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Unit1

PartIIReadingComprehension

(35minutes)

Directions:Thereare4passagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsor

unfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)

andD).Youshoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteron

theAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.

PassageOne

Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Thebiggestsafetythreatfacingairlinestodaymaynotbeaterroristwithagun,buttheman

withtheportablecomputerinbusinessclass.Inthelast15years,pilotshavereportedwellover

100incidentsthatcouldhavebeencausedbyelectromagneticinterference.Thesourceofthis

interferenceremainsunconfirmed,butincreasingly,expertsarepointingtheblameatportable

electronicdevicesuchasportablecomputers,radioandcassetteplayersandmobiletelephones.

RTCA,anorganizationwhichadvisestheaviation(航空)industry,hasrecommendedthatall

airlinesban(禁止)suchdevicesfrombeingusedduring“critical“stagesofflight,particularly

take-offandlanding.Someexpertshavegonefurther,callingforatotalbanduringallflights.

Currently,rulesonusingthesedevicesareleftuptoindividualairlines.Andalthoughsome

airlinesprohibitpassengersfromusingsuchequipmentduringtake-offandlanding,mostare

reluctanttoenforceatotalban,giventhatmanypassengerswanttoworkduringflights.

Thedifficultyispredictinghowelectromagneticfieldsmightaffectanaircraft'scomputers.

Expertsknowthatportabledeviceemitradiationwhichaffectsthosewavelengthswhichaircraft

usefornavigationandcommunication.But,becausetheyhavenotbeenabletoreproducethese

effectsinalaboratory,theyhavenowayofknowingwhethertheinterferencemightbe

dangerousornot.

Thefactthataircraftmaybevulnerable(易受损的)tointerferenceraisestheriskthat

terroristsmayuseradiosystemsinordertodamagenavigationequipment.Asworrying,though,

isthepassengerwhocan'theartheinstructionstoturnoffhisradiobecausethemusic'stoo

loud.

21.Thepassageismainlyabout.

A)anewregulationforalairlines

B)thedefectsofelectronicdevices

C)apossiblecauseofaircraftcrashes

D)effectivesafetymeasuresforairflight

22.Whatissaidabouttheover100aircraftincidentsinthepast15years?

A)Theymayhavebeencausedbythedamagetotheradiosystems.

B)Theymayhavetakenplaceduringtake-offandlanding.

C)Theywereprovedtohavebeencausedbythepassengers'portablecomputers.

D)Theyweresuspectedtohaveresultedfromelectromagneticinterference.

23.Fewairlineswanttoimposeatotalbanontheirpassengersusingelectronicdevicesbecause

A)theydon'tbelievethereissuchadangerasradiointerference

B)theharmfuleffectofelectromagneticinterferenceisyettobeproved

C)mostpassengersrefusetotakeaplanewhichbanstheuseofradioandcassetteplayers

D)theyhaveothereffectivesafetymeasurestofallbackon

24.Whyisitdifficulttopredictthepossibleeffectsofelectromagneticfieldsonanairplane's

computers?

A)Becauseitisextremelydangeroustoconductsuchresearchonanairplane.

B)Becauseitremainsamysterywhatwavelengthsareliabletobeinterferedwith.

C)Becauseresearchscientistshavenotbeenabletoproducethesameeffectsinlabs.

D)Becauseexpertslackadequateequipmenttodosuchresearch.

25.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthor.

A)isinfavorofprohibitingpassengers'useofelectronicdevicescompletely

B)hasoverestimatedthedangerofelectromagneticinterference

C)hasn'tformedhisownopiniononthisproblem

D)regardsitasunreasonabletoexerciseatotalbanduringflight

PassageTwo

Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Theriseofmultinationalcorporations(跨国公司)，globalmarketing,newcommunications

technologies,andshrinkingculturaldifferenceshaveledtoanunparalleledincreaseinglobal

publicrelationsorPR.

Surprisingly,sincemodernPRwaslargelyanAmericaninvention,theU.S.leadershipin

publicrelationsisbeingthreatenedbyPReffortsinothercountries.Tenyearsago,forexample,

theworld'stopfivepublicrelationsagencieswereAmerican-owned.In1991,onlyonewas.The

Britishinparticulararebecomingmoresophisticatedandcreative.Arecentsurveyfoundthat

morethanhalfofallBritishcompaniesincludePRaspartoftheircorporate(公司的)planning

activities,comparedtoaboutone-thirdofU.S.companies.Itmay

notbelongbeforeLondonreplacesNewYorkasthecapitalofPR.

