教程c5t1阅读by修订

Cambridge5testREADINGPASSAGEYoushouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1Johnson'sForthecenturybeforeJohnson’sDictionarywaspublishedin1775,therehadbeenconcernaboutthestateoftheEnglishlanguage.TherewasnostandardwayofspeakingorwritingandnoagreementastothebestwayofbringingsomeordertothechaosofEnglishspelling.DrJohnsonprovidedthesolution.Therehad,ofcourse,beendictionariesinthepast,thefirstofthesebeingalittlebookof120pages,compiledbyacertainRobertCawdray,publishedin1604underthetitleATableAlphabeticall'ofhardusuallyEnglishwords’.Likethevariousdictionariesthatcameafteritduringtheseventeenthcentury,Cawdray'stendedtoconcentrateon'scholarly'words;onefunctionofthedictionarywastoenableitsstudenttoconveyanimpressionoffinelearning.Beyondthepracticalneedtomakeorderoutofchaos,theriseofdictionariesisassociatedwiththeriseoftheEnglishmiddleclass,whowereanxioustodefineandcircumscribethevariousworldstoconquer—lexicalaswellassocialandcommercial,itishighlyappropriatethatDrSamuelJohnson,theverymodelofaneighteenth-centuryliryman,asfamousinhisowntimeasinours，shouldhavepublishedhisDictionaryattheverybeginningoftheheydayofthemiddleclass.Q—8，9Johnsonwasapoetandcriticwhoraisedcommonsensetotheheightsofgenius.Hisapproachtotheproblemsthathadworriedwritersthroughoutthelateseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturieswasintenselypractical.Upuntilhistime,thetaskofproducingadictionaryonsuchalargescalehadseemedimpossiblewithouttheestablishment

anacademytomakedecisionsaboutrightandwrongusage.Johnsondecidedhedidnotneedanacademytosettleargumentsaboutlanguage;hewouldwriteadictionaryhimselfandhewoulddoitsingle-handed.Q—11JohnsonsignedthecontractfortheDictionarywiththebooksellerRobertDosleyatabreakfastheldattheGoldenAnchorInnnearHolbomBaron18June1764.Hewastobepaid￡1.575ininstalments,andfromthishetookmoneytorentGoughSquare,inwhichhesetuphis'dictionaryJamesBoswell,hisbiographer,describedthegarretwhereJohnsonworkedasfitteduplikeacountinghouse'withalongdeskrunningdownthemiddleatwhichthecopyingclerkswouldworkstandingup.Johnsonhimselfwasstationedonaricketychairatan'oldcrazydealQ—4Hewasalsohelpedbysixassistants,twoofwhomdiedwhilsttheDictionarywasstillinTheworkwasimmense;fillingabouteightylargenotebooks(andwithoutalibrarytohand,Johnsonwrotethedefinitionsofover40,000words,Q—5andillustratedtheirmanymeaningswithsome114,000quotationsdrawnfromEnglishwritingoneverysubject,fromtheElizabethanstohisowntime.Q—1Hedidnotexpecttoachievecompleteoriginality.Workingtoadeadline,hehadtodrawonthebestofallpreviousdictionaries,andtomakehisworkoneofheroicsynthesis.Infact,itwasverymuchmore.Unlikehispredecessors,JohnsontreatedEnglishverypractically,asalivinglanguage,withmanydifferentshadesofmeaning.Q—2HeadoptedhisdefinitionsontheprincipleofEnglishcommonlaw—accordingtoAfteritspublication,hisDictionarywasnotseriouslyrivalledforoveracentury.Q—3AftermanyvicissitudestheDictionarywasfinallypublishedon15April1775.ItwasinstantlyrecognisedasalandmarkthroughoutEurope.'Thisverynoblework’wrotetheleadingItalianlexicographer,'willbeaperpetualmonumentofFametotheAuthor,anHonourtohisownCountryinparticular,andageneralBenefittotherepublicofLettersthroughoutEurope"ThefactthatJohnsonhadtakenontheAcademiesofEuropeandmatchedthem(everyoneknewthatfortyFrenchacademicshadtakenfortyyearstoproducethefirstFrenchnationaldictionary)wascauseformuchEnglishcelebration.Johnsonhadworkedfornineyears,'withlittleassistanceofthelearned,andwithout

