美国文学史优质获奖课件

Chapter3

Transcendentalisms讲课人：陈盛Backgrounds:RalphWaldoEmersonpublished‘Nature’in1836whichrepresentedanewwayofintellectualthinkinginAmerica.‘TheUniverseiscomposedofNatureandtheSoul,Spiritispresenteverywhere.’romanticidealismonPuritansoil1836,theTranscendentalClubTranscendentalismIntherealmofartandliteratureitmeanttheshatteringofpseudo-classicrulesandformsinfavorofaspiritoffreedom,thecreationofworksfilledwiththenewpassionfornatureandcommonhumanityandincarnatingafreshsenseofthewonder,promise,andromanceoflife.ExitContinueBasicTenetsofAmericanTranscendentalismThislistmustnotbeconsideredtobeacreedcommontoalltranscendentalists.Itismerelyagroupingofcertainimportantconceptssharedbymanyofthem.Transcendentalism,essentially,isaformofidealism.Thetranscendentalist“transcends”orrisesabovetheloweranimalisticimpulsesoflife(animaldrives)andmovesfromtherationaltoaspiritualrealm.ThehumansoulispartoftheOversouloruniversalspirittowhichitandothersoulsreturnatdeath.Therefore,everyindividualistoberespectedbecauseeveryonehasaportionofthatOversoul(God).ThisOversoulorLifeForceorGodcanbefoundeverywhere----traveltoholyplacesis,therefore,notnecessary.BasicTenetsofAmericanTranscendentalismGodcanbefoundinbothnatureandhumannature(Nature,Emersonstated,hasspiritualmanifestations).JesusalsohadpartofGodinhimself—hewasdivineaseveryoneisdivine--exceptinthathelivedanexemplaryandtranscendentallifeandmadethebestuseofthatPowerwhichiswithineachone.“Miracleismonster.”ThemiraclesoftheBiblearenottoberegardedasimportantastheyweretothepeopleofthepast.Miraclesareallaboutus—thewholeworldisamiracleandthesmallestcreatureisone.“Amouseisamiracleenoughtostaggerquintillionsofinfidels(异教徒).”—WhitmanMoreimportantthanaconcernabouttheafterlife,shouldbeaconcernforthislife—“theonethingintheworldofvalueistheactivesoul.”—EmersonDeathisnevertobefeared,foratdeaththesoulmerelypassestotheOversoul.Evilisanegative----merelyanabsenceofgood.Lightismorepowerfulthandarknessbecauseonerayoflightpenetratesthedark.Poweristobeobtainedbydefyingfateorpredestination,whichseemtoworkagainsthumans,byexercisingone’sownspiritualandmoralstrength.Emphasisonself-reliance.Hence,theemphasisisplacedonahumanthinking.Thetranscendentalistsseethenecessityofexamplesofgreatleaders,writers,philosophers,andothers,toshowwhatanindividualcanbecomethroughthinkingandaction.Theunityoflifeanduniversemustberealized.Thereisrelationshipbetweenallthings.Onemusthavefaithinintuition,fornochurchorcreedcancommunicatetruth.Reformmustnotbeemphasized—truereformcomesfromwithin.BasicTenetsofAmericanTranscendentalismMajorConcepts(mainideas)‘transcendere’:toriseabove,topassbeyondthelimitsBelievepeoplecouldlearnthingsbothfromtheoutsideworldbymeansofthe5sensesandfromtheinnerworldbyintuition.ItplacedspiritfirstandmattersecondIttooknatureassymbolicofspiritorGod.