WhyisAmericalaggingbehindintheglobalPRrace?First,Americansasawholetendtobe

fairlyprovincialandtakemoreofaninterestinlocalaffairs.Knowledgeofworldgeography,for

example,hasneverbeenstronginthiscountry.Secondly,AmericanslagbehindtheirEuropean

andAsiancounterparts(相对应的人)inknowingasecondlanguage.Lessthan5percentof

Burson-Marshall'sU.S.employeesknowtwolanguages.OgilvyandMatherhasaboutthesame

percentage.Conversely,someEuropeanfirmshavehalformoreoftheiremployeesfluentina

secondlanguage.Finally,peopleinvolvedinPRabroadtendtokeepaclosereyeoninternational

affairs.InthefinancialPRarea,forinstance,mostAmericansreadtheWallStreetJournal.

Overseas,theircounterpartsreadtheJournalaswellastheFinancialTimesofLondonandThe

Economist,publicationsnotoftenreadinthiscountry.

PerhapsthePRindustrymighttakealessonfromTedTurnerofCNN(CableNewsNetwork).

Turnerrecentlyannouncedthattheword“foreign“wouldnolongerbeusedonCNNnews

broadcasts.AccordingtoTurner,globalcommunicationshavemadethenationsoftheworldso

interdependentthatthereisnolongeranysuchthingsasforeign.

26.Accordingtothepassage,U.S.leadershipinpublicrelationsisbeingthreatenedbecauseof

A)anunparalleledincreaseinthenumberofpublicrelationscompanies

B)shrinkingculturaldifferencesandnewcommunicationstechnologies

C)thedecreasingnumberofmultinationalcorporationsintheU.S.

D)increasedeffortsofothercountriesinpublicrelations

27.LondoncouldsoonreplaceNewYorkasthecenterofPRbecause.

A)BritishcompaniesaremoreambitiousthanU.S.companies

B)BritishcompaniesplacemoreimportanceonPRthanU.S.companies

C)Britishcompaniesareheavilyinvolvedinplanningactivities

D)fouroftheworld'stoppublicrelationsagenciesareBritish-owned

28.Theword“provincial”(Line2,Para.3)mostprobablymeans"〃.

A)limitedinoutlook

B)likepeoplefromtheprovinces

C)rigidinthinking

D)interestedinworldfinancialaffairs

29.WelearnfromthethirdparagraphthatemployeesintheAmericanPRindustry.

A)speakatleastoneforeignlanguagefluently

B)areignorantaboutworldgeography

C)arenotassophisticatedastheirEuropeancounterparts

D)enjoyreadingagreatvarietyofEnglishbusinesspublications

30.WhatlessonmightthePRindustrytakefromledTurnerofCNN?

A)AmericanPRcompaniesshouldbemoreinternationally-minded.

B)TheAmericanPRindustryshoulddevelopglobalcommunicationstechnologies.

C)PeopleworkinginPRshouldbemorefluentinforeignlanguages.

D)PeopleinvolvedinPRshouldavoidusingtheword"foreign”.

PassageThree

Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Brazilhasbecomeoneofthedevelopingworld'sgreatsuccessesatreducingpopulation

growth-butmorebyaccidentthandesign.WhilecountriessuchasIndiahavemadejointefforts

toreducebirthrates,Brazilhashadbetterresultwithoutreallytrying,saysGeorgeMartineat

Harvard.

Brazil'spopulationgrowthratehasdroppedfrom2.99%ayearbetween1951and1960to

1.93%ayearbetween1981and1990,andBrazilianwomennowhaveonly2.7childrenon

average.Martinesaysthisfiguremayhavefallenstillfurthersince1990,anachievementthat

makesittheenvyofmanyotherThirdWorldcountries.

Martineputsitdownto,amongotherthings,soapoperas(通俗电视连续居U)andinstallment

(分期彳寸款)plansintroducedinthe1970s.Bothplayedanimportant,althoughindirect,rolein

loweringthebirthrate.Brazilisoneoftheworld/sbiggestproducersofsoapoperas.Globo,

Brazil'smostpopulartelevisionnetwork,showsthreehoursofsoapssixnightsaweek,while

threeothersshowatleastonehouranight.Mostsoapsarebasedonwealthycharactersliving

thehighlifeinbigcities.

