesyouamemberofthefirst,thattheabsenceoftheproductmakesyouthesecond.Sincemostpeoplewouldratherbethefirst,andtheproductisapartofbeingthefirst,thenpeopleshouldbuytheproduct.Andtheydo.

GeneticFallacy

Thegeneticfallacymakesapredictionaboutsomethingbasedonwhereitcamefromoritsorigins.Forexample,saying"Hewouldn'tdothat--he'sfromagoodfamily"ismakingageneticfallacy."Youcan'texpectanybetterfromher--she'sfromtheslums"isalsousingageneticfallacy.Notethatinneithercaseisthereanyreferencetotheindividual'spersonalabilitiesorlackthereof;onlytowheretheycamefrom.Inadvertising,thisfallacyisusedoften:"Ifit'smadeby[company],itmustbegood"isanexample.

Weasel(含糊其辞的)Words

Weaselwordsarethosewordsthataretossedintoasentencethatchangetheactualmeaningofthesentencewhileleavinganimpressionthatisdifferent.It'stheeasiestwaytoavoidhavingtotakeanyresponsibilityforanythingyousay,orseemtosay.Forexample,thesentence"Ourcannedcornisasgoodasfreshcookedcorn".Theimpressiongivenisthatthecannedcornisasgood(whateverthatmeans)ascornonthecob(玉米穗轴)rightoffthestalk.However,thephrasecontainsaweaselword:"cooked".Thus,thesentenceactuallysaysthatthecannedcornisasgoodascornthathasbeencooked;nowyouneedtocookitagaintoserveit.Notethesentencedoesnotsaythatthecannedcornisasgoodasfreshcorn;it'sasgoodasfreshcookedcorn.

Afavoriteweaselwordisoneoftheshortest:if."Ifthewholewideworldcanenjoy[use,buy,desire,etc.][whatevertheproductis],thensocanyou"saysabsolutelynothingabouttheproduct,orevenifanyoneatallenjoys[uses,buys,desires,etc.]theproduct.Itsimplysays"if",appliedtoatotallyhypothetical,nonexistentstateofbeing.

Anothercommonwayo

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16.

Mnemonicsinforeignlanguageacquisitionisnotamodemart.

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17.WhatdoesMargaretHartEdwardssayaboutemployees'romanceintheoffice?

A.Itismorallywrongandmustbebanned.

B.Itposesapotentialriskforthecompany.

C.Itshouldnotbeinterferedasahumanright.

D.It'sbettertogopublicforthesakeofemployees.

18.PreparingforWeightLossSurgery

Forthosewhoconsiderweightlosssurgery,theyareattheendoftheirropes.Traditionalmethodsofdietandexercisehavehadnoeffect,andthisprocedureisalastresort.Butbynomeansistheleapfromthinkingaboutweightlosssurgerytotheoperatingtableashortone.

"Peopleneedtobeaware,ingreatdetail,oftheriskandbenefitsofweightlosssurgerysotheyunderstandwhatitisallabout,"saysHarveyJ.Sugerman,presidentoftheAmericanSocietyforBariatricSurgery."Theprocedureisnotwithoutrisk,andthereisagreatdealofanxietythatcomeswithit,soittakesconsiderablepreparation."

Fromcheckingoninsurancecoveragetopsychologicalexamstosupportgroups,preparingforthislife-changingproceduretakestime,physicalandmentalreadiness,andmostofall,commitment.

FirstSteps

"Fromthetimeapersonfirstthinksabouthavingweightlosssurgery,tothetimetheymakethecommitmenttohaveitdoneistypicallyabouttwoyears,"saysJamesKolenich,abariatricsurgeonattheUniversityofPennsylvaniaMedicalCenter,Horizon."Mostpeopledon'trushintothis,theytalktofamilyandfriends,theytalktothehospital,theygohomeandtheythinkaboutitmore;it'susuallyaverythoughtfulapproach."

Morethan60millionobesepeoplearelivingintheU.S.,accordingtotheAmericanObesityAssociation(AOA),andabout9millionareseverelyobese.Weightlosssurgery,alsocalledbariatricsurgery,canbesuccessfulwhendietandexercisehavefailed,andaperson'shealthisontheline.Overweightisthesecondleadingcauseofpreventabledeath,aftersmoking,intheU.S.,accordingtotheAOA.

"Thefirstthingapersonshoulddoiscontacthisinsurancecompanytolearnifheiscoveredforthesurgery,andheshouldcontacthisprimarycaredoctortofindoutifthereisdocumentationofhisstrugglewithobesity,"saysKolenich."Manyinsurancecompanieswanttoknowthataprimarycaredoctorhastriedtohelpthepatientloseweightwithpsychologicalcounseling,diet,andanexerciseplanforfiveyears,andformanypatients,thisisabigroadblock."

