商志2014上半年四六级阅读理解讲义

阅读理解部Section （选词填空Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions36to45arebasedonthefollowingWhatdoesittaketobeawell-trainednurse?Theanswerusedtobetwo-yearassociate'sorfour-yearbachelor'sdegreeprograms.Butasthenursingshortage(36）,agrowingnumberofschoolsandhospitalsareestablishing"fast-trackprograms"thatenablecollegegraduateswithnonursing(37）to eregisterednurseswithonlyayearorsoof(38）training.In1991,therewereonly40fast-trackcurricula;nowtherearemorethan200.TypicalisColumbiaUniversity'sEntrytoPracticeprogram.Studentsearntheirbachelorofscienceinnursinginayear.Thosewhostayonforan (39）twoyearscanearnamaster'sdegreethat(40）themasnursepractitioners（执业护士）orclinicalnursespecialists.Manystudentsarerecent(41）;othersarecareerswitchers.RudyGuardron,32,a2004graduateofColumbia'sprogram,wasapremedicalstudentincollegeandthenworkedforapharmaceutical(药物的)research .AtColumbia,hewas(42）asanursepractitioner."Isawthatnurseswereinhigh(43）anditlookedlikeareallygoodopportunity,"hesays."Also,Ididn'twanttobeinschoolforthatlong."Thefast-tracktrendfillsaneed,butit'salsocreatingsome(44）between ersandvens."Nursesthatarestillatthebedside(45）thesekidswithsuspicion,"saysLindaPellico,whohastaughtnursingatYaleUniversityfor18years."Theywonder,howcantheydoitquicker?"Theansweristheydon't. Quiteoften,educators lfamiliesofchildrenwhoarelearningEnglishasasecondlanguagetospeakonlyEnglish,andnottheirnativelanguage,athome.Althoughtheseeducatorsmayhavegood(36),theiradvicetofamiliesismisguided,andit(37)frommisunderstandingsabouttheprocessoflanguageacquisition.Educatorsmayfearthatchildrenhearingtwolanguageswille(38)confusedandthustheirlanguagedevelopmentwillbe(39);thisconcernisnotedinthe ture.Childrenarecapableoflearningmorethanonelanguage,(40)orsequentially(依次地).Infact,mostchildrenoutsideoftheUnitedStatesareexpectedtoebilingualoreven,inmanycases,multilingualGlobally,knowingmorethanonelanguageisviewedasan(41)andevenanecessityinmanyItisalsoofconcernthatthemisguidedadvicethatstudentsshouldspeakonlyEnglishisgivenprimarilytopoorfamilieswithlimitededucationalopportunities,nottowealthierfamilieswhohavemanyeducationaladvantages.Sincechildrenfrompoorfamiliesoftenare(42)asat-riskforacademicfailure,teachersbelievethatadvisingfamiliestospeakEnglishonlyisappropriate.Teachersconsiderlearningtwolanguagestobetoo(43)forchildrenfrompoorfamilies,believingthatthechildrenarealreadyburdenedbytheirhomesituations.IffamiliesdonotknowEnglishorhavelimitedEnglishskillsthemselves,howcantheycommunicateinEnglish?Advisingnon-English-speakingfamiliestospeakonlyEnglishis(44)tolingthemnottocommunicatewithorin ctwiththeirchildren.Moreover,the(45)messageisthatthefamily'snativelanguageisnotimportantor I) J) K) L) M) N) O)Someperformanceevaluationsrequiresupervisorstotakeaction.Employeeswhoreceiveaveryfavorableevaluationmaydeservesometypeofrecognitionorevenapromotion.Ifsupervisorsdonotacknowledgesuchoutstandingperformance,employeesmayeitherlosetheir(36)andreducetheireffortorsearchforanewjobatafirmthatwill(37)themforhighperformance.Supervisorsshouldacknowledgehighperformancesothattheemployeewillcontinuetoperformwellinthefuture.Employeeswhoreceiveunfavorableevaluationsmustalsobegivenattentions.Supervisorsmust(38)thereasonsforpoorperformance.Somereasons,suchasfamilyillness,mayhaveatemporaryadverse(39)onperformanceandcanbecorrected.Otherreasons,suchasabadattitude,maynotbetemporary.Whensupervisorsgiveemployeesanunfavorableevaluation,theymustdecidewhethertotakeany(40)actions.Iftheemployeeswereunawareoftheirowndeficiencies,theunfavorableevaluationcanpinpoint(）thedeficienciesthatemployeesmustcorrect.Inthiscase,thesupervisormaysimplyneedtomonitortheemployees(41)andensurethatthedeficienciesarecorrected.Iftheemployeeswerealreadyawareoftheirdeficienciesbeforetheevaluationperiod,however,theymaybeunableorwillingtocorrectthem.Thissituationismoreserious,andthesupervisormayneedtotakeaction.Theactionshouldbe(42)withthefirm’sguidelinesandmayincludereassigningtheemployeestonewjobs,(43)themtemporarily,orfiringthem.Asupervisor’sactiontowardapoorlyperformingworkercan(44)theattitudesofotheremployees.Ifno(45)isimposedonanemployeeforpoorperformance,otheremployeesmayreactbyreducingtheirproductivityaswell. 1的答案2的答案3的答案SectionB（长篇阅读Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheetTheriseofthesharingLastnight40,000peoplerented modationfromaservicethatoffers250,000roomsin30,000citiesin192countries.Theychosetheirroomsandpaidforeverythingonline.Buttheirbedswereprovidedbyprivateindividuals,ratherthanahochain.HostsandguestswerematchedupbyAirbnb,afirmbasedinSanFrancisco.Sinceitslaunchin2008morethan4millionpeoplehaveusedit—2.5millionofthemin2012alone.Itisthemostprominentexampleofahugenew“sharingeconomy”,inwhichpeoplerentbeds,cars,boatsandotherassetsdirectlyfromeachother,co-ordinatedviatheinternet.Youmightthinkthisisnodifferentfromrunningabed-and-breakfast(家庭旅店),owningatimeshare(分时度假房)orparticipatinginacarpool.Buttechnologyhasreducedtransactioncosts,makingsharingassetscheaperandeasierthanever—andthereforepossibleonamuchlargerscale.Thebigchangeistheavailabilityofmoredataaboutpeopleandthings,whichallowsphysicalassetstobedividedandconsumedasservices.Beforetheinternet,rentingasurfboard,apowertooloraparkingspacefromsomeoneelsewasfeasible,butwasusuallymoretroublethanitwasworth.NowwebsitessuchasAirbnb,RelayRidesandSnapGoodsmatchupownersandrenters;smartphoneswithGPSletpeopleseewherethenearestrentablecarisparked;socialnetworksprovideawaytocheckuponpeopleandbuildtrust;andonlinepaymentsystemshandlethebilling.What’smineisyours,foraJustaspeer-to-peerbusinesseslikeeBayallowanyoneto earetailer,sharingsitesletindividualsactasanadhoc(临时的)taxiservicecar-hirefirmorboutiqueho(精品酒店)asandwhenitsuitsthem.Justgoonlineordownloadanapp.Themodelworksforitemsthatareexpensivetobuyandarewidelyownedbypeoplewhodonotmakefulluseofthem.Bedroomsandcarsarethemostobviousexamples,butyoucanalsorentcamspacesinSweden,fieldsinAustraliaandwashingmachinesinFrance.Asadvocatesofthesharingeconomyliketoputit,accesstrumps(胜过)ownership.RachelBotsman,theauthorofabookonthesubject,saystheconsumerpeer-to-peerrentalmarketaloneisworth$26billion.Broaderdefinitionsofthesharingeconomyincludepeer-to-peerlendingorputtingasolarpanelonyourroofandsellingpowerbacktothegrid(电网).Anditisnotjustindividuals:thewebmakesiteasierforcompaniestorentoutspareofficesandidlemachines,too.Butthecoreofthesharingeconomyispeoplerentingthingsfromeachother.Such“collaborative(合作的)consumptionisagoodthingforseveralreasons.Ownersmakemoneyfromunderusedassets.AirbnbsayshostsinSanFranciscowhorentouttheirhomesdosoforanaverageof58nightsayear,making$9,300.CarownerswhorenttheirvehiclestoothersusingRelayRidesmakeanaverageof$250amonth;somemakemorethan$1,000.Renters,meanwhile,paylessthantheywouldiftheyboughttheitemthemselves,orturnedtoatraditionalprovidersuchasahoorcar-hirefirm.Andthereareenvironmentalbenefits,too:rentingacarwhenyouneedit,ratherthanowningone,meansfewercarsarerequiredandfewerresourcesmustbedevotedtomakingthem.Forsociablesouls,meetingnewpeoplebystayingintheirhomesispartofthecharm.Curmudgeons(倔脾气的人)whoimaginethateveryrenterisamurderercanstillstayatconventionalhos.Forothers,thewebfosterstrust.Aswellasthebackgroundcheckscarriedoutbytformowners,onlinereviewsandratingsareusuallypostedbybothpartiestoeachtransaction,whichmakesiteasytospotbaddrivers,bathrobe-thievesandsurfboard-wreckers.Byusingandothersocialnetworks,participantscan5eachotheroutandidentifyfriends(orfriendsoffriends)incommon.AnAirbnbuserhadherapartmenttrashedin2011.Buttheremarkablethingishowwellthesystemusuallyworks.PeeringintotheThesharingeconomyisalittlelikeonlineshop,whichstartedinAmerica15yearsAtfirst,peoplewereworriedaboutsecurity.Buthavingmadeasuccessfulpurchasefrom,say,Amazon,theyfeltsafebuyingelsewhere.Similarly,usingAirbnboracar-hireserviceforthefirsttimeencouragespeopletotryotherofferings.Next,considereBay.Havingstartedoutasapeer-to-peermarketce,itisnowdominatedbyprofessional“powersellers”(manyofwhomstartedoutasordinaryeBayusers).Thesamemayhappenwiththesharingeconomy,whichalsoprovidesnewopportunitiesforenterprise.Somepeoplehaveboughtcarssolelytorentthemout,forexample.Existingrentalbusinessesaregettinginvolvedtoo.Avis,acar-hirefirm,hasashareinasharingrival.SodoGMandDaimler,twocarmakers.Infuture,companiesmaydevelophybrid(混合的)models,listingexcesscapacity(whethervehicles,equipmentorofficespace)onpeer-to-peerrentalsites.Inthepast,newwaysofngthingsonlinehavenotdiscedtheoldwaysentirely.Buttheyhaveoftenchangedthem.JustasinternetshopdWal-martandTescotoadapt,soonlinesharingwillshakeuptransport,tourism,equipment-hireandmore.Themainworryisregulatoryuncertainty.Willroom-rentersbesubjecttohotaxes,forexample?InAmsterdamofficialsareusingAirbnblistingstotrackdownunlicensedhos.InsomeAmericancities,peer-to-peertaxiserviceshavebeenbannedafterlobbyingbytraditionaltaxifirms.Thedangeristhatalthoughsomerulesneedtobeupdatedtoprotectconsumersfromharm,existingrentalbusinesseswilltrytodestroycompetition.Peoplewhorentoutroomsshouldpaytax,ofcourse,buttheyshouldnotberegulatedlikeaRitz-Carltonho.Thelighterrulesthattypicallyernbed-and-breakfastsaremorethanadequate.Thesharingeconomyisthelatestexampleoftheinternet’svaluetoconsumersThisemergingmodelisnowbiganddisruptive(性的)enoughforregulatorsandcompaniestohavewokenuptoitThatisasignofitsimmensepotential.Itistimetostartcaringaboutsharing.SharingitemssuchascarsdoesgoodtotheAirbnb’ssuccessclearlyillustratestheemergenceofahugesharingThemajorconcernaboutthesharingeconomyishow