patronageofthegreat;notinthesoftobscuritiesofretirement,orundertheshelterofacademicbowers,butamidstinconvenienceanddistraction,insicknessandinsorrow’.Forallitsfaultsandeccentricitieshistwo-volumeworkisamasterpieceandalandmark,inhisownwords,‘settingtheorthography,disyingtheogy,regulatingthestructures,andItisthecornerstoneofStandardEnglishanachievementwhich,injamesBoswell'swords‘conferredstabilityonthelanguageofhisTheTheDictionary,togetherwithhisotherwriting,madeJohnsonfamousandsowellesteemedthathisfriendswereabletoprevailuponKingGeorgeⅢtoofferhimapension.Fromthenon,hewas etheJohnsonoffolklore.9Questions1-ChooseTHREElettersA-Writeyouranswersinboxes1-3onyouranswerNBYouranswersmaybegiveninanyWhichTHREEofthefollowingstatementsaretrueofJohnson’sItavoidedallscholarlyItwastheonlyEnglishdictionaryingeneralusefor200ItwasfamousbecauseofthelargenumberofpeopleItfocusedmainlyonlanguagefromcontemporaryTherewasatimelimitforitsItignoredworkdonebypreviousdictionaryIttookintoaccountsubtletiesofItsdefinitionswerefamousfortheir解析：D.题目当中的定位词为contemporarytext，contemporary的意思就是当代的，现代的。fromtheElizabethanstohisowntime. E.timelimitworkingtoa FsubtletiesdifferentshadesofTheworkwasimmense;fillingabouteightylargenotebooks(andwithoutalibrarytohand,Johnsonwrotethedefinitionsofover40,000words,andillustratedtheirmanymeaningswithsome114,000quotationsdrawnfromEnglishwritingoneverysubject,fromtheElizabethanstohisowntime.Q—1HedidnotexpecttoachievecompleteoriginalityWorkingtoadeadline,hehadtodrawonthebestofallpreviousdictionaries,andtomakehisworkoneofheroicsynthesis.Q—2Infact,itwasverymuchmore.UnlikehispredecessorsJohnsontreatedEnglishverypracticallyasalivinglanguage,withmanydifferentshadesofmeaning.Q—3 馆的情况下，写了80本笔记，撰写了4万多条词的定义，并将这些词的多个释义用11.4万条释义加以佐证。这些词条取自伊丽 1-4段的背景讲A,B,C,F,G,HFALSENOTGIVEN.only，allQuestions4-CompletetheChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes4-7onyouranswersheet.In1764DrJohnsonacceptedthecontracttoproduceadictionary.Havingrentedagarret,hetookonanumberof4 ,whostoodatalongcentraldesk.答案：copyingclerks1764可以判断出在文章中得定位在第四段，anumberof要求后面填的名词的复JamesBoswellhisbiographer,describedthegarretwhereJohnsonworkedasfitteduplikeacountinghouse'withalongdeskrunningdownthemiddleatwhichthecopyingclerkswouldworkstandingup.Johnsonhimselfwasstationedonaricketychairatan'oldcrazydealtable’surroundedbyachaosofborrowedbooks. typoJohnsondidnothavea availabletohim,buteventuallyproduceddefinitionsofinof40,000wordswrittendownin80large4000六段原文：Theworkwasimmense;fillingabouteightylargenotebooks(andwithoutalibrarytohand,Johnsonwrotethedefinitionsofover40,000words 馆的情况下，写了80本笔记，撰写了4万aanotOnpublications,theDictionarywasimmediayhailedinmanyEuropeancountriesasalandmark.Accordingtohisbiographer,JamesBoswell,Johnson’sprincipalachievementwastobring6………totheEnglishlanguage.解析：JBItisthecornerstoneofStandardEnglishanachievementwhich,injamesBoswell'swords‘conferredstabilityonthelanguageofhiscountry.’JBEnglishlanguagelanguageofhiscountryAsarewardforhishardwork,hewasgranteda7………bythe解析：kingprevailupon九段原文：TheDictionary,togetherwithhisotherwriting,madeJohnsonfamousandsowellesteemedthathisfriendswereabletoprevailuponKingGeorgeⅢtoofferhimapension.Fromthenon,hewasto etheJohnsonoffolklore.。