"'Althoughtheyhaveneverreallytriedtoworkinamessagetowardstheproblemsof

reproduction,theydescribemiddleandupperclassvalues-notmanychildren,differentattitudes

towardssex,womenworking/saysMartine."TheysentthisimagetoallpartsofBrazilandmade

peopleconsciousofotherpatternsofbehaviorandothervalues,whichwereputintoavery

attractivepackage/

Meanwhile,theinstallmentplanstriedtoencouragethepoortobecomeconsumers./zThis

ledtoanenormouschangeinconsumptionpatternsandconsumptionwasincompatible(不相容

的)withunlimitedreproduction/saysMartine.

31.Accordingtothepassage,Brazilhascutbackitspopulationgrowth.

A)byeducatingitscitizens

B)bycarefulfamilyplanning

C)bydevelopingTVprogrammes

D)bychance

32.Accordingtothepassage,manyThirdWorldcountries.

A)haven'tattachedmuchimportancetobirthcontrol

B)wouldsoonjoinBrazilincontrollingtheirbirthrate

C)haven'tyetfoundaneffectivemeasuretocontroltheirpopulation

D)neglectedtheroleofTVplaysinfamilyplanning

33.Thephrase“putsitdownto"(Line1,Para.3)isclosestinmeaningto”〃.

A)attributesitto

B)findsitareasonfor

C)sumsitupas

D)comparesitto

34.SoapoperashavehelpedinloweringBrazil'sbirthratebecause.

A)theykeeppeoplesittinglonghourswatchingTV

B)theyhavegraduallychangedpeople'swayoflife

C)peoplearedrawntotheirattractivepackage

D)theypopularizebirthcontrolmeasures

35.WhatisMartine'sconclusionaboutBrazil'spopulationgrowth?

A)Theincreaseinbirthratewillpromoteconsumption.

B)Thedesireforconsumptionhelpstoreducebirthrate.

C)Consumptionpatternsandreproductionpatternsarecontradictory.

D)Acountry'sproductionislimitedbyitspopulationgrowth.

PassageFour

Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Thereseemsnevertohavebeenacivilizationwithouttoys,butwhenandhowthey

developedisunknown.Theyprobablycameaboutjusttogivechildrensomethingtodo.

Intheancientworld,asistoday,mostboysplayedwithsomekindsoftoysandmostgirls

withanother.Insocietieswheresocialrolesarerigidlydetermined,boyspatterntheirplayafter

theactivitiesoftheirfathersandgirlsafterthetasksoftheirmothers.Thisistruebecauseboys

andgirlsarebeingprepared,eveninplay,tostepintotherolesandresponsibilitiesoftheadult

world.

Whatisremarkableaboutthehistoryoftoysisnotsomuchhowtheychangedoverthe

centuriesbuthowmuchtheyhaveremainedaresame.Thechangeshavebeenmostlyinterms

ofcraftsmanship,mechanics,andtechnology.Itistheuniversalityoftoyswithregardtotheir

developmentinallpartsoftheworldandtheirpersistencetothepresentthatisamazing.In

Egypt,theAmericas,China,JapanandamongtheArctic”匕极的)peoples,generallythesame

kindsoftoysappeared.Variationsdependedonlocalcustomsandwaysoflifebecausetoys

imitatetheirsurroundings.Nearlyeverycivilizationhaddolls,littleweapons,toysoldiers,tiny

animalsandvehicles.

Becausetoyscanbegenerallyregardedasakindofartform,theyhavenotbeensubjectto

technologicalleapsthatcharacterizeinventionsforadultuse.Theprogressfromthewheeltothe

oxcarttotheautomobileisadirectlineofascent(进步).Theprogressfromarattle(拨浪鼓)

usedbyababyin3000BCtooneusedbyaninfanttoday,however;isnotcharacterizedby

inventiveness.Eachrattleistheproductoftheartistictastesofthetimesand

subjecttothelimitationsofavailablematerials.

36.Thereasonwhythetoysmostboysplaywitharedifferentfromthosethatgirlsplaywithis

that.

A)theirsocialrolesarerigidlydetermined

B)mostboyswouldliketofollowtheirfathers'professions

C)boysliketoplaywiththeirfatherswhilegirlswiththeirmothers

D)theylikechallengingactivities

37.Oneaspectof“theuniversalityoftoys"liesinthefactthat.

A)technologicaladvanceshavegreatlyimprovedthedurabilityoftoys

B)theimprovementofcraftsmanshipinmakingtoysdependsontheeffortsofuniversities

C)theexplorationoftheuniversehadledtothecreationofnewkindsoftoys

D)thebasiccharacteristicsoftoysarethesametheworldover

38.Whichofthefollowingistheauthor'sviewonthehistoricaldevelopmentoftoys?