(Allthingsinnatureweresymbolsofthespiritual,ofGod’spresence.Naturecouldexerciseahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonhumanmind.)Itemphasizedthesignificanceoftheindividual(theindividualwasthemostimportantelementinsociety,theidealkindofindividualwasself-reliantandunselfish.)Religionwasanemotionalcommunicationbetweenanindividualsoulandtheuniversal‘oversoul’.Comments:AmanifestationofromanticmovementinliteratureandphilosophyAnethicalguidetolifeofAmerica（thepositivelife）Emerson,Thoreau,Dickinson,etccreatedoneofthemostprolificperiodsinthehistoryofAmericanliteratureNeverasystematicphilosophy.Itborrowedfrommanysources,butlackedoflogicalconnection,finally,itturnedtomysticism.MajorwritersandLiteraryWorksRalphWaldoEmerson(1803----1882)HenryDavidThoreau(1817----1862)RalphWaldoEmersonRalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882)RalphWaldoEmerson,thetoweringfigureofhisera,hadareligioussenseofmission.EmersonwasonlyamiddlingstudentatHarvardCollege(1817-1821),graduatingatthemiddleofhisclass.Inchronicpoorhealth,EmersonnonethelessattendedHarvardDivinitySchool.In1829,EmersonmarriedEllenTucker,herselfillwithtuberculosis,andthiscrisiscontinuesuntilherdeathin1831.Unabletobelieveinorpresideoverthesacraments,Emersonresignsministryin1832;atthispoint,histrue“education”begins.EmersontraveledtoEuropeandmetthegreatwritersColeridge,Wordsworth,andCalyle,whoserousingworkparticularlymovedhim.EmersonmovedtoConcord,begantolectureinBoston,andwasquicklyrecognizedastheguidinglightamongthenewgroupcalledTranscendentalist.Theaddresshedeliveredin1838athisalmamater,theHarvardDivinitySchool,madehimunwelcomeatHarvardfor30years.Init,Emersonaccusedthechurchofacting"asifGodweredead"andofemphasizingdogmawhilestiflingthespirit.RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882)Inhisessay"Self-Reliance,"Emersonremarks:"Afoolishconsistencyisthehobgoblinoflittleminds."YetheisremarkablyconsistentinhiscallforthebirthofAmericanindividualisminspiredbynature.Nature(1836)wasEmerson’sgreatbreakthroughtext,andwithitheimmediatelyacquiredanaudienceofthebestandthebrightest.A.EmersonannouncedessentiallyanewbeginningforAmerica;thepoliticalliberationwasestablished,buttheculturalonewasyettocome.1.ThefirstorderofbusinessEmersonprescribedwasaradicalbreakfromthepast,animperiousneedtocreateanndigenousAmericanculturalagendaandmanner.2.Emerson,doubtlessinfluencedbythegreatRomanticpoetssuchasWordsworth,envisionedanewrelationshipbetweenmanandnature.Hismostfamousimageofhimselfexperiencingthewonderofnatureisthe“transparenteyeball,”characterizedbyacompleteerasureofthelinesseparatingselfandenvironment.3.Emersonespeciallyarticulatedtheneedforanewlanguage,anidiomthatwouldbecommensuratewiththerevolutionarytidingshehadinmind.Inthisregard,Emerson’stheoriesprovedquiteinfluentialforsubsequentwriters.B.Emerson’sconceptoflanguageisamixofculturalandlinguisticnotions.1.Natureitselfisseeninsemioticterms,inthatallthingsareunderstoodassignsforotherthings;hence,“Wordsaresignsofnaturalfacts”and“natureisthesymbolofspirit.”2.Emerson’smateriallinguisticshaverealimplicationsforthewriterbecausetheymandateasearchfor“originallanguage,”forthewordthatmostcloselydescribesthething.3.Theprojectisstrategic:the“right”writingallowsyoutotapintopower,torecovertheindwellingforcethatislinkedtowords.4.Thisnobleviewofutteranceissuesachallengeofthewriter:todescriberealityby“openingitup”to“speak”theriddleofthesphinx.5.Emerson’sviewofwritingisexpressedasachallengeforAmerica:toopenup“facts”ofourindigenousnewlandscapeandwayoflifeandtoliberatethemagicandpromiseofAmericabycapturingitsessenceandstrengthintherightlanguage.RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