考研阅读理解和答案

Text4TheSupremeCourt'sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,thecourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof“doubleeffect”acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects-agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen-ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.Doctorshaveusedtheprincipleinrecentyearsjustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatientspain,eventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient.NancyDubler,directorofMontefiorecenter,contendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctors“untilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientpatientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath.”GeorgeAnnas,chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversity,maintainsthat,aslongasadoctorprescribesdrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastenthedeath,”It'slikesurgery”,hesays.”Wedon'tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctordidn'tintenttokilltheirpatientsalthoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.ifyouareaphysician,youcanriskyourpatient'ssuicideaslongasyoudon'tintendtheirsuicide.”Onanotherlevel,manyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.Justthreeweeksbeforethecourt'srulingonphysicianassistedsuicide,thenationalAcademyofsciencereleasedatwo-volumereport,ApproachingDeath:Improvingcareattheendoflife.Itidentifiestheunder-treatmentofpainandtheaggressivesueof“ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthemayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying”asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare.Theprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctortotraininhospices,totestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapies,todevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcareandtodevelopnewstandardforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife.Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.“Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering,”totheextentthatitconstitutes“systematicpatientabuse.”Hesaysmedicallicensingboards“mustmakeitclear….”Thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension.Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs,welearnthat__B__A:doctorusedtoincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheirpatients'pain.B:itisstillillegalfordoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirlives.C:theSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysician-assistedsuicide.D:patientshavenoconstitutionalrighttocommitsuicide.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext__C__A:Doctorswillbeheldguiltyiftheyrisktheirpatients'death.B:Modernmedicinehasassistedterminallyillpatientsinpainlessrecovery.C:TheCourtruledthathigh-dosagepainrelievingmedicationcanbeprescribed.D:Adoctor'smedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhisintentions.AccordingtotheNAS'report,oneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecareis_BA:prolongedmedicalprocedures.B:inadequatetreatmentofpain.C:systematichospitalcare.D:insufficienthospitalcare.Whichofthefollowingbestdefinestheword:aggressive.__A___A:BoldB:HarmfulC:CarelessD:Desperate.GeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishedifthey__D___A:theirpatientsincompetently.B:givepatientsmoremedicinethanneededC:reducedrugdosagesfortheirpatients.D:prolongtheneedlesssufferingofthepatients.解析：第一段：SupremeCourt'sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.最高法庭关于医生协助病人自杀问题的裁决，对于寻求如何用药物减轻病危者的痛苦和折磨，具有重要的意义。第二段：Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,thecourtineffortsupportedthemedicalprincipleof“doubleeffect”.尽管裁决认为，宪法没有赋予医生协助病人自杀的权利吗，然而最高法庭实际上却支持医疗界的“双效”原则。第三段：Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients'paineventhoughincreasingdosagewilleventuallykillthepatient.今年来，医生们一直使用这项原则，为自己给病危患者注射大剂量的吗啡阵痛的行为辩护，尽管不断的增加的剂量最终会杀死病人。第四段：NancyDubler,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthatprinciplewillshielddoctorswho“untilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath.蒙特菲奥里医生疗中心主任南希.道布勒认为，这项原则会保护一些医生，这些医生直到现在还在坚持认为，如果加大剂量可能加速病人死亡，那就不给病人提供足够的镇痛剂。第五段：GeorgeAnnas,chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversity,maintainsthat,aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.波士顿大学健康法律系主任乔治.安纳斯认为，只要医生开药是出于合法的医疗目的，那么病人即使服用此药会加速死亡，医生的行为也没有违法。第六段：onanotherlevel,manyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebateshasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.另一方面，许多医学界人士承认，至使协助自杀的争论变得激烈的部分原因是由于病人们的绝望情绪，对这些病人而言，现代医学延长了他们临终前肉体的痛苦。第七段：JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt'srulingonphysician-assistedsuicide,theNationalAcademyofsciencereleasedatwo-volumereport,ApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheendoflife.就在最高法庭对协助自杀做出裁决的前三周，国家科学院公布了一份两卷的报告——《临近死亡：改善临终护理》。第八段：Theprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospices,totestknowledgeofaggressivepai