A)Thecraftsmanshipintoy-makinghasremainedessentiallyunchanged.

B)Toyshaveremainedbasicallythesameallthroughthecenturies.

C)Thetoyindustryhaswitnessedgreatleapsintechnologyinrecentyears.

D)Toysareplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinshapingachild'scharacter.

39.Regardedasakindofartform,toys.

A)followadirectlineofascent

B)alsoappealgreatlytoadults

C)arenotcharacterizedbytechnologicalprogress

D)reflectthepaceofsocialprogress

40.Theauthorusestheexampleofrattletoshowthat.

A)intoy-makingthereisacontinuityinthesueofmaterials

B)eventhesimplesttoyscanreflecttheprogressoftechnology

C)eventhesimplesttoyscanreflecttheprogressoftechnology

D)evenasimpletoycanmirrortheartistictastesofthetime

Unit2

PartIIReadingComprehension

(35minutes)

Directions:Thereare4passagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsor

unfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)

andD).Youshoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteron

theAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.

PassageOne

Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Unlesswespendmoneytospotandpreventasteroids(小行星)now,onemightcrashinto

Earthanddestroylifeasweknowit,saysomescientists.

Asteroidsarebiggerversionsofthemeteoroids(流星)thatraceacrossthenightsky.Most

orbitthesunfarfromEarthanddon'tthreatenus.Buttherearealsothousandsofasteroidswhose

orbitsputthemonacollisioncoursewithEarth.

Buy$50millionworthofnewtelescopesrightnow.Thenspend$10millionayearforthe

next25yearstolocatemostofthespacerocks.Bythetimewespotafatalone,thescientistssay,

we'llhaveawaytochangeitscourse.

Somescientistsfavorpushingasteroidsoffcoursewithnuclearweapons.Butthecost

wouldn'tbecheap.

Isitworthit?Twothingsexpertsconsiderwhenjudginganyriskre:1)Howlikelytheevent

is;and2)Howbadtheconsequencesiftheeventoccurs.Expertsthinkanasteroidbigenoughto

destroylotsoflifemightstrikeEarthonceevery500,000years.Soundsprettyrare—butifonedid

fall,itwouldbetheendoftheworld."Ifwedon'ttakecareofthesebigasteroids,they'lltakecare

ofus,"saysonescientist.“It'sthatsimple.”

Thecure,though,mightbeworsethanthedisease.Dowereallywantfleetsofnuclear

weaponssittingaroundonEarth?”Theworldhaslesstofearfromdoo加(毁灭性的)rocks

thanfromagreatnuclearfleetsetagainstthem,“saidaNewYorkTimesarticle.

21.Whatdoesthepassagesayaboutasteroidsandmeteoroids?

A)Theyareheavenlybodiesdifferentincomposition.

B)Theyareheavenlybodiessimilarinnature.

C)Therearemoreasteroidsthanmeteoroids.

D)Asteroidsaremoremysteriousthanmeteoroids.

22.WhatdoscientistssayaboutthecollisionofanasteroidwithEarth?

A)Itisveryunlikelybutthedangerexists.

B)Suchacollisionmightoccuronceevery25years.

C)CollisionsofsmallerasteroidswithEarthoccurmoreoftenthanexpected.

D)It'sstilltooearlytosaywhethersuchacollisionmightoccur.

23.Whatdopeoplethinkofthesuggestionofusingnuclearweaponstoalterthecoursesof

asteroids?

A)Itsoundspracticalbutitmaynotsolvetheproblem.

B)Itmaycreatemoreproblemsthanitmightsolve.

C)ItisawasteofmoneybecauseacollisionofasteroidswithEarthisveryunlikely.

D)Furtherresearchshouldbedonebeforeitisprovedapplicable.

24.Wecanconcludefromthepassagethat.

A)whilepushingasteroidsoffcoursenuclearweaponswoulddestroytheworld

B)asteroidsracingacrossthenightskyarelikelytohitEarthinthenearfuture

C)theworryaboutasteroidscanbelefttofuturegenerationssinceitisunlikelytohappen

inourlifetime

D)workablesolutionsstillhavetobefoundtopreventacollisionofasteroidswithEarth

25.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheauthor'stoneinthispassage?

A)Optimistic.B)Critical.C)Objective.D)Arbitrary.

PassageTwo

Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Believeitornot,opticalillusion(错觉)cancuthighwaycrashes.