882)Mostofhismajorideas--theneedforanewnationalvision,theuseofpersonalexperience,thenotionofthecosmicOver-Soul,andthedoctrineofcompensation--aresuggestedinhisfirstpublication,Nature(1836).RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882)Thisessay(OnNature)opens:Ourageisretrospective.Itbuildsthesepulchresofthefathers.Itwritesbiographies,histories,criticism.TheforegoinggenerationsbeheldGodandnaturefacetoface;we,throughtheireyes.Whyshouldnotwealsoenjoyanoriginalrelationtotheuniverse?Whyshouldnotwehaveapoetryofinsightandnotoftradition,andareligionbyrevelationtous,andnotthehistoryoftheirs.Embosomedforaseasoninnature,whosefloodsoflifestreamaroundandthroughus,andinviteusbythepowerstheysupply,toactionproportionedtonature,whyshouldwegropeamongthedrybonesofthepast...?Thesunshinestodayalso.Thereismorewoolandflaxinthefields.Therearenewlands,newmen,newthoughts.Letusdemandourownworksandlawsandworship.III.Emerson’sfamousspeechatHarvard,“TheAmericanScholar”(1837),isseenasawake-upcalltothecountryyoungintellectuals.A.Americanachievementsinthepoliticalarenahavenotbeenmatchedintellectuallyorculturally,Emersoncontended.It’stimeforAmericatomeasureup.B.Wemustapprehend“UniversalMan,”Emersonargues,bywhichhemeansthatdivisionsoflaborandspecializationblindus.Inthissense,heoffersapreviewofKarlMarx.C.Wemustgobeyondscholarshipaswell,becausetheuniversity’sslavishandpassiveattitudecanneverproduceacreativeenergyofitsown.D.WemustfashionanindigenousAmericanlanguage,tobefoundinourcountrysideandamongoursimplepeople,closetotheearthandnature.E.Inaremarkablepassage,Emersontakesonthe“subjectivism”ofhistimeandclaimsthatwemustgobeyondintrospection,beyondself-searching,andentertheworldoffactsanddeeds.IV.EmersonistheprophetofAmericanculturalindependence.A.“ThePoet”(1846)isEmerson’schiefstatementabouttheliteraryagendaofthefuture.1.Poetryisourcommonwealth,Emersonclaims,bywhichhemeansliterallythatitenrichesallofusmakesuswealthyasanation.2.Americaisthegreatnewpoeticsubject.Thewriteristomakeusseewhatistimelessandenduringourmoment,justasHomerandShakespearedidintheirmoments.3.Weneedavehicularlanguage,Emersonsaid,sothatthepoetmaymovehisaudience,andbringthemintohisvisionofAmerica.Forthispurpose,theoldlocutionsofthepastwouldnotdo.4.Inafamousparagraph,Emersoncalledforthepoetofthefuture,outlinedthepoet’ssuties,andvirtuallypredefinedwhathappenedin1855whenWhitmanpublishedLeavesofGrass.B.In“History”(1841),Emersonarticulatedstillfurthertherevolutionaryworkinculturethathadnotyetbeenaccomplished.1.EmersonisourpoetoftheNewWorld.HeclaimedthatAmericamustmoveintoitsestate,mustcarryoutitsgreatmissionoffreedomanddemocracy.2.Emersonarguedthatourcontemporary“actualknowledgeischeap,”thatweneedlesslysettleforroutinenotionsandsecond-handknowledge.3.SettingthenewAmericanagendaistheultimategoalofEmerson’sessays:heisthegreatencourage,thevisionarywhoclaimsthatwehavenotbeguntotakeortogiveourmeasureasanation.4.BothTwainandFaulknerdevelopedalanguagethatwasinspiredbyEmerson.Objective1.IdentifysomeofthemodernspiritualdescendantsofEmerson.Conclusion:Agreatprose-poet,EmersoninfluencedalonglineofAmericanpoets,includingWaltWhitman,EmilyDickinson,EdwinArlingtonRobinson,WallaceStevens,HartCrane,andRobertFrost.HeisalsocreditedwithinfluencingthephilosophiesofJohnDewey,GeorgeSantayana,FriedrichNietzsche,andWilliamJames.RalphWaldoEmerson(1803---1882)Achievement:‘Nature’hasbeencalled“themanifestoofAmericantranscendentalism”‘TheAmericanScholar’hasbeencalled“America’sDeclarationofIntellectualIndependence”Americanwayinsteadofimitatingthingsforeign.)ThecontributionbothforphilosophyandliteratureHisperceptionofhumanityandnatureassymbolsofuniversaltruthencouragedthedevelopmentoftheAmericansymbolistmovement.EmphasizethecommonlifeworthofhighestartBelievedthework’sformwasdeterminedbythewriter’sperceptionofthehighertruthhefoundsymbolizedinnature.HenryDavidThoreau

1817–1862:CounterculturalHeroHenryDavidThoreau

1817-1862IfRalphWaldoEmersonwasthephilosopherofTranscendentalism,Thoreauwasitsmostdevotedpractitioner.WhileEmersonwroteandlecturedaboutTranscendentalism,Thoreautriedtoliveasatranscendentalist.EarlyEducationUnlikeEmerson,grewupinamiddleclassfamilywithasignificantamountofwealth.AlsoattendedHarvardandgraduatedin1837.EarlyCareerWorkedasschoolteacher.ContractedTuberculosis,adiseasehefoughtallhislife.Hadashortstintworkinginhisfather’spencilfactory.TheLecturerandRebelAsanindependentthinker,ThoreaubecametheheadoftheConcordLyceumorganizinglectureswherehemetRalphWaldoEmerson.ThoreaueventuallyworkedasahandymanandcaretakerofEmerson’sestatewhileEmersonspentlongstintsstudyingabroadinEurope.Thoreau’sWaldenHenryDavidThoreau(1817-1862)ClassicallyeducatedatHarvardFather,John,wasapencilmakerSiblingsHelen,John,andSophiaLivedinandaroundConcord,Mass.,allhislifeTwobookspublishedinhislifetime--neithersoldwell10’x15’WhitepinetimbersNails,boardingandrooffromJamesCollins’shantyChimneystonesfromWaldenPond“Ibegantooccupymyhouseonthe4thofJuly…”“Knowthenthatworldexistsforyou…thekingdomofmanovernature…”(fromNature)TheWaldenExperimentFrom1841–1843Thoreaudecidedtoconductanexperimentofself-sufficiencybybuildinghisownhouseontheshoresofWaldenPondandlivingoffthefoodhegrewonhisfarm.WaldenThoreaulaterdocumentedhisexperimentinhisfamousmemoirWalden.FamousquotesfromWalden:“Iwenttothewoodstoliveintentionally,tosuckthemarrowoutoflife.”(ThiswasquotedinDeadPoet’sSocietytoinitiateeachmeeting)."Alakeisthelandscape'smostbeautifulandexpressivefeature.ItisEarth'seye;lookingintowhichthebeholdermeasuresthedepthofhisownnature."FactfromFictionWhilereadingexcerptsofWaldenitmayseemThoreauwrotehisnovelasadiarywhilebeingisolatedinthewoods,milesfromcivilization.However…ThoreauoftenwenttoConcordtobuysupplies.HewrotethirteendraftsofWaldenbeforepublishingit.Heoftenhadfriendsvisithimintheevenings.ThehousewasbuiltonEmerson’sproperty.CivilDisobedienceAnotherworkthatwasaresultofThoreau’sWaldenExperimentwashisessayCivilDisobedience.ThoreauwrotetheessaywhilespendingthenightinjailafterrefusingtopayataxthatwouldhelpfundslaveryintheSouth.CivilDisobediencehasbeenahighlyinfluentialworkthathasinspiredpeacefulactivistssuchasGhandiandMartinLutherKingJr.FamousQuote:“If...themachineofgovernment...isofsuchanaturethatitrequiresyoutobetheagentofinjusticetoanother,then,Isay,breakthelaw.”ThoreauandEmersonMythItissaidwhileThoreauwasinjailEmersoncametovisithimandthefollowingconversationtookplace:Emerson:“HenryDavidwhatareyoudointhere,youshouldbelivingyourlife,notrottinginjail.”

Thoreau:“RalphWaldo,whyarestandingouttheredoingnothing.”Thoreau’sLateLifeandDeathThoughThoreaunevermadeasubstantiallivingasawriter,hiscollectionofwritingconsistofovertwentyvolumes.Thoreau’sonlytripabroadwastoCanadain1861wherehehadanotherlapseofTuberculosis.OnMay6th,1862Thoreaudiedlosinghisfighttothedisease.EmersonlaterpublishedacollectionofThoreau’spoemsin1865.OnMaterialism“IamconvincedthatifallmenweretoliveassimplyasI,thievingandrobberywouldbeunknown.Thesetakeplaceincommunitieswheresomehavemorethanissufficient,whileothershavenotenough.”OnPhilosophy“Tobeaphilosopheris...sotolovewisdomastoliveaccordingtoitsdictates,alifeofsimplicity,independence,magnanimity,andtrust.”OnWork/Labor“...Everywhere,inshops,andoffices,andfield,menhaveappeared...tobedoingpenance(忏悔)inathousandremarkableways....Iamconvinced...thattomaintainone’sselfonthisearthisnotahardshipbutapastime,ifwewilllivesimplyandwisely.Itisnotnecessarythatmanshouldearnhislivingbythesweatofhisbrow,unlesshesweatseasierthanIdo.”

ConclusionHenryDavidThoreau(1817---1860)andWalden---aspiritualbook---adiaryofanaturelover,aclassicofAmericanprose(thisisabookofessaysputtogether,exploringsubjectsconcernedwithNature,withthemeaningoflife,andwithmorality)---3aimsinwritingthebook:tomakepeopleevaluatethewayhelivedandthought;torevealthehiddenspiritualpossibilitiesineveryone’slife;tocondemntheweaknessanderrorsofsociety---subjects:Theessentialsoflife:livingratherthangettingalivingItisacondemnationofmakingsocialimprovementandcomfortallimportant.Itstressestheimportanceofthoughtovermaterialcircumstance.Ithasconfidenceintheindividual,andholdsthatindividualfreedombreaksdowntherulesandbarriersofsocietysothattheindividualcanexpresshimselfandactonhisownprinciples.Thereisthepossibilityforandimportanceofchangeinone’sspirituallifewhichisinharmonywithnature.---Style:PropheticvoiceDirectforcefulsentenceConversationalintoneHumorProverbialexpressionsBrieftales,fablesandallegoriesMetaphors

Chapter4HighRomanticsNathanielHawthorne(1804----1864)HermanMelville(1819----1891)EdgarAllanPoe(1809----1849)WaltWhitman(1819----1892)EmilyElizabethDickinson(1830--1886)NathanielHawthorne

(1804-1864)

NathanielHawthorne

(1804-1864)“LikeEdgarAllanPoe,HawthornetookadarkviewofhumanNature.”Hawthorne’sBackgroundBorninSalem,MassachusettsPuritanbackgroundAncestorofJohnHawthorne——oneofthethreejudgesintheSalemWitchTrialsBeganwritingaftercollegeatBowdionCollegeinMaineSpentmanyyearsinseclusion——starvingartistHawthorne’sBackgroundHeldmanyjobsincludingwriter,publisher,workingatacustomhouse,andconsultinEnglandMarriedSophiePeabodyin1825BefriendedHenryWadsworthLongfellow,RalphWaldoEmerson,HenryDavidThoreau,HermanMelville,andPresidentFranklinpierceThemesinHawthorne’sWritingsMoralallegories——astorywhereeverythingissymbol,usedcommonlytoinstructespeciallyinreligiousmattersThesinfulmanHypocrisy(伪善)TheDarksideofhumannatureReligiousinnatureHawthorne’sMajorWorksTwocollectionsofshortstories:Twice-toldTales+MossesfromanOldManse(古