Whilethereareotheroptions,suchaspersonallyfinancingtheprocedure,theyarecostly:TheNationalInstituteofDiabetesandDigestiveandKidneyDiseaseswebsitestatesthatthisprocedurecanrunfrom$20,000to$35,000.

Withsuchaheftypricetagonweightlosssurgery,itpaystoensurethatyourdoctordocumentsyourbattlewithobesityearlyon,toopenupoptionsdowntheroad.Whenyou'vecrossedallyourisanddottedallyourisintheinsurancecategory,itistimetofindahospitalorcenter,andasurgeon,whicharefirst-rate.

FindingaBatiatricSurgeon

"Whenyou'relookingforasurgeon,askifheorsheisboard-certifiedbytheAmericanBoardofSurgery,"saysKotenich."IsheamemberoftheAmericanSocietyofBariatrieSurgeons?Whatisthemortalityrateofthesurgeon,themorbidityrate,thesuccessrate?"

Clearly,thesurgeonyoufindshouldbewellexperiencedintheareaofweightlosssurgery.

"Makesurethesurgeonyouchooseisanexperiencedandqualifiedbariatriesurgeon,"saysDanielHerren,chiefofbariatricsurgeryatMt.SinaiHospitalinNewYork."It'sclearthatthemoreexperiencedthesurgeon,thelowertheriskofmortality.Ideally,youwouldprefertofindasurgeonwhohasperformedatleast100oftheseprocedures."

Whatyouarelookingfordoesn'tstopwithnumbersandstatistics--youwillalsoneedasupportsystem,Lookforacenterorhospitalthatofferseducationalseminarstothosewhoarejustbeginningtheprocesssoyoucanlearnmoreabouttheactualprocedure,thebenefits,andtherisks.Alsolookforsupportgroups,thatcanb

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19.

TherootcauseofthistragedyconsistedintheprevalentracismintheU.S.

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20.BigBlundersfromBigBusinesses

Internationalmarketingcanbeatrickybusiness.Withtheincreaseinglobaltrade,internationalcompaniescannotaffordtomakecostlyadvertisingmistakesiftheywanttobecompetitiveandprofitable.Understandingthelanguageandcultureoftargetmarketsinforeigncountriesisoneofthekeystosuccessfulinternationalmarketing.Toomanycompanies,however,havejumpedintoforeignmarketswithembarrassingresults.Outoftheirblunders,awholenewindustryoftranslationserviceshasemerged.

FaultyTranslations

Thevalueofunderstandingthelanguageofacountrycannotbeoverestimated.Translationmistakesareattheheartofmanyblundersininternationaladvertising.Sincealanguageismorethanthesumofitswords,aliteral,word-by-worddictionarytranslationseldomworks.Thefollowingexamplesprovethispoint.OtisEngineeringCompanyoncedisplayedaposteratatradeshowinMoscowthatturnedheads.Duetoapoortranslationofitsmessage,thesignboastedthatthefirm'sequipmentwasgreatforimprovingaperson'ssexlife.TheParkerPenCompanysufferedanembarrassingmomentwhenitrealizedthatafaultytranslationofoneofitsadsintoSpanishresultedinapromiseto"helppreventunwantedPregnancies."

AutomobilemanufacturersintheUnitedStateshavemadeseveralnotoriousadvertisingmistakesthathavebeenwellpublicized.GeneralMotorslearnedacostlylessonwhenitintroduceditsChevroletNovatothePuertoRicanmarket.Although"nova"means"star"inSpanish,whenitisspoken,itsoundslike"nova"whichmeans"itdoesn'tgo."Fewpeoplewantedtobuyacarwiththatmeaning.WhenGMchangedthenametoCaribe,salespickedupdramatically.Fordalsoranintotroublewiththenameofoneofitsproducts.Whenitintroducedalow-costtruckcalledthe"Fiera"intoSpanishspeakingcountries,Forddidn'trealizeuntiltoolatethatthenamemeant"uglyoldwoman"inSpanish.AnotherAmericanautomanufacturermadeamistakewhenittranslateditsVenezuelanadforacarbattery.ItwasnosurprisewhenVenezuelancustomersdidn'twanttobuyabatterythatwasadvertisedasbeing"highlyoverrated."

