英美经济概况

英美经济概况第1页/共62页

ThemainstreameconomyintheUKandtheUSisprivately-owned,however,governmentinterventiontookplaceinhistorythathelpedthemoutoftroubleintheirdevelopment.TheUKnationalizationandtheUSAgovernmentsupportofagriculturecertainlyvary.TheUKexercisesamixedeconomicsystemwhiletheUSAdoesnothaveasystemofpublicownership.Asaresult,theUKdidnotexperienceanymajoreconomiccrises,buttheUSAdidnotescapethem.However,thisdidnotpreventtheUSAfrombecominganeconomicsuperpower.第2页/共62页EconomyoftheUKFallingbutstillstrong第3页/共62页

IntroductionThethirdlargesteconomyinEuropeafterGermanyandFrance.Oneoftheworld'smostglobalisedcountries,rankingfourthinonerecentsurvey.

TheBritisheconomyisoftendescribedasan'Anglo-Saxoneconomy'.ItismadeupoftheeconomiesofEngland,Scotland,WalesandNorthernIreland.TheUKhasbeenamemberstateoftheEuropeanUnionsince1973.第4页/共62页Privatisationofstate-ownedenterprisesundertheGovernmentofMargaretThatcherinthe1980s.inrecentyearsthelongestperiodofsustainedeconomicgrowthineveryquartersince1992.oneofthestrongestEUeconomiesintermsofinflation,interestratesandunemployment,allofwhichremainrelativelylow.第5页/共62页EconomyoftheUS

TheWorld’sEngine第6页/共62页IntroductionTheUnitedStatesofAmericahasthelargesteconomyandthemostimportantmarketintheworld.Amixedeconomyinthatprivatefirmsmakethemajorityofthemicroeconomicdecisionswhilebeingregulatedbythegovernment.TheU.S.economymaintainingahighlevelofoutputperpersonMaintainingastableoverallGDPgrowthrate,alowunemploymentrate,andhighlevelsofresearchandcapitalinvestment第7页/共62页

FeaturesoftheBritishandAmericanEconomy第8页/共62页FeaturesoftheBritishEconomy

There'resomestrikingfeaturesintheBritisheconomy.Itwasthefirsttohavebeenfulllyindustrialized;Itdoesn'tproduceenoughfoodtomeetthecountry’sbasicneeds;TheBritishindustryisoperatedbymanydifferenttypesoffirms,rangingfromthesmallfamilybusinesstothegreatpubliccoporationoperatingnumerousplants;ThBritishlabourforceisremarkablyhomogeneous.第9页/共62页FeaturesoftheAmericanEconomyIt'safreeenterprisesystem;Allthe50statesintheUShavebeenmostactiveinbuildingroadsandinthefieldofeducation;TheUSgovernmentplaysanimportantroleintheUSeconomy;Thefarmersareefficiencyintheproductionofgrain;Thesaleofthearmedforcestoothercountries.第10页/共62页BritishandAmericanIndustry第11页/共62页BritishIndustry

PrimaryIndustry：agriculture,fishing,andmining.Secondaryindustries:manufacturingTertiaryindustries:services,suchasbanking,insurance,tourism,andthesellingofgoods.culture第12页/共62页PrimaryIndustriesintheUKAgricultureisintensive,highlymechanised,andefficientbyEuropeanstandards,producingabout60%offoodneedswithlessthan2%ofthelabourforce3rdquarterof2007.

