胡壮麟语言学教程笔记、重点

#/17《语言学教程》重难点学习提示第一章语言的性质语言的定义：语言的基本特征（任意性、二重性、多产性、移位、文化传递和互换性）；语言的功能（寒暄、指令、提供信息、询问、表达主观感情、唤起对方的感情和言语行为）；语言的起源（神授说，人造说，进化说）等。第二章语言学语言学定义；研究语言的四大原则（穷尽、一致、简洁、客观）；语言学的基本概念（口语与书面语、共时与历时、语言与言学、语言能力与言行运用、语言潜势与语言行为）；普通语言学的分支（语音、音位、语法、句法、语义）；；语言学的应用（语言学与语言教学、语言与社会、语言与文字、语言与心理学、人类语言学、神经语言学、数理语言学、计算语言学）等。第三章语音学发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法；语音学的定义；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；元音及辅音的分类；严式与宽式标音第四章音位学音位理论；最小对立体；自由变异；互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音（词重音、句子重音、音高和语调）等。第五章词法学词法的定义；曲折词与派生词；构词法（合成与派生）；词素的定义；词素变体；自由词素；粘着词素（词根，词缀和词干）等。第六章词汇学词的定义；语法词与词汇词；变词与不变词；封闭词与开放词；词的辨认；习语与搭配。第七章句法句法的定义；句法关系；结构；成分；直接成分分析法；并列结构与从属结构；句子成分；范畴（性，数，格）；一致；短语，从句，句子扩展等。第八章语义学语义的定义；语义的有关理论；意义种类（传统、功能、语用）；里奇的语义分类；词汇意义关系（同义、反义、下义）；句子语义关系。第九章语言变化语言的发展变化（词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化）；第十章语言、思维与文化语言与文化的定义；萨丕尔-沃夫假说；语言与思维的关系；语言与文化的关系；中西文化的异同。第十一章语用学语用学的定义；语义学与语用学的区别；语境与意义；言语行为理论（言内行为、言外行为和言后行为）；合作原则。1.语言的普遍特征：任意性arbitrariness双层结构duality既由声音和意义结构多产性productivity移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西文化传播性culturaltransmission2。语言的功能：传达信息功能informative人济功能：interpersonal行事功能：Performative表情功能：Emotive寒暄功能：Phatic娱乐功能recreatinal元语言功能metalingual.语言学linguistics：包括六个分支音位学phonology形态学Morphology句法学syntax语义学semantics语用学pragmatics.现代结构主义语言学创始人：Ferdinanddesaussure提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：语言与言语languageandparole,语言之语言系统的整体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语.语法创始人：NoamChomsky1.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbeusedtodescribedisplacement.oneoftheuniquepropertiesoflanguage:wecaneasilyteachourchildrentolearnacertainlanguagewecanuseboth'shu'and'tree'todescribethesamething.wecanuselanguagetorefertosomethingnotpresentwecanproducesentencesthathaveneverbeenheardbefore..Whatisthemostimportantfunctionoflanguage?interpersonalphaticinformatived.metallingual.Thefunctionofthesentence"Aniceday,isn'tit?"is__ainformativephaticdirectiveperformativeasaussurehallidaychomskythepragueschoolWhoputforwardthedistinctionbetweenlanguageandparole?saussurechomskyhallidaydanomymous第二节语音学.发音器官由声带thevocalcords和三个回声腔组成.辅音consonant：thereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthevocaltract..辅音的发音方式鼻音nasals破裂音plosives部分阻塞辅音partialobstruction擦音fricatives破擦音affricates等.辅音清浊特征voicing辅音的送气特征aspiration.元音vowel分类标准舌翘位置，舌高和嘴唇的形状6双元音diphthongs,有元音过渡vowelglidesthephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeechtheperceptionofsoundstheproductionofsounds2.Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesin__theplaceofarticulationb.theobstructionfairstreamthepositionofthetonguetheshapeofthelipsp,ktvoicelessspreadc.voicedd.nasalvoicingaspirationc.roundnessd.nasality5.WhichofthefollowingisnotadistinctivefeatureinEnglish?a.voicingb.nasalapproximationaspiration.Thephonologicalfeaturesoftheconsonantkarevoicedstopvoicelessstopvoicedfricativevoicelessfricative.pisdivverentfromkin__themannerofarticulationtheshapeofthelipsthevibrationofthevocalcordsd.thepalceofarticualtion.Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsin__a.aspirationb.nasalityobstructionvoicing第三节音位学phonology.音位学与语音学的区别：语音学着重于语音的自然属性，主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音；音位学则强调语音的社会功能，其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音。.音位phoneme：最小语音单位.音位变体allophones:读音差别.对比性分布：如果两个音段出现在同一个语音环境中，而且产生了两个不同的单词，.互补性分布；如果两个基本相似的音段绝不会出现在相同的语音环境中，那么它们之间就是互补性分布的关系，如送气p绝不会出现在s之后，不送气的p绝不会出现在词首.音节syllable，分为节首onset，节峰peak,节尾coda.辅音群:一般作为音节节首的辅音群不能超过三个福音，节尾不能超过4个.最小语音对minimalpairsIntroductionWhatisLanguageWhatisLinguistics（语言学）Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.meBasicDistinctions（区分）inLinguisticsSpeechandWritingOnegeneralprinciple（原则）oflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyofspeechoverwriting.Writinggiveslanguagenewscope（范畴）andusesthatspeechdoesnothave.Descriptive（描述性）orPrescriptive（说明性）Alinguisticstudyisdescriptiveifitdescribesandanalysesfactsobserved;itisprescriptiveifittriestolaydownrulesfor"correct"behavior.Synchronic（共时）andDiachronic（历时）StudiesThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudyandThedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Langue（语言）andParole（言语）ThisisadistinctionmadebytheSwisslinguistCompetence（能力）andPerformance（行为）Competenceistheideallanguageuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinutterances（发声）.4.TheScopeofLinguisticsPhonology（音韵学）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthesoundpatternsoflanguages.Morphology（词法）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestheformofwords.Semantics（语义学）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthemeaningoflanguage.Appliedlinguistics（应用语言学）isthestudyoftheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthemind.HistoricalLinguistics（历史语言学）isthestudyoflanguagechanges.Anthropologicallinguistics（人文语言学）usesthetheoriesandmethodsofanthropologytostudylanguagevariationandlanguageuseinrelationtotheculturalpatternsandbeliefsofman.Neurolinguistics（神经语言学）studiestheneurologicalbasisoflanguagedevelopmentanduseinhumanbeings.Mathematicallinguistics（数学语言学）studiesthematicalfeaturesoflanguage,oftenemployingmodelsandconceptsofmathematics.ThevocalorgansThevocalorgansmaybeviewedasconsistingofthreeparts,theinitiatoroftheair-stream,（气流发生器官）theproducerofvoice（声音发生器官）andtheresonatingcavities.（声音共振器官）Consonants（辅音）Placesofarticulation（发音部位）：旧匕E21,（双唇）Labiodentals,（唇齿）dental,（齿）alveolar,（齿龈）retroflex,（卷舌）palate-alveolar,（上齿龈）palatal,（上颚）velar,（软腭）uvular,（小舌）glottal（声门）Mannersofarticulation:plosive,（暴破）nasal,（鼻音）trill,（颤音）lateral,（边音）fricative,（摩擦）approximant,（近似音）affricate（破擦）Vowels（元音）Theclassificationofvowels:theightoftongueraising（high,mid,low）,thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue（front,central,back）,andthedegreeofliprounding（rounded,unrounded）III.Phonology（音韵学）phonemes（音素）：adistinctive（有区别的）soundinalanguage.Allophones（音位变体）：Thenondistinctivesoundsaremembersofthesamephoneme.Minimalpairs（最小对立体）：wordformswhichdifferfromeachotheronlybyonesound.Freevariation（自由变异）：Iftwosoundsoccurringinthesameenvironment（环境）,theydoesnotproduceadifferentwordform,butmerelyadifferentpronunciationofthesameword.Complementarydistribution（补充分类）：Notallthespeechsoundsoccurinthesameenvironment.Whentwosoundsneveroccurinthesameenvironment.Suprasegmentalphonology（超音段音位）：thestudyofphonologicalproperties（性质）ofunitslagerthanthesegment-phoneme.Theyaresyllable（音节），stress,（重音）wordstress,sentencestress.pitch（音调）andintonation（语调）.IV.Morphology（词法）nflection（构形法）：thegrammaticakelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes.（屈折词缀）Word-formation（构词）：Morpheme（词素）：thesmallestunitintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent.Allomorph（同质异象变体）：Typesofmorphemes:Theyareroots,（词根）affix（词缀）andstem（词干）.Lexicon（语言词汇）：initsmostgeneralsense,issynonymouswithvocabulary.Closed-classwords（封闭性）andopen-classwords（开放性）：theformerwhosemembershipisfixedorlimitedandthelatterwhosemembershipisinprinciple（实际上）indefiniteorunlimited.Wordclass（词性）：Itdisplaysawiderrangeofmorepreciselydefinedclasses.Lexeme（词位）：thesmallestunitinthemeaningsystemofalanguagethatcanbedistinguishedfromothersmallerunits.1Idiom（习语，成语）：Mostphrasallexemesareidioms.Itisespeciallytrueforasequenceofwords（词序）whichissemantically（语义上）andoftensyntactically（句法上）restricted.（限制）11."Collocation（搭配）：thehabitual（习惯的）co-occurrences（同时出现）ofindividuallexicalitems.V.Syntax（句法）LPositionakelationorworder（词序）：thesequential（顺序）arrangementofwordsinalanguage.Constructionorconstituent（句子结构）：theoverallprocessofinternal（内部）organizationofagrammaticalunit.Syntacticfunction（句法功能）：Category（范畴）：Itreferstoclassesandfunctionsinitsnarrowsense,e.g.noun,verb,subject,predicate,nounphrase,verbphrase,etc.Thecategoriesofthenounincludenumber,gender,caseandcountability.Phrase:asingleelementofstructurecontaingmorethanoneword,andlackingthesubject-predicatestructuretypicalofclause.Clause:agroupofwordswithitsownsubjectandpredicate,ifitisincludedinalargersentence.Sentence:VI.Semantics1.Conceptualismormentalism（概念主义）：FollowingF.DeSaussure（索学尔）'s"sign"theory,thelinguisticsignissaidtoconsistofasignifier（所指）andsignified（被指）,i.e.,asoundimageandaconcept,likedbyapsychological（心理的）"associative"bond.（相关联系）Mechanism（机械主义）：Somelinguists,Bloomfield,（布鲁费尔德）forexample,turnedtosciencetocounter（反）-acttheprecioustheoriesandthisleadstowhatca11themechanisticapproach（方法）.Thenatureofthistheoryhasnothingtodowiththescientificstudyofmentalphenomena.（智力现象）Contextualism（语境主义）：Itisbasedonthepresumption（假定）thatonecanderivemeaningfromorreduceittoobservablecontext.Behaviorism（行为主义）：Behavioristsattempttodefine（定义）themeaningofalanguageformas"thesituation（情景）inwhichthespeakerutters（说话）itandtheresponse（反应）itcallsforthinthehearer."functionalism（功能主义）：functionalistsasrepresented（代表）bythePragueschool（布拉格学派）linguistsandneo-Firthian（新弗斯）linguists,approachtheproblemfromanentirelyneworientation（方法）.Theyargue（争辩）thatmeaningcouldonlybeinterpreted（解释）fromitsuseorfunctioninsociallife.Senserelationships:Semanticanalysis:.Lexicalchange（词汇的变化）：changesinlexis.Invention:造词）newenties."Blending:（混合词）：Abbreviationorclipping:（缩写）Anewwordiscreatedbycuttingthefinalpartorcuttingtheinitialpart.acronym:（取首字母的缩写词）Itismadeupfromthefirstlettersofthenameofanorganiz