从那时起，他就成了家喻户晓 题目中题目中 ，原文主动，只是人称调换了位置，而中间内容不变Questions8-DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassageInboxes8-13onyouranswersheet, ifthestatementagreeswiththe ifthestatementcontradictstheNOT ifthereisnoinformationonThegrowingimportanceofthemiddleclassesledtoanincreaseddemandfor解析：middleclasses可以作为定位词，并且题目当中的growingimportance和文章当中的heyday三段原文：itishighlyappropriatethatDrSamuelJohnsontheverymodelofaneighteenth-centuryliryman,asfamousinhisowntimeasinoursshouldhavepublishedhisDictionaryattheverybeginningoftheheydayofthemiddleclass. 博士作为18世纪文学家的典型代表，在中产 a之后，因此需填一个名词。kingprevailupon的意思是劝说。Johnson emorewellknownsincehis解析：Johnsonhisdeath三段原文：DrSamuelJohnson,theverymodelofaneighteenth-centuryli ryman,asfamousinhisowntimeasinours，原文翻译原文翻译 博士，作为18世纪文学家的典型代表，在当时和现代都享有盛誉Johnsonhadbeennningtowriteadictionaryforseveral解析：severalyearsJohnsonsetupanacademytohelpwiththewritingofhisJohnsondecidedhedidnotneedanacademytosettleargumentsaboutlanguage;hewouldwriteadictionaryhimselfandhewoulddoitsingle-handed. JohnsononlyreceivedpaymentforhisDictionaryonitsonlypayment四段原文：.Hewastobepaid￡1.575ininstalments,andfromthishetookmoneytorentGoughSquare,inwhichhesetuphis'dictionaryworkshop’.原文翻译：他一期得到了1575 补充：判断题题干中出现过补充：判断题题干中出现过 词答案一般不会是Notalloftheassistantssurvivedtoseethepublicationofthenotallassistant五段原文：Hewasalsohelpedbysixassistants,twoofwhomdiedwhilsttheDictionarywasstillinpreparation. READINGPASSAGEYoushouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26,whicharebasedonReadingPassage2NatureorAfewyearsago,inoneofthemostfascinatinganddisturbingexperimentsinbehaviouralpsychology,StanleyMilgramofYaleUniversitytested40subjectsfromallwalksoflifefortheirwillingnesstoobeyinstructionsgivenbya'leader'inasituationinwhichthesubjectsmightfeel aldistastefortheactionstheywerecalledupontoperform.Q—23SpecificallyMilgramtoldeachvolunteer‘teacher-subject’thattheexperimentwasinthenoblecauseofeducation,andwasdesignedtotestwhetherornotpunishingpupilsfortheirmistakeswouldhaveapositiveeffectonthepupils'abilitytolearn.Q—15Milgram'sexperimentalset-upinvolvedcingtheteacher-subjectbeforeapanelofthirtyswitcheswithlabelsrangingfrom'15voltsofelectricity(slightshock)'to'450volts(danger—severeshock)'instepsof15voltseach.Theteacher-subjectwastoldthatwheneverthepupilgavethewronganswertoaquestion,ashockwastobeadministered,beginningatthelowestlevelandincreasinginseveritywitheachsuccessivewronganswer.Thesupposed'pupil'wasinrealityanactorhiredbyMilgramtosimulatereceivingtheshocksbyemittingaspectrumofgroans,screamsandwritingstogetherwithanassortmentofstatementsandexpletivesdenouncingboththeexperimentandtheexperimenter.Q—16Milgramtoldtheteacher-subjecttoignorethereactionsofthepupil,andtoadministerwhateverlevelofshockwascalledfor,aspertheruleerningtheexperimentalsituationofthemoment.Q—21Astheexperimentunfolded,thepupilwoulddeliberaygivethewronganswerstoquestionsposedbytheteacher,therebybringingonvariouselectricalpunishments,evenuptothedangerlevelof300voltsandbeyond.Manyoftheteacher-subjectsbalkedatadministeringthehigherlevelsofpunishment,andturnedtoMilgramwithquestioninglooksand/orcomintsaboutcontinuingtheexperiment.Inthesesituations,Milgramcalmlyexinedthat'stheteacher-subjectwastoignorethepupilscriesformercyandcarryonwiththeexperiment.Ifthesubjectwasstillreluctanttoproceed,Milgramsaidthatitwasimportantforthesakeoftheexperimentthattheprocedurebefollowedthroughtotheend.Hisfinalargumentwas‘youhavenootherchoice.Youmustgoon’.Q—19WhatMilgramwastryingtodiscoverwasthenumberofteacher-subjectswhowouldbewillingtoadministerthehighestlevelsofshock