Airlinecompanieshavealsoexperiencedproblemsofpoortranslation.Aword-by-wordtranslationruinedawholeadvertisingcampaignforBraniffAirlines.Hopingtopromoteitsplushleatherseats,Braniff'sadurgedpassengersto"flyonleather."However,whenthesloganwastranslatedintoSpanish,ittoldcustomersto"flynaked."Anotherairlinecompany,EasternAirlines,madeasimilarmistakewhenittranslateditsmotto,"Weearnourwingsdaily"intoSpanish.Thepoortranslationsuggestedthatits'passengersoftenendedupdead.

Marketingblundershavealsobeenmadebyfoodandbeveragecompanies.OneAmericanfoodcompany'sfriendly"JollyGreenGiant"becamesomethingquitedifferentwhenitwastranslatedintoArabicas"IntimidatingGreenOgre."WhentranslatedintoGerman,Pepsi'spopularslogan,"ComeAlivewithPepsi"cameoutimplying"ComeAlivefromtheGrave."NowondercustomersinGermanydidn'trushouttobuyPepsi.EvenacompanywithanexcellentinternationaltrackrecordlikeKentuckyFriedChickenisnotimmunetotheperilsoffaultytranslation.Alotofsaleswerelostwhenthecatchphrase"fingerlickin'good"became"eatyourfingersoff"intheChinesetranslation.

AmanufacturerofonelaundrydetergentmadeanexpensivemistakeinapromotionalcampaignintheMiddleEast.Theadvertisementsshowedapictureofapileofdirtyclothesontheleft,aboxofthecompany'sdetergentinthemiddle,andcleanclothesontheright.Unfortunately,themessagewasincorrectlyinterpretedbecausemostpeopleintheMiddleEastreadfromrighttoleft.Itseemedtothemthatthedetergentturnedcleanclothesintodirtyones.

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二、3.ListeningComprehension(20题)21.(19)

A.Theyshouldputthemeetingtoanend.

B.Shewouldliketodiscussanotheritem.

C.Shewantstodiscusstheissueagainlater.

D.Theyshouldholdanothermeetingtodiscussthematter.

22.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

听力原文：Therearetwobasicwaystoseegrowth:oneasaproduct,theotherasaprocess.Peoplehavegenerallyviewedpersonalgrowthasanexternalresultorproductthatcaneasilybeidentifiedandmeasured.

Bycontrast,theprocessofpersonalgrowthismuchmoredifficulttodetermine,sincebydefinitionitisajourneyandnotthespecificlandmarksalongtheway.Theprocessisnottheroaditself,butrathertheattitudesandfeelingspeoplehave,theircautionorcourage,astheyencounternewexperiencesandunexpectedobstacles.Inthisprocess,thejourneyneverreallyends;therearealwaysnewwaystoexperiencetheworld,newideastotry,newchallengestoaccept.

Inordertogrow,totravelnewroads,peopleneedtohaveawillingnesstotakerisks,toconfronttheunknown,andtoacceptthepossibilitythattheymay"fail"atfirst.Howweseeourselvesaswetryanewwayofbeingisessentialtoourabilitytogrow.Doweperceiveourselvesasquickandcurious?Ifso,thenwetendtomakemorechancesandtobemoreopentounfamiliarexperiences.Dowethinkwe'reslowtoadapttochangeorthatwe'renotsmartenoughtocopewithanewchallenge?Thenwearelikelytotakeamorepassiveroleornottryatall.

Thesefeelingsofinsecurityandself-doubtarebothunavoidableandnecessaryifwearetochangeandgrow.Ifwedonotconfrontandovercometheseinternalfearsanddoubts,ifweprotectourselvestoomuch,thenweceasetogrow.Webecometrappedinsideashellofourownmaking.

Questions30to32arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

30.Whyisitdifficulttodeterminepersonalgrowthasaprocess?

31.Whatdowelearnaboutpeoplewhoconsiderthemselvesasquickandcurious?

32.Whatisunavoidableduringtheprocessofourgrowthaccordingtothespeaker?

(27)

A.Itsdefinitioniscomplex.

B.Itisajourneythatneverends.

C.Therearetoomanylandmarks.

D.Thedistanceistoolongtomeasure.

23.

【B9】

24.(47)

25.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

听力原文：In1946therewasaprogramintheRioGrandevalleytosubstitutethehybridcom,whichisproducedbymixingseveraltypesofcorn,forthenativecorn.Thenativecornwasofpoornutritionalqualityandgaveapoorquantityofgrain,whilethehybridcornwasofexcellentqualityandgaveaboutthreetimesaslargeacropasthenativevariety.Inthefirstyear,halfofthe84farmersinthevillageplantedthehybridcornanddoubledthecornproduction.Threeyearslater,however,onlythreefarmersplantedthehybridcorn.Theotherswereplantingthetraditionalvariety.Atthebeginningoftheproject,theprogramleaderstudiedthepatternofthenaturalrelationsofplants,animals,andpeopletoeachotherandtotheirsurroundingsoftheareaandshowedfilmsdemonstratingthesuperiorityofthenewcorn.Thefarmersagreedthatthehybridcomhadgreatadvantages.Thesizeofthecornconfirmedtheseadvantages.Whydidtheystopplantingit?Theycomplainedthatitwasn'tgoodforcookingandtheydidn'tliketheflavor.