屋青苔)TheScarletLetterHismasterpiece,whichestablishedhimastheLeadingAmericannativenovelistofthe19thcenturyHawthorne’sMajorWorksTheHouseoftheSevenGables(带有七个尖角阁旳房子)TheBlithedaleRomance(福谷传奇)TheMarbleFaun(玉石雕像)Hawthorne’sPointofViewHawthorneisinfluencedbyPuritanismdeeply.HewasnotaPuritanhimself,buthehadPuritanancestorswhoplayedanimportantroleinhislifeandworks.Hawthorne’sPointofViewEvilisatthecoreofhumanlife.Wheneverthereissin,thereispunishment.Sinorevilcanbepassedfromgenerationtogeneration.EvileducatesHehasdisgustinscience.Onesourceofevilisoverweeningintellect.Hisintellectualcharactersarevillains,dreadfulandcold-bloodedHawthorne’saestheticideas1)hetookagreatinterestinhistoryandantiquity.Tohimthesefurnishthesoilonwhichhismindgrowstofruition.Tryingtoconnectabygonetimewiththeverypresent,hemakesthedreamstrangethingslookliketruth.Hawthorne’sWritingStyleAmanofliterarycraftsmanship,extraordinaryinTheuseofsymbol:symbolsserveasaweapontoattackreality.Itcanbefoundeverywhereinhiswriting.Revelationofcharacters’psychology:heisgoodatexploringthecomplexityofhumanpsychology.Thereisn’tmuchphysicalmovementgoingoninhisworksTheuseofsupernaturalmixedwiththeactualHawthorne’sWritingStyleHisstoriesareparable(allegory)——toteachalessonUseofambiguitytokeepthereaderintheworldofuncertainty——multiplepointofviewHawthorne’sAestheticIdeas2)hewasconvincedthatromancewasthebestformtodescribeAmericaThepovertyofmaterials+theavoidanceofoffendingthepuritantaste——romancesratherthannovelstotellthetruthandsatirizeandyetnottheoffend---HeissignificantforhisstyleHeusedsymbolsandsettingtorevealthepsychologyofthecharacters.Hisstyleissoft,flowing,andalmostfeminine.Heusedambiguitytokeepthereaderinaworldofuncertainty.NathanielHawthorne(1804--1864)---HawthorneissignificantasaromanticwriterbecauseheusedtheNewEnglandregionalpastassubjectandsettingforhisstoriesandheshowedgreatconcernabouttheAmericanpast.---Heissignificantforhisthemes:theconsequencesofpride,selfishness,andsecretguilty;theconflictbetweenlightheartedandsombertowardlife;theimpingementof---HeissignificantforhisstyleHeusedsymbolsandsettingtorevealthepsychologyofthecharacters.---Hisstyleissoft,flowing,andalmostfeminine.---Heusedambiguitytokeepthereaderinaworldofuncertainty.HERMANMELVILLE1819-1891Melville’careerbeganwithlargelyautobiographical,well-receivedadventurestoriesabouthisexperiencesasasailorintheSouthSeas.Yet,althoughhiscareerbeganwitheasy,earlyrecognition,itevolvedintotragicanonymity.Thoughhepublishedelevenprosebooks,alongwithshorterpiecesandbooksofpoems,itwasonlythirtyyearsafterhisdeaththatpeoplebegantorealizejustwhatitwashehadmanagedtoachieve.TheoriginaldesignofMobyDickmadesensewithintheromantictradition.Melvillewantedtowritearomantictextonthewhalefishery,givingmuchexoticinformation,derivedfromencyclopediasandworldliterature.Thecharactersweretobecolorfulandpicturesque,includingtheByroniccaptainofthewhalingship.TheresultwasanovelwithMIXEDSTYLES:FICTIONALADVENTURESTORYHISTORICALDETAILSCIENTIFICDISCUSSIONThenovel’splotisbuiltononebasicconflict–AHABvs.THEWHALE.ItisessentiallythestoryofAhabandhisquesttodefeatthelegendarySpermWhaleMobyDick,forthiswhaletookAhab’sleg,causinghimtouseanivoryleg.ELEMENTSOFTHEQUESTMYTHCHALLENGETheheroLEAVESSOCIETY(hisgoalsarealwaysnoble,heisalwaysonthesideofgoodness,hisenemiesarealwaysevil)UndergoesTRIALS(PHYSICALTESTS–