,eveninthefaceofstrongalandmoralrevulsionagainsttherulesandconditionsofthePriortocarryingouttheexperiment,Milgramexinedhisideatoagroupof39psychiatristsandaskedthemtopredicttheaveragepercentageofpeopleinanordinarypopulationwhowouldbewillingtoadministerthehighestshocklevelof450volts.Q—17Theoverwhelmingconsensuswasthatvirtuallyalltheteacher-subjectswouldrefusetoobeytheexperimenter.Q—22Thepsychiatristsfeltthat‘mostsubjectswouldnotgobeyond150volts’andtheyfurtheranticipatedthatonlyfourpercentwouldgoupto300volts.Furthermore,theythoughtthatonlyalunaticfringeofaboutonein1,000wouldgivethehighestshockof450volts.Whatweretheactualresults?Well,over60percentoftheteacher-subjectstoobeyMilgramuptothe450-voltlimitinrepetitionsoftheexperimentinothercountries,thepercentageofobedientteacher-subjectswasevenhigher,reaching85percentinonecountry.Howcanwepossiblyaccountforthisvastdiscrepancybetweenwhatcalm,rational,knowledgeablepeoplepredictinthecomfortoftheirstudyandwhatpressured,flustered,butcooperative'teachers'actuallydointhelaboratoryofreallife?One'sfirstinclinationmightbetoarguethattheremustbesomesortofbuilt-inanimalaggressioninstinctthatwasactivatedbytheexperiment,andthatMilgram'steache-subjectswerejustfollowingageneticneedtodischargethispent-upprimalurgeontothepupilbyadministeringtheelectricalshock.Q—14Amodernhard-coresociobiologistmightevengosofarastoclaimthatthisaggressiveinstinctevolvedasanadvantageoustrait,havingbeenofsurvivalvaluetoourancestorsintheirstruggleagainstthehardshipsoflifeontheinsandinthecaves,ultimayfindingitswayintoourgeneticmake-upasaremnantofourancientanimalways.Analternativetothisnotionofgeneticprogrammingistoseetheteacher-subjects'actionsasaresultofthesocialenvironmentunderwhichtheexperimentwascarriedout.AsMilgramhimselfpointedout,'Mostsubjectsintheexperimentseetheirbehaviourinalargercontextthatisbenevolentandusefultosociety—thepursuitofscientifictruth.Thepsychologicallaboratoryhasastrongclaimtolegitimacyandevokestrustandconfidenceinthosewhoperformthere.Anactionsuchasshockingavictim,whichinisolationappearsevil,acquiresacompleydifferentmeaningwhencedinthissetting.'HThus,inthisexnationthesubjectmergeshisunique alityand alandmoralcodewiththatoflargerinstitutionalstructures,surrenderingindividualpropertieslikeloyalty,self-sacrificeanddisciplinetotheserviceofmalevolentsystemsofauthority.Q—25IHerewehavetworadicallydifferentexnationsforwhysomanyteacher-subjectswerewillingtoforgotheirsenseof alresponsibilityforthesakeofaninstitutionalauthorityfigure.Theproblemforbiologists,psychologistsandanthropologistsistosortoutwhichofthesetwopolarexnationsismoreusible.This,inessence,istheproblemofmodernsociobiology—todiscoverthedegreetowhichhard-wiredgeneticprogrammingdictates,oratleaststronglybiases,theinctionofanimalsandhumanswiththeirenvironment,thatis,theirbehaviour.Q—18Putanotherway,sociobiologyisconcernedwithelucidatingthebiologicalbasisofallbehaviour.Q—26Questions14-ReadingPassage2hasnineparagraphs,A-WhichparagraphcontainsthefollowingWritethecorrectletterA-Iinboxes14-19onyouranswerabiologicalexnationoftheteacher-subjects’解析：定位词为biologicalex nation,文章当中讲到解释的为F段和G段。其中F段讲到的F段原文：One'sfirstinclinationmightbetoarguethattheremustbesomesortofbuilt-inanimalaggressioninstinctthatwasactivatedbytheexperiment,andthatMilgram'steache-subjectswerejustfollowingageneticneedtodischargethispent-upprimalurgeontothepupilbyadministeringtheelectricalshock.