2023年考研英语真题B精选

2023年硕士入学统一考试试题（英语二）SectionIUseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Beingagoodparentis,ofcourse,whateveryparentwouldliketobe.Butdefiningwhatitmeanstobeagoodparentisundoubtedlyvery__1__,particularlysincechildrenresponddifferentlytothesamestyleofparenting.Acalm,rule-followingchildmightrespondbettertoadifferentsortofparentingthan,__2__,ayoungersibling.__3__,there’sanothersortofparentthat’sabiteasierto__4__:apatientparent.Childrenofeveryagebenefitfrompatientparenting.Still,__5__everyparentwouldliketobepatient,thisisnoeasy__6__.Sometimesparentsgetexhaustedandfrustratedandareunabletomaintaina__7__andcomposedstylewiththeirkids.Iunderstandthis.You’reonlyhuman,andsometimesyourkidscan__8__youjustalittletoofar.Andthenthe__9__happens:Youloseyourpatienceandeitherscreamatyourkidsorsaysomethingthatwasabittoo__10__anddoesnobodyanygood.Youwishthatyoucould__11__theclockandstartover.We’veallbeenthere.__12__,eventhoughit’scommon,it’simportanttokeepinmindthatinasinglemomentoffatigue,youcansaysomethingtoyourchildthatyoumay__13__foralongtime.Thismaynotonlydodamagetoyourrelationshipwithyourchildbutalso__14__yourchild’sself-esteem.Ifyouconsistentlyloseyour__15__withyourkids,thenyouareinadvertentlymodelingalackofemotionalcontrolforyourkids.Weareallbecomingincreasinglyawareofthe__16__ofmodelingtoleranceandpatiencefortheyoungergeneration.Thisisaskillthatwillhelpthemallthroughoutlife.Infact,theabilitytoemotionallyregulateormaintainemotionalcontrolwhen__17__bystressisoneofthemostimportantofalllife’sskills.Certainly,it’sincredibly__18__tomaintainpatienceatalltimeswithyourchildren.Amorepracticalgoalistotry,tothebestofyourability,tobeastolerantandcomposedasyoucanwhenfacedwith__19__situationsinvolvingyourchildren.Icanpromiseyouthis:Asaresultofworkingtowardthisgoal,youandyourchildrenwillbenefitand__20__fromstressfulmomentsfeelingbetterphysicallyandemotionally.1.Atedious Bpleasant Cinstructive Dtricky2.Ainaddition Bforexample Catonce Dbyaccident3.Afortunately Boccasionally Caccordingly Deventually4.Aamuse Bassist Cdescribe Dtrain5.Awhile Bbecause Cunless Donce6.Aanswer Btask Cchoice Daccess7.Atolerant Bformal Crigid Dcritical8.Amove Bdrag Cpush Dsend9.Amysterious Billogical Csuspicious Dinevitable10.Aboring Bnaive Charsh Dvague11.Aturnback Btakeapart Csetaside Dcoverup12.Aoverall Binstead Chowever Dotherwise13.Alike Bmiss Cbelieve Dregret14.Araise Baffect Cjustify Dreflect15.Atime Bbond Crace Dcool16.Anature Bsecret Cimportance Dcontext17.Acheated Bdefeated Cconfused Dconfronted18.Aterrible Bhard Cstrange Dwrong19.Atrying Bchanging Cexciting Dsurprising20.Ahide Bemerge Cwithdraw DescapeSectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.