Itcontributesaround2%ofGDP.Aroundtwo-thirdsoftheproductionisdevotedtolivestock,one-thirdtoarablecrops.ThreequartersofBritain’slandisusedforagriculture,withaboutaquarterofthatundercrops,andtherestisgrazingforanimals.第13页/共62页Energyproductionaccountsfor5%ofthenationalwealth.Since1970s,whenoilandgaswerediscoveredundertheNorthSea,Britainhasbecomeamajoroilandgasproducer.第14页/共62页TheabundanceofenergyresourcesmaketheUKbecomeanoverallexporterofenergy.ThreeofthebiggesttencompaniesinBritainareintheenergysector:

ShellBritishPetroleumBritishGas第15页/共62页NorthSeaoilandgassupplymostoftheUK'senergyneeds.第16页/共62页SecondaryIndustriesoftheUKIn2003,manufacturingindustryaccountedfor16%ofnationaloutputintheUKandfor13%ofemployment,accordingtotheOfficeforNationalStatistics.ThisisacontinuationofthesteadydeclineintheimportanceofthissectortotheBritisheconomysincethe1960s,althoughthesectorisstillimportantforoverseastrade,accountingfor83%ofexportsin2003.第17页/共62页Britain’scompaniesareactiveinallmajorfieldsofManufacturingindustry,butareparticularstronginpharmaceuticals,chemicals,aerospace,andfoodanddrink.Britain’selectronicsindustryisthefourthlargestintheworld,butinmanycasesareforeign-owned.第18页/共62页TertiaryIndustriesoftheUKTheimportanceofsecondaryindustryhasshrunk,whiletheimportanceofserviceindustrygrows.70%oftheUK’sworkforceareemployedintheservicesector.TheUKservicesectornowmakesupabout73%ofGDP.Theservicesectorisdominatedbyfinancialservices,especiallyinbankingandinsurance.第19页/共62页BritishTrade

ForeigntradeplayedanimportantroleintheBritisheconomy.Overseascommoditytradealoneaccountingforaboutonesixthofthecountry’snationalincome.Thereisanimporteroffoodandanexporterofmanufacturedgoods.第20页/共62页BritishFinanceImportantfinancialcitiesintheUKLondon:theworld’sfinancialcenter Sharesandbonds: LondonStockExchange Insurance: L

loydsofLondon Centralbank:

TheBankofEngland Businessbanks;BarclaysBank,CitigroupandHSBC Therearenowover500bankswithofficesintheCityandDocklands,withthemajorityofbusinessinLondonbeingconductedonaninternationalbasis.Edinburgh:thefifthlargestfinancialcentreinEuropetheRoyalBankofScotland(thesecondlargestbankinEurope),HBOS(ownersoftheBankofScotland)andStandardLifeInsurance.第21页/共62页TheBankofEngland;thecentralbankoftheUnitedKingdom.第22页/共62页

MajorbanksintheUKwithBankofEnglandasthecentralbank:

HSBCBank London RoyalBankofScotland Edinburgh BarclaysBank London HBOS Edinburgh LloydsTSB London StandardChartered London Alliance&Leicester Leicester NorthernRock NewcastleuponTyne Co-operativeBank Manchester第23页/共62页Poundsterling:ThesymboloftheUKUnitsofthesterlingCoins 1penny 2pence 5pence 10pence 20pence 50pence 1pound 2pounds 5pounds(commemorativeonly)Notes 5pounds 10pounds 20pounds(seldom) 50pounds(rarelyused)第24页/共62页TourismisveryimportanttotheBritisheconomy.Londonisthemostvisitedcityintheworld,aheadof2ndplacedBangkokand3rdplacedParis.第25页/共62页AmericanIndustryPrimaryindustryAmericanagriculture第26页/共62页PrimaryIndustriesintheUSThenaturaryadvantagesofagriculture:TheUnitedStatesisblessedwithfertilesoil,andagoodclimateforitsagriculture.Aboutone-fifthofthelandareaisfarmed.Some394millionacresareharvestedcropland,andabout890millionacresarepermanentpastureland.第27页/共62页3.Mostoftheimportantcrop-growingareasintheUnitedStatesareinthecentralplainregionbetweentheAppalachiansandtheRockies.4.OthersareintheAtlanticcoastplainandthegreatbasinswestoftheRockies.5.AgricultureisamajorindustryintheUnitedStatesandthecountryisanetexporteroffood.第28页/共62页Agriculture:historicaldevelopment

IntheU.S.,thespreadoffarmsfromthecolonieswestwardalongwiththesettlers.Incoolerregions,wheathasbeen

thecropofchoicewhenlandsaresettled,whichleadstoa“wheatfrontier”thatmovedwestwardoverthecourseofyears.