slayingadragon,battlingpowerfulopponents,rescuingmaidensindistressetc.)HavingcompletedhisquesttheheroRETURNStosocietytobringaboutspiritualTRANSFORMATIONandrestoretheperfecthumancommunityAHAB’SQUESTnotheroism;heisreadytosacrificehiswholecrewforhispersonalgoal-hisrevengefulobsessiontofindandkillMobyDickForAhab,thedefeatofMobyDickwillrepresentredemptionandameansofachievingclarityandpeace.ClaimingthatMobyDickis“chieflywhatIhate”givesthewhalegreatersignificanceforAhab,whofindsthatthewhalerepresentsallofthemysteriesofhislife.The

questtofindMobyDickisthereforebothanexternalconflictbetweenAhabandthewhaleaswellasaninternalconflictwithinAhabforasenseofpeaceandhappiness.MelvilleconstructedAhabasamad,imperialfigure,whothinkshimselftheequaltoGodAhab’sHUBRIS–REJECTIONOFGODaltogetherforanalliancewiththedevil(comparabletoFAUSTUS,KURTZ)OTHERCHARACTERSISHMAELthenarratorofthenovel,asimplesailoronthePequodwhoundertakesthejourneybecauseofhisaffectionfortheoceanandhisneedtogotoseawheneverhefeels“hazyabouttheeyes”.HeistheonlysurvivorofthePequod’svoyage,livingtotellthetaleofMobyDick.QUEEQUEGharpoonerfromNewZealand,sonofaMaorikingwhorenouncedthethronetotravelandlearnaboutChristiansociety–NOBLE,BRAVE,HONORABLE,givesIshmaelasenseofserenityandease(subversionofthedichotomySAVAGERYvs.CIVILIZATION)QueequegjuxtaposessharplywithAhab-whileQueequegissocompletelyincontrolofhimselfthathecanevenwillhimselfcured,Ahabissosubjecttohisobsessionsthathecannotmakeanydecisionsindependentofthem.STARBUCKchiefmateofthePequod,voiceofreasonandpracticality,openlyopposesAhab’ssuicidalfollyFEDALLAHoriental/Asiatic–mysterious,sinisterfigure,devilindisguise,haspropheticdreamsFATHERMAPPLEleftsailingfortheministry–sermonthatconsidersthetaleofJONAHandtheWHALE(bothJONAHandAHABfloutGodthrougharroganceanddisobedience)PROPHETELIJAHastrangerthatIshmaelandQueequegpasswhilestayinginNantucketwhoasksiftheyhavemetOldThunder(CaptainAhab),andlaterasksthetwoiftheyhavesoldtheirsoulstothedevilbyagreeingtoundertakeavoyageonthePequodTHEWHALElegendary,mythicqualityWhalingdescribedasaROYALACTIVITY(whaleswereconsideredprizessignificantenoughtobeadowry.Oilusedinthecoronationofkingsisspermoil)Inthenineteenthcenturywhalingwasahugeindustry,withAmericadominatingtheinternationalscene.Petroleumwasnotdiscovereduntil1859–importanceofwhaleoil.In1844$120millionwastiedupinwhaling.WhalingwasespeciallysignificantintheAmericaneconomyinthemiddleofthenineteenthcentury,whentheindustrywascompetingwithtextiles.WhalingfinallybecameAmerica-dominated,andconsiderablenationalprideisevidentinMelville’sdepictions.ThestruggleagainstM.DicklastsTHREEDAYSOnthefirstday,Ah