ernmentregulatesThemostfrequentlyshareditemsarethoseexpensivetobuybutnotfullyThesharingeconomyhasapromisingOnlinesharingwillchangethewaybusinessisdoneintransportation,travel,rentals,AirbnbisawebsitethatenablesownersandrenterstocompletetransactionsThesharingeconomyislikelytogothewayofonlineshopOneadvantageofsharingisthatownersearnmoneyfromrentingoutitemsnotmadefulluseSharingappealstothesociableinthattheycanmeetnew（来源：2013124级第一套卷IsCollegeaWorthyWhyarewespendingsomuchmoneyoncollege?Andwhyarewesounhappyaboutit?Weallseemtoagreethatacollegeeducationiswonderful,andyetstrangelyweworrywhenweseefamiliesinvestingsomuchinthissupposedlyessentialgood.Maybeit’stimetoaskaquestionthatseemsalmostsacrilegious大不敬的):isallthisinvestmentincollegeeducationreallyworthit?Theanswer,Ifear,isno.Foranincreasingnumberofkids,theextratimeandmoneyspentpursuingacollegediplomawillleavethemworseoffthantheywerebeforetheysetfooton7Formyentireadultlife,agoodeducationhasbeenthemostimportantthingformiddle-classhouseholds.Myparentsspentmoreeducatingmysisterandmethantheyspentontheirhouse,andthey’renottheonlyones...and,ofcourse,foranincreasingnumberoffamilies,mostofthecostoftheirhouseisactuallythecostoflivinginagoodschooldistrict.Questioningthevalueofacollegeeducationseemsabitlikequestioningthevalueofhappiness,orfun.Theaveragepriceofallgoodsandserviceshasrisenabout50percent.Butthepriceofacollegeeducationhasnearlydoubledinthattime.Istheeducationthattoday’sstudentsaregettingtwiceasgood?Arenewworkerstwiceassmart?Havethey esomehowmassivelymoreexpensivetoeducate?Perhapsabit.RichardVedder,anOhioUniversityeconomicsprofessor,says,“IlookatthedataandIseecollegecostsrisingfasterthaninflationuptothemid-1980sby1percentayear.NowIseethemrising3to4percentayearoverinflation.Whathashappened?Thefederalernmenthasstarteddropmoneyoutofairnes.”Aidhasincreased,subsidized(补贴的)loans eavailable,and“theuniversitieshavegottenthemoney.”BryanCan,whoiswritingabookabouteducation,agrees:“It’sagiantwasteofresourcesthatwillcontinueaslongasthesubsidiescontinue.”Promotionallitureforcollegesandstudentloansoftenspeaksofdebtasan“investmentinyourself.”Butaninvestmentissupposedtogenerate etopayofftheloans.Morethanhalfofallrecentgraduatesareunemployedorinjobsthatdonotrequireadegree,andtheamountofstudent-loandebtcarriedbyhouseholdshasincreasedmorethanfivetimessince1999.Thesegraduatesweretoldthatadiplomawasalltheyneededtosucceed,butitwon’tevengetthemoutofthesparebedroomatMomandDad’s.Formany,themostvisibleresultoftheirfouryearsistheloanpayments,whichnowaveragehundredsofdollarsamonthonloanbalancesinthetensofthousands.It’strueaboutthemoney—sortof.Collegegraduatesnowmake80percentmorethanpeoplewhohaveonlyahigh-schooldiploma,andthoughtherearenopreciseestimates,thewagepremium(高出的部分)foranoutstandingschoolseemstobeevenhigher.Butthat’snottrueofeverystudent.It’sveryeasytospendfouryearsmajoringinEnglishli tureandcomeoutnomoreemployablethanyouwerebeforeyouwentin.Conversely,chemicalengineersstraightoutofschoolcaneasilymakealmostfourtimesthewagesofanentry-levelhigh-schoolgraduate.JamesHeckman,theNobelPrize–winningeconomist,hasexaminedhowthereturnsoneducationbreakdownforindividualswithdifferentbackgroundsandlevelsofability.