Afterpassingthe“wheatfrontier”throughanarea,morediversifiedfarmsincludingdairycattlegenerallytakesitsplace.

Theplantingsofcottonandherdsofbeefcattleinwarmerregions.

In

thesouth,thecommonphenomenonisraisingtobaccoandcotton,especiallythroughtheuseofslavelaboruntiltheCivilWar.

Inthenortheast,slaveswereusedinagricultureuntiltheearly19thcentury.第29页/共62页Slavelaborinthesouthernplantations

第30页/共62页Agriculture:developmentTheintroductionandbroadadoptionofscientificagriculturesincethemid19thcenturyleadtoalargeimprovementintheUSA’seconomicgrowth.theestablishmentofaland-grantuniversityineachstateandafederally-fundedsystemofagriculturalexperimentstationsandcooperativeextensionnetworkswhichplaceextensionagentsineachstate.第31页/共62页TopfivelivestockindustriesintheUnitedStates1. Dairy

Cattle2. BeefCattle3. Swine(alsocalledhogsorpigs)4. Poultry5. Sheep第32页/共62页第33页/共62页DifferentagriculturalbeltsBeltofcheese:NortheastandtheregionaroundthefiveGreatlakes.Thebeltofwheat:thewesternpartofthegreatcentralplain.Thebeltofcorn:southoftheGreatLake.Thebeltofcotton:thewholesoutheastsection.第34页/共62页SecondaryIndustriesoftheUSTheU.S.hasaleadingmanufacturingpowerintheworld.TheU.S.manufacturing:highlydiversifiedandtechnologicallyadvanced.Mainindustries:petroleum,steel,motorvehicles,aerospace,telecommunications,chemicals,electronics,foodprocessing,consumergoods,lumber,mining.第35页/共62页Threeindustrialsections:Thenortheastsection:thecenterofindustries.Thenortheastsection:consistingof3/4ofthenationalmanufacturingandprocessingindustries.

Detroit:thecenteroftheautomobileindustry.

Pittsburgh:thecenterofthesteelandironindustry.Thesectionofthesouth:arapiddevelopmentzoneandthemostimportantareaofpetroleumproduction第36页/共62页4.Thewesternsection:rapiddevelopmentofindustriesrelatedtomilitaryaffairsandfilm-making.Themostdevelopedcityintheregion:LosAngeles第37页/共62页Americarankssecondingold,silver,copper,lead,naturalgas,andcoal.Petroleumproductionisthethirdintheworld,afterRussiaandSaudiArabia.TheUnitedStatesleadallnationsinthevalueofitsyearlymanufacturingoutput.AlthoughmanufacturingremainsakeycomponentoftheU.S.economy,ithasdeclinedinrelativeimportancesincethelate1960s.

第38页/共62页Thenation’sindustrialcoreisfirstdevelopedintheNortheast.Inthisarea,there’refiveofthetopsevenmanufacturingstates—NewYork,Ohio,Illinois,Pennsylvania,andMichigan.NewYork,NewJersey,andPennsylvaniaspecializetheproductionofmachineryandchemicals.IntheSouththegreatestgainsinmanufacturinghavebeeninTexas第39页/共62页Tertiaryindustry:

ServiceandCommerceSector

Byfarthelargestsectoroftheeconomyintermsofoutputandemployment___serviceandcommercesector.Therapid

developmentofthissectorduringthelastpartofthe20thcenturycreatedmanynewjobs.

Theinclusionofmanyhigh-payingjobsandlower-payingpositionsareinfinancing,banking,education,andhealthservices.