原文翻译：人们的第一反应可能会说，一定是实验激发了人内在的某 性动物本能MilgramtheexnationMilgramgavetheteacher-subjectsforthe解析：文章当中的定位词为 A段原文：SpecificallyMilgramtoldeachvolunteer‘teacher-subject’thattheexperimentwasinthenoblecauseofeducationandwasdesignedtotestwhetherornotpunishingpupilsfortheirmistakeswouldhaveapositiveeffectonthepupils'abilitytolearn.原文翻译：Milgram告诉每个实验是以教育为目的开展的，为了测试惩罚学生能不能补充：定义类的词语补充：定义类的词语 nation,definition,description等）是常考点，要充分熟悉theidentityoftheidentityofthepupilsB段原文：Thesupposed'pupil'wasinrealityanactorhiredbyMilgramtosimulatereceivingtheshocksbyemittingaspectrumofgroans,screamsandwritingstogetherwithanassortmentofstatementsandexpletivesdenouncingboththeexperimentandtheexperimenter.Milgram的扭动身体甚至用污言秽语谩骂实验者和实验本身，来模拟学 电击之后的反应pupilstheexpected 解析：expectedanticipatedD段原文：Priortocarryingouttheexperiment,Milgramexinedhisideatoagroupof39psychiatristsandaskedthemtopredicttheaveragepercentageofpeopleinanordinarypopulationwhowouldbewillingtoadministerthehighestshocklevelof450volts.原文翻译：在进行实验之前，Milgram39名精神科医生解释了他的想法，让他们预测一下450所有扮演教师的实验对象都所有扮演教师的实验对象都 遵从实验 令thegeneralaimofsociobiologicalsociobiological,IThis,inessence,istheproblemofmodernsociobiology—todiscoverthedegreetowhichhard-wiredgeneticprogrammingdictates,oratleaststronglybiases,theinctionofanimalsandhumanswiththeirenvironment,thatis,theirbehaviour. thewayMilgrampersuadedtheteacher-subjectstothewayMilgrampersuaded原文：Inthesesituations,Milgramcalmlyexinedthat'stheteacher-subjectwastoignorethepupilscriesformercyandcarryonwiththeexperiment.Ifthesubjectwasstillreluctanttoproceed,Milgramsaidthatitwasimportantforthesakeoftheexperimentthattheprocedurebefollowedthroughtotheend.Hisfinalargumentwas‘youhavenootherchoice.Youmustgoon’.原文翻译：出现这些情况的时候，原文翻译：出现这些情况的时候，Milgram验。如果实验教师仍然不肯继续实验，Milgram 们，为了完成实验将实验步骤进 们：你别不选择，必须进行试验Questions20-Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,CorWriteyouranswersinboxes20-22onyouranswerTheteacher-subjectsweretoldthatweretestinga450-voltshockwaspunishmenthelpsthepupilsweretheyweresuitedto解析：对应A段当中的一句话，此题考查的是文章中的细节，考查学生对于细节的识别程度A段原文：SpecificallyMilgramtoldeachvolunteer‘teacher-subject’thattheexperimentwasinthenoblecauseofeducationandwasdesignedtotestwhetherornotpunishingpupilsfortheirmistakeswouldhaveapositiveeffectonthepupils'abilitytolearn.原文翻译：Milgram告诉每个 Theteacher-subjectswereinstructedstopwhenapupilaskedthemdenouncepupilswhomadereducetheshocklevelafteracorrectgivepunishmentaccordingtoa解析：此处要注意的是B选项当中的denounce，为动词谴责告发的意思。指言语上的惩罚。B段原文：Milgramtoldtheteacher-subjecttoignorethereactionsofthepupil,andtoadministerwhateverlevelofshockwascalledfor,Beforetheexperimenttookcethebelievedthatashockof150voltswastoofailedtoagreeonhowtheteacher-subjectswouldrespondtounderestimatedtheteacher-subjects’willingnesstocomplywithexperimentalthoughtthatmanyoftheteacher-subjectswouldadministerashockof450DDTheoverwhelmingconsensuswasthatvirtuallyalltheteacher-subjectswouldrefusetoobeytheexperimenter.原文翻译：压倒性的意见认为在试验中所有的老师都原文翻译：压倒性的意见认为在试验中所有的老师都 遵从实验规则Questions23-DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassageInboxes23-26onyouranswersheet, ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthisSeveralofthesubjectswerepsychologystudentsatYaleyaleuniversityA段原文：StanleyMilgramofYaleUniversitytested40subjectsfromallwalksoflifeforwillingnesstoobeyinstructionsgivenbya'leader'inasituationinwhichthesubjectsmightfeelawillingnesstoobeyinstructionsgivenbya'leader'inasituationinwhichthesubjectsmightfeelaaldistastefortheactionstheywerecalledupontoperform.