“Evenwiththesehighprices,you’restillfindingahighreturnforindividualswhoarebrightandmotivated,”hesaysOntheotherhand,ifyou’renotcollegeready,thentheanswerisno,it’snotworthit.”Expertstendtoagreethatfortheaveragestudent,collegeisstillworthittoday,buttheyalsoagreethattherapidincreaseinpriceiseatingupmoreandmoreofthepotentialreturn.Forborderlinestudents,tuition(学费)risecanpushthosereturnsintonegativeEveryoneseemstoagreethattheernment,andparents,shouldberethinkinghowweinvestinhighereducation—andthatemployersneedtorethinktheincreasinguseofcollegedegreesascrudescreeningtoolsforjobsthatdon’treallyrequirecollegeskills.“Employersseeingasurplusofcollegegraduatesandlookingtofilljobsarejustaddingthatrequirement,”saysVedder.“Infact,acollegedegree esajobrequirementfor ingabar-tender.”Wehavestartedtoseesomechangeonthefinanceside.Alawpassedin2007allowsmanystudentstocaptheirloanpaymentat10percentoftheir eandforgivesanybalanceafter25years.Butofcourse,thatdoesn’tcontrolthecostofeducation;itjustshiftsittotaxpayers.Italsoencouragesgraduatestochooselower-payingcareers,whichreducesthefinancialreturntoeducationstillfurther.“You’resubsidizingpeopleto epriestsandpoetsandsoforth,”saysHeckman.“Youmaythinkthat’sagoodthing,oryoumaynot.”Eitherwayitwillbeexpensivefortheernment.Whatmightbealotcheaperisputtingmorekidstowork.Cannotesthatworkalso9valuableskills—probablymorevaluableforkidswhodon’tnaturallylovesittinginaclassroom.Heckmanagreeswholeheartedly:“Peoplearedifferent,andthoseabilitiescanbeshaped.That’swhatwe’velearned,andpublicshouldrecognizethat.”Heckmanwouldliketoseemoreapprenticeship-style(学徒式)programs,wherekidscanlearnintheworkce—learnnotjustspecificjobskills,butthekindof“softskills,”likegettingtoworkontimeandgettingalongwithateam,thatarecrucialforcareersuccess.“It’sabouthavingmentors(指导者)andhavingworkce-basededucation,”hesays.“TimeandagainI’veseenexamplesofthiskindofprogramworking.”Ah,buthowdowegettherefromhere?Withbetterpublic,hopefully,butalsobymakingbetterindividualdecisions.“Historicallymarketshavebeenabletohandlethesethings,”saysVedder,“andIthinkeventuallymarketswillhandlethisone.Ifitdoesn’timprovesoon,peoplearegoingtowakeupandask,‘WhyamIgoingtocollege?’”Cansuggeststhatkidswhodon’tloveschoolgotoAnincreasingnumberoffamiliesspendmoremoneyonhousesinagoodschoolSubsidizedloanstocollegestudentsareahugewasteofmoney,accordingtooneMoreandmorekidsfindtheyfareworsewithacollegeForthosewhoarenotpreparedforhighereducation,goingtocollegeisnotworthOvertheyearsthecostofacollegeeducationhasincreasedalmostbyAlawpassedrecentlyallowsmanystudentstopaynomorethanonetenthoftheir efortheircollegeloans.Middle-classAmericanshavehighlyvaluedagoodMorekidsshouldbeencouragedtoparticipateinprogramswheretheycanlearnnotonlyjobskillsbutalsosocialskills.Overfiftypercentofrecentcollegegraduatesremainunemployedorunabletofinda（来源：2013124级第二套卷AMessontheLadderofThroughoutAmericanhistorytherehasalmostalwaysbeenatleastonecentraleconomicnarrativethatgavetheambitiousorunsatisfiedreasontopackupandseektheirfortuneelsewhere.Forthefirst300orsoyearsofEuropeansettlement,thestorywasaboutmovingoutward:gettingimmigrantstothecontinentandthentothefrontiertocleartheprairies(大草原),drainthewetlandsandbuildnewcities.Bytheendofthe19thcentury,asthefrontiervanished,theU.S.hadamildpanicWhatwouldthisenergetic,enterprisingcountrybewithoutnewlandstoconquer?Somepeople,suchasTeddyRoosevelt,decidedtokeeponconquering(Cuba,thePhilippines,etc.),buteventually,inindustrialization,theU.S.foundanewnarrativeofeconomicmobilityathome.Fromthe1890stothe1960s,peoplemovedfromfarmtocity,firstintheNorthandthenintheSouth.Infact,bythe1950s,therewasenoughprosperityandwhite-collarworkthatmanybegantomovetothesuburbs.Asthepopulationaged,therewasalsoashiftfromthecoldRustBelttothecomfortsoftheSunBelt.Wethinkofthisasanold’smigration,butitcreatedmanyjobsfortheyounginconstructionandhealthcare,nottomentiontourism,retailandrestaurants.Forthelast20years—fromtheendofthecoldwarthroughtwoburstbubblesinasingledecade—theU.S.hasbeencastingaboutforitsnexteconomicnarrative.Andnowitisexperiencinganotherperiodofpanic,whichisbadnewsformuchoftheworkbutparticularlyforitsyoungestmembers.TheU.S.hasalwaysbeenaremarkablycountry,butnewdatafromtheCensusBureauindicatethatmobilityhasreacheditslowestlevelinrecordedhistory.Sure,somepeoplearestuckinhomesvaluedatlessthantheirmortgages(抵押),butmanyyoungpeople—whodon’townhomesanddon’tyethavefamilies—arestayingput,too.Thissuggests,amongotherthings,thatpeoplearen’tpackingupforneweconomicopportunitiesthewaytheyusedto.Ratherthandividingthecountryintothe1percentersversus(与…相对everyoneelsethesplitinoureconomyisreallybetweentwootherclasses: and Partoftheproblemisthatthecountry’slargestindustriesareindecline.Inthepast,itwasperfectlyclearwhereyoungpeopleshouldgoforwork(Chicagointhe1870s,Detroitinthe1910s,Houstoninthe1970s)and,moreorless,whatthey’dbe ngwhentheygotthere(killingcattle,buildingcars,sellingoil).Andtheseindustrieswerelargeenoughtoofferjobstoeachclassofworker,fromunskilledlaborertomanagerorengineer.Today,thefewbrightspotsinoureconomyarerelativelysmall(thoughsomepromisefuturegrowth)anddecentralized.TherearegreatjobsinSiliconValley,inthebiotechresearchcapitalsofBostonandRaleigh-DurhamandinadvancedmanufacturingntsalongthesouthernI-85corridor.Thesecompaniesrecruitalloverthecountryandtheglobeforworkerswithspecificabilities.(Youdon’tneedtobethenextMarkZuckerberg,founderof ,togetajobinoneofthemicrohubs(微中心),bytheway.ButyouwillalmostcertainlyneedatleastaB.A.incomputerscienceorayearortwoatatechnicalschool.)Thisnewer,selectjobmarketisnational,anditoffersmembersoftheclasscompetitivesalariesandhigherbargainingManymembersoftheimclass,ontheotherhand,liveintheAmericaofthegloomyheadlines.Ifyouhavenospecializedskills,there’slittlereasontouproottoanotherstateandbethelastinlineforalow-payingjobatanewautontoragreen-energystartup.Thesurpriseinthecensus(普查)data,however,isthattheimworkisnotlimitedtounskilledworkers.Infact,manyhaveacollegedegree.Untilnow,aB.A.inanysubjectwasanear-guaranteeofatleastmiddle-classwages.Buttoday,aquarterofcollegegraduatesmakelessthanthetypicalworkerwithoutabachelor’sdegree.DavidAutor,aprominentlaboreconomistatM.I.T.,recentlytoldmethatacollegedegreealoneisnolongeraguarantorofagoodjob.Whilegraduatesfromtopuniversitiesarestilllikelytogetagoodjobnomatterwhattheirmajoris,hesaid,graduatesfromless-famousschoolsaregoingtobejudgedonwhattheyknow.Tocompeteforjobsonanationallevel,theyshouldbearmedwiththeskillsthatemergingindustriesneed,whethertechnicalornot.Thosewithoutsuchspecializedskills—likepoetry,orevenhistory,majors—arealreadycompetingwiththeirneighborsforthesamesortsofsecond-rate,poorer-payinglocaljobslikelow-levelmanagementorbig-boxretailsales.Andwiththelow-skilledlabormarketatomizedintothousandsofmicroeconomies,im workersarelessabletodemandbetterwagesorconditionsortoacquirevaluableskills.Sowhat,exactly,shouldtheambitiousyoungworkeroftodaybelearning?Unfortuna y,it’shardtosay,sincetheU.S.doesn’thaveoneclearnationalproject.Thereareplentyofemerging,smallerindustries,butwhichonesarethemostpromising?