(27)

A.Replacingthenativecornwiththehybridcorn.

B.Replacingthehybridcornwiththenativecorn.

C.Replacingthenewtypeofcornwiththetraditionalcorn.

D.Replacingthetraditionalcornwiththenativecorn.

26.

【B10】

27.

【B4】

28.(22)

A.Tostudypoetrytogether.

B.TostudyBiologytogether.

C.Totutoreachotherforthetests.

D.Tomeetinthealleytostudy.

29.

【B8】

30.

【B2】

31.听力原文：W:Ireadanarticleabouttheauctionwebsites．Theyseemquitegood!

M:Well，thesesitesaresetuptomakemoneyfast，andyouneverknowwhatyou'repayingfor．Iwon'ttakethechance．Whynotgobuysomethingatadiscountfromarealdepartmentstore?

Q:Whatdoesthemanthinkofauctionwebsites?

(18)

A.Theyarefast-growing.

B.Theyarenottrust-worthy.

C.Theyareprofitable.

D.Theyaresetupbydepartmentstores.

32.听力原文：M:YoumustbeprettyexcitedaboutyourtriptoEurope.Whenisitthatyou'releaving?

W:InjustthreeweeksandIamexcited,buttherearestillthingsIneedtodobeforeIgo.

M:Likewhat?

W:Likerenewingmypassport,goingtothetravelagencytobuymyplaneticketandmakingadecisionastowhattodowithmyapartmentwhileIamgone.

M:You'renotgoingtogiveitup,areyou?

W:Noway,I'llneverfindanotherapartmentaroundhere.ButIdon'tliketheideaofpayingthreemonth'srentonanemptyapartment,either.

M:Idon'tblameyou.Perhapsyoucouldsubletit.

W:Yes.That'sexactlywhatIwant.Butwhoto?Ordoyoubyanychanceknowthepersonwhowill?

M:Hum,letmethink,Oh,Iknowjusttheperson,anoldcolleagueofmine,JimThomas.HeiscomingheretodosomeresearchthissummerfromJunethroughAugust.

W:Well,that'sexactlywhenI'llbeaway.Itsoundsideal,aslongasthelandlordagrees.

M:Tellyouwhat.I'llbecallingJimlaterthisweekanyway,soI'llmentionittohim,then.

W:Well,thanks,Bill.Letmcknowwhathappens.Thatextramoneywouldreallycomeinhandy.

(20)

A.Purchaseherplaneticket.

B.Changeherplaneticket.

C.Pickupapassportapplicationform.

D.ArrangeforheraccommodationsinEurope.

33.

【B6】

34.(34)

A.Youth,promise,despairaswellaswealth.

B.Youth,love,promiseaswellasdespair.

C.Youth,love,promiseaswellaswealth.

D.Youth,promise,despairaswellasage.

35.(31)

A.Folkmusicandclassicalmusic.

B.Classicalmusicandpopularmusic.

C.Popularmusicandfolkmusic.

D.Noneoftheabove.

36.听力原文：W:Idon'tknowyoucaneatsomuchyetneverputonanyweight,son.Yourfather'sgotthesameluck.Ican'ttakeabitewithoutcalculatinghowmanycaloriesIamtaking.

M:ButrememberAuntLouise,Mom?Sheatealotandnevergainedapound.

Q:Whoiswordedaboutgainingweight?

(15)

A.Theson.B.Thefather.C.Themother.D.AuntLouise.

37.【B3】

38.【B9】

39.(42)

40.听力原文：M:Hi,Sarah,what'sup?

W:Oh,hi.Ijustgotoutofahistoryclass.Ihadtogiveapresentation.

M:Howdiditgo?

W:Terrible.I'msureImadeafoolofmyself.

M:Why?Weren'tyouprepared?

W:No,it'snotthat.IjustgetsoembarrassedandnervouswheneverI'vetospeakinfrontofagroupofpeople.IstandupandmyfacegetsredthenIgetevenmorenervousbecauseIknoweveryonecanseemeblushing.M:Itisnotsobadtoblush.