Japanisacaseinpoint.Ithasreducedautomobilecrashesonsomeroadsbynearly75

percentusingasimpleopticalillusion.Bentstripes,calledchevrons(人字形)，paintedonthe

roadsmakedriversthinkthattheyaredrivingfasterthantheyreallyare,andthusdriversslow

down.

NowtheAmericanAutomobileAssociationFoundationforTrafficSafetyinWashingtonD.C.

isplanningtorepeatJapan'ssuccess.Startingnextyear,thefoundationwillpaintchevronsand

otherpatternsofstripesonselectedroadsaroundthecountrytotesthowwellthepatternsreduce

highwaycrashes.

Excessivespeedplaysamajorroleinasmuchasonefifthofallfataltrafficaccidents,

accordingtothefoundation.Tohelpreducethoseaccidents,thefoundationwillconductitstestsin

areaswherespeed-relatedhazardsarethegreatest-curves,exitslopes,trafficcircles,andbridges.

Somestudiessuggestthatstraight,horizontalbarspaintedacrossroadscaninitiallycutthe

averagespeedofdriversinhalf.However,trafficoftenreturnstofullspeedwithinmonthsas

driversbecomeusedtoseeingthepaintedbars.

Chevrons,scientistssay,notonlygivedriverstheimpressionthattheyaredrivingfasterthan

theyreallyarebutalsomakealaneappeartobenarrower.Theresultisalongerlastingreduction

inhighwayspedandthenumberoftrafficaccidents.

26.Thepassagemainlydiscusses.

A)anewwayofhighwayspeedcontrol

B)anewpatternforpaintinghighways

C)anewapproachtotrainingdrivers

D)anewtypeofopticalillusion

27.Onroadspaintedwithchevrons,driverstendtofeelthat.

A)theyshouldavoidspeed-relatedhazards

B)theyaredrivinginthewronglane

C)theyshouldslowdowntheirspeed

D)theyareapproachingthespeedlimit

28.Theadvantageofchevronsoverstraight,horizontalbarsisthattheformer.

A)cankeepdriversawake

B)cancutroadaccidentsinhalf

C)willhavealongereffectondrivers

D)willlookmoreattractive

29.TheAmericanAutomobileAssociationFoundationforTrafficSafetyplansto.

A)tryouttheJapanesemethodincertainareas

B)changetheroadsignsacrossthecountry

C)replacestraight,horizontalbarswithchevrons

D)repeattheJapaneseroadpatterns

30.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutstraight,horizontalbarspaintedacrossroads?

A)TheyarefallingoutofuseintheUnitedStates.

B)Theytendtobeignoredbydriversinashortperiodoftime.

C)Theyareapplicableonlyonbroadroads.

D)Theycannotbeappliedsuccessfullytotrafficcircles.

PassageThree

Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Amtrak(美国铁路客运公司)wasexperiencingadownswinginridership(客运量)alongthe

linescomprisingitsrailsystem.OfmajorconcerntoAmtrakanditsadvertisingagencyDDB

Needham,werethelong-distancewesternrouteswhereridershiphadbeendecliningsignificantly.]

Atonetime,trainsweretheonlypracticalwaytocrossthevastareasofthewest.Trainswerefast,

veryluxurious,andquiteconvenientcomparedtootherformsoftransportationexistingatthetime.

However,timeschangeandtheautomobilebecameAmerica'sstandardofconvenience.Also,air

travelhadeasilyestablisheditselfasthefastestmethodoftravelinggreatdistances.Therefore,the

taskforDDBNeedhamwastoencourageconsumerstoconsiderotheraspectsoftraintravelin

ordertochangetheirattitudesandincreasethelikelihoodthattrainswouldbeconsideredfor

travelinthewest.

Twoportionsofthetotalmarketweretargeted:1)anxiousfliers-thoseconcernedwith

safety,relaxation,andcleanlinessand2)travel-lovers—thoseviewingthemselvesasrelaxed,

casual,andinterestedinthetravelexperienceaspartoftheirvacation.Theagencythendeveloped

acampaignthatfocusedontravelexperiencessuchasfreedom,escape,relaxation,andenjoyment

ofthegreatwesternoutdoors.Itstressedexperiencesgainedbyusingthetrainsandportrayed

westerntraintripsaswonderfuladventures.