(Nanotechnology’s(纳米技术)momentofremarkablegrowthseemstohavebeen5yearsintothefutureforsomethinglike20yearsnow.)It’snotclearexactlywhatskillsaremostneededoriftheywillevenbevaluableinadecade.Whatisclearisthatallsortsofernmentissues—education,health-insuranceportability,workerretraining—arenolongerjustbonusestoalreadyprosperouslivesbutexistentialrequirements.It’sinallofourintereststomakesurethatasmanypeopleaspossibleareabletomovetowardopportunity,andAmerica’sabilitytoinvestpeopleandmoneyinexcitingnewideasisstillgreaterthanthatofmostotherwealthycountries.(Asrecentlyasfiveyearsago,U.S.migrationwastwicetherateofEuropeanUnionstates.)That,atleast,issomecomfortatatimewhenournationaleconomyseemstobesearchingforitsnextstoryline.Unlikeinthepast,acollegedegreealonedoesnotguaranteeagoodjobforitsThecensusdataissurprisinginthatcollegegraduatesarealsoamongtheimworkNewfiguresreleasedbytheernmentshowthatAmericanstodayarelessthaneverThemigrationofoldpeoplefromcoldtowarmcesmademanyjobsavailabletotheAmericaisbetteratinnovationthanmostotherrichEarlyAmericanhistoryisoneofmovingYoungpeopledon’tknowwhattolearnbecauseitishardtopredictwhatskillsareneededorvaluedtenyearsfrom Computerorothertechnicalskillsareneededtogetawell-payingjobinhigh-techoradvancedmanufacturing.Whenthefrontiervanishedaboutacenturyago,AmericafoundneweconomicmobilityinAmericatodaycanbedividedintotwoclasses:thosewhomoveandthosewho（来源：2013124级第三套卷Wastenot,WantFeedingthe9Billion:TheTragedyofBy2075,theUnitedNations’mid-rangeprojectionforglobalpopulationisabout9.5billion.Thismeansthattherecouldbeanextrathreebillionmouthstofeedbytheendofthecentury,aperiodinwhichsubstantialchangesareanticipatedinthewealth,calorieintakeanddietarypreferencesofpeopleindevelocountriesacrosstheworld.Suchaprojectionpresentsmankindwithwide-rangingsocial,economic,environmentalandpoliticalissuesthatneedtobeaddressedtodaytoensureasustainablefutureforall.Onekeyissueishowtoproducemorefoodinaworldoffiniteresources.Today,weproduceaboutfourbillionmetrictonnesoffoodperyear.Yetduetopoorpracticesinharvesting,storageandtransportation,aswellasmarketandconsumerwastage,itisestimatedthat30-50%ofallfoodproducedneverreachesahumanstomach.Furthermore,thisfiguredoesnotreflectthefactthatlargeamountsofland,energy,fertilisersandwaterhavealsobeenlostintheproductionoffoodstuffswhichsimplyendupaswaste.Thislevelofwastageisatragedythatcannotcontinueifwearetosucceedinthechallengeofsustainablymeetingourfuturefooddemands.In2010,theInstitutionofMechanicalEngineersidentifiedthreeprincipalemergingpopulationgroupsacrosstheworld,basedoncharacteristicsassociatedwiththeircurrentandprojectedstageofeconomicdevelopment.Fullydeveloped,mature,post-industrialsocieties,suchasthoseinEurope,characterisedbystableordecliningpopulationswhichareincreasinginage.Late-stagedevelonationsthatarecurrentlyindustrialisingrapidly,forexamp