原文翻译：40名实验对象分别来自社会各界。实验要测试在对 命令做的事情可能产 Somepeoplemaybelievethattheteacher-subjects’behaviourcouldbeexinedasapositivesurvivalmechanism.survivalmechanismFAmodernhard-coresociobiologistmightevengosofarastoclaimthatthisaggressiveinstinctevolvedasanadvantageoustrait,havingbeenofsurvivalvaluetoourancestorsintheirstruggleagainstthehardshipsoflifeontheinsandinthecaves,ultimayfindingitswayintoourgeneticmake-upasaremnantofourancientanimalways.原文翻译：现物学家甚至会称这种性本能是作为一种优势特征进化而来的，当我们的祖先在岩洞中和平原上与艰苦的生活作时，这种本能对他们的生存起到了重要的作用一次，这种本能最终作为远古时人类动物行为的遗留产物融入到我们的当中。Inasociological alvaluesaremorepowerfulthansociobiologicalexnationH段原文：Thus,inthisexnationthesubjectmergeshisunique alityand alandmoralcodewiththatoflargerinstitutionalstructures,surrenderingindividualpropertieslikeloyalty,self-sacrificeanddisciplinetotheserviceofmalevolentsystemsofauthority.毒 务Milgram’sexperimentsolvesanimportantquestioninIThisinessenceistheproblemofmodernsociobiology—todiscoverthedegreetowhichhard-wiredgeneticprogrammingdictates,oratleaststronglybiases,theinctionofanimalsandhumanswiththeirenvironment,thatis,theirbehaviour.Putanotherwaysociobiologyisconcernedwithelucidatingthebiologicalbasisofallbehaviour. READINGPASSAGEYoushouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40,whicharebasedonReadingPassage3TheTruthabouttheFormanyenvironmentalists,theworldseemstobegettingworse.Theyhavedevelopedahit-listofourmainfears:thatnaturalresourcesarerunningout;thatthepopulationisevergrowing,leavinglessandlesstoeat;thatspeciesare ingextinctinvastnumbers,andthatthenet'sairandwaterare ingevermorepolluted.Q—27ButButaquicklookatthefactsshowsadifferentpicture.First,energyandothernaturalresourceshaveemoreabundant,notlessso,sincethebook'TheLimitstoGrowth'waspublishedin1972agroupofscientists.Q—28Second,morefoodisnowproducedperheadoftheworld'spopulationthanatanytimeinhistory.Fewerpeoplearestarving.Q—29Third,althoughspeciesareingextinct,onlyabout0.7%ofthemareexpectedtodisappearinthenext50years,not25-50%,ashassooftenbeenpredicted.Q—30Andfinally,mostformsofenvironmentalpollutioneitherappeartohavebeenexaggerated,oraretransient—associatedwiththeearlyphasesofindustrialisationandthereforebestcurednotbyrestrictingeconomicgrowth,butbyacceleratingit.Q—31Oneformofpollution—thereleaseofgreenhousegasesthatcausesglobalwarming—doesappeartobeaphenomenonthatisgoingtoextendwellintoourfuture,butitstotalimpactisunlikelytoposeadevastatingproblem.Abiggerproblemmaywellturnouttobeaninappropriateresponsetoit.Yetopinionpollssuggestthatmanypeoplenurturethebeliefthatenvironmentalstandardsaredecliningandfourfactorsseemtocausethisdisjunctionbetweenperceptionandreality.Oneisthelopsidednessbuiltintoscientificresearch.Scientificfundinggoesmainlytoareaswithmanyproblems.Thatmaybewise,butitwillalsocreateanimpressionthatmanymorepotentialproblemsexistthanisthecase.Q—33Secondly,environmentalgroupsneedtobenoticedbythemassmedia.Theyalsoneedtokeepthemoneyrollingin.Understandably,perhaps,theysometimesoverstatetheirarguments.In1997,forexample,theWorldWideFundforNatureissuedapressreleaseentitled:‘Twothirdsoftheslostforever.’Thetruthturnsouttobenearer20%.Q—Thoughthesegroupsarerunoverwhelminglybyselflessfolk,theyneverthelesssharemanyofthecharacteristicsofotherlobbygroups.Thatwouldmatterlessifpeopleappliedthesamedegreeofscepticismtoenvironmentallobbyingastheydotolobbygroupsinotherfields.Q—35