Advertisementsshowedpicturesofthebeautifulscenerythatcouldbeenjoyedalongsomeof

themorefamouswesternroutesandemphasizedtheromanticnamesofsomeofthesetrains

(EmpireBuilder,etc.).Theseadswerestrategicallyplacedamongfamily-oriented

TVshowsandprogramsinvolvingnatureandAmericainordertomosteffectivelyreachtarget

audiences.Resultswereimpressive.TheEmpireBuilder,whichwasfocusedoninonead,enjoyed

a15percentincreaseinprofitsonitsChicagotoSeattleroute.

31.What'stheauthor'spurposeinwritingthispassage?

A)Toshowtheinabilityoftrainstocompetewithplaneswithrespecttospeedandconvenience.

B)TostresstheinfluenceoftheautomobileonAmerica'sstandardofconvenience.

C)Toemphasizethefunctionoftravelagenciesinmarketpromotion.

D)Toillustratetheimportantroleofpersuasivecommunicationinchangingconsumerattitudes.

32.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthedropinAmtrakridershipwasduetothefact

that.

A)trainswerenotsuitableforshortdistancepassengertransportation

B)trainswerenotthefastestandmostconvenientformoftransportation

C)trainswerenotasfastandconvenientastheyusedtobe

D)trainscouldnotcompetewithplanesintermsofluxuryandconvenience

33.Toencourageconsumerstotravelbytrain,DDBNeedhamemphasized.

A)thefreedomandconvenienceprovidedontrains

B)thepracticalaspectsoftraintravel

C)theadventurousaspectsoftraintrips

D)thesafetyandcleanlinessoftraintrips

34.Thetrainadswereplacedamongfamily-orientedTVprogramsinvolvingnatureandAmerica

because.

A)theycouldfocusonmeaningfultravelexperiences

B)theycouldincreasetheeffectivenessoftheTVprograms

C)theirprofitscouldbeincreasedbysome15percent

D)mosttravel-loversandnervousflierswerebelievedtobeamongtheaudiences

35.Accordingtothepassage,theEmpireBuilderenjoyedanincreaseinridershipandprofits

because.

A)theattractivenessofitsnameandroutewaseffectivelyadvertised

B)itprovidedanexcitingtravelexperience

C)itspassengerscouldenjoythegreatwesternoutdoors

D)itwaswidelyadvertisedinnewspapersandmagazinesinChicagoandSeattle

PassageFour

Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Whydoescramgobadfasterthanbutter?Someresearchersthinktheyhavetheanswer,and

itcomesdowntothestructureofthefood,notitschemicalcomposition—afinding

thatcouldhelpridsomeprocessedfoodsofchemicalpreservatives.

Creamandbuttercontainprettymuchthesamesubstances,sowhycreamshouldsourmuch

fasterhasbeenamystery.Bothareemulsions—tinyglobules(小球体)ofoneliquidevenly

distributedthroughoutanother.Thedifferenceliesinwhat'sintheglobulesandwhat'sinthe

surroundingliquid,saysBrocklehurst,wholedtheinvestigation.

Incream,fattyglobulesdriftaboutinaseaofwater.Inbutter,globulesofawaterysolution

arelockedawayinaseaoffat.Thebacteriawhichmakethefoodgobadprefertoliveinthe

wateryregionsofthemixture,"Thismeansthatincream,thebacteriaarefreetogrowthroughout

themixture,hesays.

Whenthesituationisreversed,thebacteriaarelockedawayincompartments(隔仓室)

burieddeepintheseaoffat.Trappedinthisway,individualcoloniescannotspreadandrapidly

runoutofnutrients(养料).Theyalsoslowlypoisonthemselveswiththeirwasteproducts."In

butter,yougetaself-limitingsystemwhichstopsthebacteriagrowing/9saysBrocklehurst.

Theresearchersarealreadyworkingwithfoodcompanieskeentoseeiftheirproductscanbe

maderesistanttobacterialattackthroughalterationstothefood'sstructure.Brocklehurstbelieves

itwillbepossibletomaketheemulsionsusedinsaladcream,forinstance,morelikethatinbutter.

Thekeywillbetodothiswhilekeepingthesaladcreamliquidandnotturningitintoasolid

lump.

36.ThesignificanceofBrocklehurst^researchisthat.

A)itsuggestedawaytokeepsomefoodsfreshwithoutpreservatives

B)itdiscoveredtinyglobulesinbothcreamandbutter

C)itrevealedthesecretofhowbacteriamultiplyincreamandbutter

D)itfoundthatcreamandbuttersharethesamechemicalcomposition

37.Accordingtotheresearchers,creamsoursfastthanbutterbecausebacteria.

A)aremoreevenlydistributedincream

B)multiplymoreeasilyincreamthaninbutter

C)liveonle