第40页/共62页FederalReserveBank:thecentralbank第41页/共62页LargebanksintheUnitedStatesCitibank(美国花旗银行）—NewYorkJ.P.MorganChase&Co.(摩根大通集团),—NewYorkBankofAmerica(美国银行)__CharlotteWellsFargo(富国银行)—SanFrancisco，CaliforniaWachovia/FirstUnion美联银行--Charlotte第42页/共62页AmericanDollarCoinscoinsDollarNotes第43页/共62页

EntertainmentbusinessMotionpictureproductionhasbeencenteredinHollywood,California,sincetheearlydecadesofthe20thcentury.

Otherentertainmentindustriesincludetheaterandtelevision

InternationaltradeTheUnitedStatesistheworld’sleadingtradingnation,TheUnitedStateseconomycanprovideahigherqualityoflifeforconsumersandmoreopportunityforbusinessesbytradingwithothernations.第44页/共62页Nonagriculturalproductsusuallyaccountfor90%oftheyearlyvalueofexports,andagriculturalproductsaccountforabout10%.Machineryandtransportationequipmentmakeuptheleadingcategoriesofexports,amountingtogethertoone-thirdofthevalueofallexports.Otherleadingexportsincludeelectricalequipment,chemicals,precisioninstruments,andfoodproducts.第45页/共62页Mainexportpartners:Canada,Mexico,China,Japan,UnitedKindom,andGermany.GeneralStatisticsImportgoods

agriculturalproducts5%,

industrialsupplies33%

capitalgoods30%(computers,

telecommunicationsequipment,motorvehicleparts,officemachines,electric

powermachinery),

consumergoods32%(automobiles,clothing,medicines

furniture,toys)(2003)Mainimportpartners:Canada,Europe,Asia.

第46页/共62页GenenalpointsabouttheeconomicoftheUKandtheUS第47页/共62页AbouttheUKeconomy第48页/共62页AbsoluteDeclineandRelativeDecline

Bythe1880s,theBritisheconomywasdominantintheworld,producingonethirdoftheworld’smanufacturedgoods,halfitscoalandiron,andhalfitscotton.Butby1900,theUKhasbeenovertakenbyboththeUnitedStatesandGermany.第49页/共62页TheSecondIndustrialRevolutionintheUnitedStatesmeanttheUShadbeguntochallengeBritain'sroleastheleaderoftheglobaleconomy.

TheeffortsofbothWorldWarsinthe20thcenturyanddismantlementoftheBritishalsoweakenedtheUKeconomyinglobalterms,andbythattimeBritainhadbeensupersededbytheUnitedStatesasthechiefplayerintheglobaleconomy.第50页/共62页

From1945untilthepresent,theBritisheconomyisoneofdecline.

ThereasonsforthedeclineoftheBritisheconomy:AfterWorldWarII,theBritainhadgoneheavilyintodebt,inordertofinancethewar,manyofitsaccumulatedoverseasassetsweresold,andtheyborrowedlargeamountsfromtheUSandCanada.Theeraofempirewasover.theindependenceofitscoloniesmakesBritainlosebigmarketsforBritishgoods,andtheindependentcoloniesstoppedprovidingrawmaterialstotheUK,leavingBritainasjustamedium-sizeEuropeancountry.第51页/共62页

3.TheindustrywereunaffectedduringthewarsoBritishcouldcontinuedwithitsolderfactoriesandpre-warproducts.第52页/共62页

TheBritisheconomywentthroughaparticularbadperiodinthe1970s.Followingthesevereshockofthe1973oilcrisisandthe1973–1974stockmarketcrash,theBritisheconomywentintorecessionin1974.ItgrewweakerthanotherEuropeancountriesinthe1970soverall.第53页/共62页

Results:Workersstruckformorepay.Thegovernmentwasindebt.TheBritishindustryappearedtobedoingbadly,withincreasingimportsrelati