Atradeorganisationarguingfor,say,weakerpollutioncontrolsisinstantlyseenasself-interested.Yetagreenorganisationopposingsuchaweakeningisseenasaltruistic,evenifanimpartialviewofthecontrolsinquestionmightsuggesttheyarengmoreharmthangood.Athirdsourceofconfusionistheattitudeofthemedia.Peopleareclearlymorecuriousaboutbadnewsthangood.Newspapersandbroadcastersaretheretoprovidewhatthepublicwants.That,however,canleadtosignificantdistortionsofperception.Q—36AnexamplewasAmerica'sencounterwithElNinoin1997and1998.Thisclimaticphenomenonwasaccusedoftourism,causingallergies,meltingtheski-slopesandcausing22deaths.However,accordingtoanarticleintheBulletinoftheAmericanMeteorologicalSociety,thedamageitdidwasestimatedatUS$4billionbutthebenefitsamountedtosomeUS$19billion.Thesecamefromhigherwintertemperatures(whichsavedanestimated850lives,reducedheatingcostsanddiminishedspringfloodscausedbymeltwaters).Thefactorispoorindividualperception.Peopleworrythattheendlessriseintheamountofstuffeveryonethrowsawaywillcausetheworldtorunoutofcestodisposeofwaste.Yet,evenifAmerica'strashoutputcontinuestoriseasithasdoneinthepast,andeveniftheAmericanpopulationdoublesby2100,alltherubbishAmericaproducesthroughtheentire21stcenturywillstilltakeuponlyone-12,000thoftheareaoftheentireUnitedStates.Q—37Sowhatofglobalwarming?Asweknow,carbondioxideemissionsarecausingthenettowarm.Thebestestimatesarethatthetemperatureswillriseby2-3℃inthiscentury,causingconsiderableproblems,atatotalcostofUS$5,000billion.Despitetheintuitionthatsomethingdrasticneedstobedoneaboutsuchacostlyproblem,economicysesclearlyshowitwillbefarmoreexpensivetocutcarbondioxideemissionsradicallythantopaythecostsofadaptationtotheincreasedtemperatures.AmodelbyoneofthemainauthorsoftheUnitedNationsClimateChangePanelshowshowanexpectedtemperatureincreaseof2.1degreesin2100wouldonlybediminishedtoanincreaseof1.9degrees.Ortoputitanotherway,theincreasethattheincreasethatthe netwouldhaveexperiencedin2094wouldbepostponedto2100.Q—Sothisdoesnotpreventglobalwarming,butmerelybuystheworldsixyears.Yetthecostofcarboncarbondioxideemissions,fortheUnitedStatesalone,willbehigherthanthecostofsolvingtheworld'ssingle,mostpressinghealthproblem:providinguniversalaccesstocleandrinkingwatersanitation.Q—39，40Suchmeasureswouldavoid2milliondeathseveryyear,andpreventhalfbillionpeople ingseriouslyItiscrucialthatwelookatthefactsifwewanttomakethebestpossibledecisionsforthefuture.Itmaybecostlytobeoverlyoptimistic—butmorecostlystilltobetoopessimistic.Questions27-DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeclaimsofthewriterinReadingPassageInboxes27-32onyouranswersheet, ifthestatementagreeswiththewriter’s ifthestatementcontradictsthewriter’sNOT ifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutEnvironmentaliststakeapessimisticviewoftheworldforanumberof一段原文：Theyhavedevelopedahit-listofourmainfears:thatnaturalresourcesarerunningout;thatthepopulationisevergrowing,leavinglessandlesstoeat;thatspeciesare ingextinctinvastnumbers,andthatthenet'sairandwaterare ingevermorepolluted. EnvironmentalistsEnvironmentalistsistDataontheEarth’snaturalresourceshasonlybeencollectedsince解析：定位词为1972，能找到这个数字出现在文章当中的第二段中。读整句话知道答案。二段原文：First,energyandothernaturalresourceshave emoreabundant,notlessso,sincethebook'TheLimitstoGrowth'waspublishedin1972byagroupofscientists.原文翻译：首先，能源和其他的自然资源正在日益变得丰富，而不是更少了，自从“局限局限”在1972年被一些科学 之后Thenumberofstarvingpeopleintheworldhasincreasedinrecent