W:Butithappensallthetime.IftheprofessorasksaquestionandIknowtheanswer,I'llblushlikecrazyifhecallsonme.Doesn'tthateverhappentoyou?

M:No,notreally.Maybeyoushouldtrytoforgetaboutthepeople.Lookatsomethingelseintheroom,liketheexitsign.

W:IguessIcouldtrythat.ButIdoubtitwillhelp.

M:Youknowwetalkedaboutthisinpsychologyclass.Blushing,eventhoughit'sinvoluntary,ismoreorelessalearnedbehavior.

W:Whatdoyoumean?

M:Oh,childrenhardlyeverblushatall.And,amongadults,supposedlywomenblushmorethanmen.

W:Iwonderwhy.

M:Idon'tknow.ButIhadafriendinhighschool,BrianSmith.Itwasreallyeasytomakehimblush.Heturnedredwheneverawaitresswouldaskhimforhisorder.

W:I'mnotthatbad.Well,I'vegottogetgoingformynextclass.I'lltalktoyoulater.

(23)

A.Shehadnotcompletedherassignment.

B.Shewasunabletoattendherpsychologyclass.

C.Shefeltembarrassedinclass.

D.Herpresentationreceivedapoorgrade.

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20题)41.

Whywashempbanned?

A.Itisrelatedtothemarijuanaplant.

B.Itcanbeusedtoproducemarijuana.

C.Itwasnolongerausefulcrop.

D.Itwasdestructivetotheland.

42.

WhywerethescientistswhosaidNewton'sideashaddelayedthescientificprogresswrong?

43.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid—thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformation,butmeaningsarederivedfromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectivenessasapartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwordsalone.Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygivenmessage.Sometimesatecangaininsightintosomeofthoseassociationsifwelistenformorethanwords.Wedon'talwayssaywhatwemeanormeanwhatwesay.Sometimesourwordsdon'tmeananythingexcept"I'mletting0ffsomesteam.Idon'treallywantyoutopaycloseattentiontowhatI'msaying.JustpayattentiontowhatI'mfeeling."Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner,ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI'llbuy.Theownersays,"It'sbeenlikethatforyears."Actually,thestephasn'tbeenlikethatforyears,buttheunspokenmessageis:"Idon'twanttofixit.Weputupwithit.Whycan'tyou?"Thesearchforamoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedofexaminingamessageintermsofwhosaidit,whenitoccurred,therelatedconditionsorsituation,andhowitwassaid.

Whenamessageoccurscanalsorevealassociatedmeaning.Letusassumetwocouplesdoexactlythesameamountofkissingandarguing.Butonecouplealwayskissesafteranargumentandtheothercouplealwaysarguesafterakiss.Theorderingofthebehaviorsmaymeanagreatdealmorethanthefrequencyofthebehavior.Afriend'sunusuallydocile(温顺的)behavior.mayonlybeunderstoodbynotingthatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredanabnormalamountofassertiveness.Someresponsesmaybedirectlylinkedtoadevelopingpatternofresponsesanddefylogic.Forexample~apersonwhosays"No!"toaseriesofchargeslike"You'redumb!""You'relazy!"and"You'redishonest!"mayalsosay"No!"andtrytojustifyhisorherresponseifthenextstatementis"Andyou'regoodlooking."

Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessagesarepresented.Thewords:"It'ssurelynicetohaveyoubymyside."canbesaidwithemphasisandexcitementorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceorrepeatedseveraltimes.Andthemeaningsweassociatewiththephrasewillchangeaccordingly.Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthelessimportanceitassumes.

Effectivecommunicationisrenderedpossiblebetweentwoconversingpartnersif______.

A.theyuseproperwordstocarrytheirideas

B.theybothspeaktrulyoftheirownfeelings

C.theytrytounderstandeachother'sideasbeyondwords

D.theyarecapableofassociatingmeaningwiththeirwords

44.Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Theofficialcasefor"academicmobility"isnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamentalnecessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworld,anddebatedinthecorridorsofEurope;butitiscertainlynothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthemoststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurestphilosophy,themosteffectivemedicine,thelikeliestroadtogold.

Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideas,theirtransferenceacrossfrontiers,andtheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsofpeople.Thepointoflearningistoshareit,whetherwithstudentsorwithcolleagues.Onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcreditedwithastartlingdiscovery,oranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeanreassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereabouttomakethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelines,andthatonewasnotquitealone,confrontedbyinquisition,ridiculeorneglect.

Inthetwentiethcentury,andparticularlyinthelast20years,theoldfootpathsofthewanderingscholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehasofcoursebeentheaeroplane,makingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemostdistantplacesimmediatelyfeasible,andprovidingfortheveryrapidtransmissio