（40points）Text1Ratsandotheranimalsneedtobehighlyattunedtosocialsignalsfromotherssothatcanidentifyfriendstocooperatewithandenemiestoavoid.Tofindoutifthisextendstonon-livingbeings,LolehQuinnattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,andhercolleaguestestedwhetherratscandetectsocialsignalsformroboticrats.Theyhousedeightadultratswithtwotypesofroboticrat-onesocialandoneasocial-for5ourdays.Therobotsratswerequiteminimalist,resemblingachunkierversionofacomputermousewithwheels-tomovearoundandcolorfulmarkings.Duringtheexperiment,thesocialrobotratfollowedthelivingratsaround,playedwiththesametoys,andopenedcageddoorstolettrappedratsescape.Meanwhile,theasocialrobotsimplymovedforwardsandbackwardsandsidetosideNext,theresearcherstrappedtherobotsincagesandgavetheratstheopportunitytoreleasethembypressingalever.Across18trialseach,thelivingratswere52percentmorelikelyonaveragetosetthesocialrobotfreethantheasocialone.Thissuggeststhattheratsperceivedthesocialrobotasagenuinesocialbeing.Theymayhavebondedmorewiththesocialrobotbecauseitdisplayedbehaviourslikecommunalexploringandplaying.Thiscouldleadtotheratsbetterrememberinghavingfreeditearlier,andwantingtherobottoreturnthefavourwhentheygettrapped,saysQuinn.Thereadinessoftheratstobefriendthesocialrobotwassurprisinggivenitsminimaldesign.Therobotwasthesamesizeasaregularratbutresembledasimpleplasticboxonwheels.“We'dassumedwe'dhavetogiveitamovingheadandtail,facialfeatures,andputasceneonittomakeitsmelllikearealrat,butthatwasn’tnecessary,”saysJanetWilesattheUniversityofQueenslandinAustralia,whohelpedwiththeresearch.Thefindingshowshowsensitiveratsaretosocialcues,evenwhentheycomefrombasicrobots.Similarly,childrentendtotreatrobotsasiftheyarefellowbeings,evenwhentheydisplayonlysimplesocialsignals.“Wehumansseemtobefascinatedbyrobots,anditturnsoutotheranimalsaretoo,”saysWiles.21.Quinandhercolleaguesconductedatesttoseeifratscan________[A]pickupsocialsignalsfromnon-livingrats[B]distinguishafriendlyratfromahostileone[C]attainsociabletraitsthroughspecialtraining[D]sendoutwarningmessagestotheirfellow22.Whatdidtheasocialrobotdoduringtheexperiment?[A]Itfollowedthesocialrobot.[B]Itplayedwithsometoys.[C]Itsetthetrappedratsfree.[D]Itmovedaroundalone.23.AccordingtoQuinn,theratsreleasedthesocialrobotbecausethey________[A]triedtopracticeameansofescape[B]expectedittodothesameinreturn[C]wantedtodisplaytheirintelligence[D]consideredthataninterestinggame24.JamesWilesnotesthatrats________[A]canrememberotherrat'sfacialfeatures[B]differentiatesmellsbetterthansizes[C]respondmoretocationsthantolooks[D]canbescaredbyaplasticboxonwheels25.Itcanbelearnedfromthetextthatrats________[A]appeartobeadaptabletonewsurroundings[B]aremoresociallyactivethanotheranimalsC]behavedifferentlyfromchildreninsocializing[D]aremoresensitivetosocialcuesthanexpectedText2ItistruethatCEOpayhasgoneup-toponesmaymake300timesthepayoftypicalworkersonaverage,andsincethemid-1970sCEOpayforlargepubliclytradedAmericancorporationshas,byvaryingestimates,goneupbyabout500%ThetypicalCEOofatopAmericancorporationnowmakesaboutS18.9millionayear.ThebestmodelforunderstandingthegrowthofCEOpayisthatoflimitedCEOtalentinaworldwherebusinessopportunitiesforthetopfirmsaregrowingrapidly.TheeffortsofAmerica'shighest-earning1%havebeenoneofthemoredynamicelementsoftheglobaleconomy.It'snotpopulartosay,butonereasontheirpayhasgoneupsomuchisthatCEOsreallyhaveuppedtheirgamerelativetomanyotherworkersintheU.S.economy.Today'sCEO,atleastformajorAmericanfirms,musthavemanymereskillsthansimplybeingableto“runthecompany"CEOsmusthaveagoodsenseoffinancialmarketsandmaybeevenhowthecompanyshouldtradeinthem.Theyalsoneedbetterpublicrelationsskillsthantheirpredecessors,asthecostsofevenaminorslipupcanbesignificant.Thenthere'sthefactthatlargeAmericancompaniesaremuchmoreglobalizedthaneverbefore,withsupplychainsspreadacrossalargernumberofcountries.Toleadinthatsystemrequiresknowledgethatisfairlymind-bogglingplus,virtuallyallmajorAmericancompaniesarebeyondthismajorCEOsstillhavetodoalltheday-to-dayworktheyhavealwaysdone.ThecommonideathathighCEOpayismainlyaboutrippingpeopleoffdoesn'texplainhistoryverywell.Bymostmeasures,corporategovernancehasbecomealottighterandmorerigoroussincethe1970s.YetitisprincipallyduringthisperiodofstrongergovernancethatCEOpayhasbeenhighandrising.Thatsuggestsitisinthebroadercorporateinteresttorecruittopcandidatesforincreasinglytoughjobs.”Furthermore,thehighestCEOsalariesarepaidtooutsidecandidates,nottothecozyinsiderpicks,anothersignthathighCEOpayisnotsomekindofdepredationattheexpenseoftherestofthecompany.AndthestockmarketreactspositivelywhencompaniestieCEOpayto,say,stockprices,asignthatthosepracticesbuildupcorporatevaluenotjustfortheCEO.26.WhichofthefollowinghascontributedtoCEOpayrise?[A]Thegrowthinthenumberofcorporations[B]Thegeneralpayrisewithabettereconomy[C]Increasedbusinessopportunitiesfortopfirms[D]Closecooperationamongleadingeconomies27.Comparedwiththeirpredecessors,today'sCEOsarerequiredto______[A]fosterastrongersenseofteamwork[B]financemoreresearchanddevelopment[C]establishclosertieswithtechcompanies[D]operatemoreglobalizedcompanies28.CEOpayhasbeenrisingsincethe1970sdespite______[A]continualinternalopposition[B]strictcorporategovernance[C]conservativebusinessstrategies[D]Repeatedgovernmentwarnings29.HighCEOpaycanbejustifiedbythefactthatithelps______[A]confirmthestatusofCEOs[B]motivateinsidecandidates[C]boosttheefficiencyofCEOs[D]increasecorporatevalue30.Themostsuitabletitleforthistextwouldbe______[A]CEOsAreNotOverpaid[B]CEOPay:PastandPresent[C]CEOs'challengesofToday[D]CEOTraits:NotEasytoDefineText3MadridwashailedasapublichealthbeaconlastNovemberwhenitrolledoutambitiousrestrictionsonthemostpollutingcars.Sevenmonthsandoneelectiondaylater,anewconservativecitycouncilsuspendedenforcementofthecleanairzone,afirststeptowarditspossibledemise.MayorJoseLuisMartinez-Almeidamadeoppositiontothezoneacentrepieceofhiselectioncampaign,despiteitssuccessinimprovingairquality.Ajudgehasnowoverruledthecity'sdecisiontostoplevyingfines,orderingthemreinstated.Butwithlegalbattlesahead,thezone'sfuturelooksuncertainatbest.Amongotherweaknesses,themeasurescitiesmustemploywhenlefttotackledirtyairontheirownarepoliticallycontentious,andthereforevulnerable.Thatsbecausetheyinevitablyputthecostsofcleaningtheairontoindividualdrivers-whomustpayfeesorbuybettervehicles一ratherthanontothecarmanufacturerswhosecheatingistherealcauseofourtoxicpollution.It'snothardtoimagineasimilarreversalhappeninginLondon.Thenewultra-lowemissionzone(Ulez)islikelytobeabigissueinnextyear'smayoralelection.AndifSadiqKhanwinsandextendsittotheNorthandSouthCircularroadsin2023asheintends,itissuretosparkintenseoppositionfromthefarlargernumberofmotoristswhowillthenbeaffected.It'snotthatmeasuressuchasLondon'sUlezareuseless.Farfromit.Localofficialsareusingtheleversthatareavailabletothemtosafeguardresidents'healthinthefaceofaseriousthreat.Thezonesdodeliversomeimprovementstoairquality,andthesciencetellsusthatmeansrealhealthbenefits-fewerheartattacks,strokesandprematurebirths,lesscancer,dementiaandasthma.Feweruntimelydeaths.Butmayorsandcouncillorscanonlydosomuchaboutaproblemthatisfarbiggerthananyonecityortown.Theyareactingbecausenationalgovernments-BritainsandothersacrossEurope-havefailedtodoso.Restrictionsthatkeephighlypollutingcarsoutofcertainareas-citycenters,schoolstreets",evenindividualroads-arearesponsetotheabsenceofalargerefforttoproperlyenforceexistingregulationsandrequireautocompaniestobringtheirvehiclesintocompliance.Waleshasintroducedspeciallowspeedlimitstominimisepollution.We’redoingeverythingbutinsistthatmanufacturerscleanuptheircars.31.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutMadrid'scleanairzone?[A]Itseffectsarequestionable[B]Ithasbeenopposedbyajudge[C]Itneedstougherenforcement[D]Itsfateisyettobedecided32.Whichisconsideredaweaknessofthecity-levelmeasurestotackledirtyair?[A]Theyarebiasedagainstcarmanufacturers.[B]Theyproveimpracticalforcitycouncils.[C]Theyaredeemedtoomildforpoliticians.D]Theyputtoomuchburdenonindividualmotorists.33.TheauthorbelievesthattheextensionofLondon'sUlezwill.[A]arousestrongresistance.[B]ensureKhan'selectoralsuccess.[C]improvethecitystraffic.[D]discouragecarmanufacturing.34.Whodoestheauthorthinkshouldhaveaddressedtheproblem?[A]Localresidents[B]Mayors.[C]Councilors.[D]Nationalgovernments.35.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatautocompanies.[A]willraiselow-emissioncarproduction[B]shouldbeforcedtofollowregulations[C]willupgradethedesignoftheirvehicles[D]shouldbeputunderpublicsupervisionText4NowthatmembersofGenerationZaregraduatingcollegethisspringthemostcommonly-accepteddefinitionsaysthisgenerationwasbornafter1995,giveortakeayear-theattentionhasbeenrisingsteadilyinrecentweeks.GenZsareabouttohitthestreetslookingforworkinalabormarketthat'stighterthanit'sbeenindecades.Andemployersareplanningonhiringabout17percentmorenewgraduatesforjobsintheU.S.thisyearthanlast,accordingtoasurveyconductedbytheNationalAssociationofCollegesandEmployers.Everybodywantstoknowhowthepeoplewhowillsooninhabitthoseemptyofficecubicleswilldifferfromthosewhocamebeforethem.If"entitled"isthemostcommonadjective,fairlyornot,appliedtomillennials(thosebornbetween1981and1995),thecatchwordsforGenerationZarepracticalandcautious.Accordingtothecareercounselorsandexpertwhostudythem,GenerationZsareclear-eyed,economicpragmatists.Despitegraduatingintothebesteconomyinthepast50years,GenZsknowwhataneconomictrainwrecklookslike.Theywereimpressionablekidsduringthecrashof2023,whenmanyoftheirparentslosttheirjobsortheirlifesavingsorboth.Theyaren'tinterestedintakinganychances.Theboomingeconomyseemstohavedonelittletoassuagethisunderlyinggenerationalsenseofanxiousurgency,especiallyforthosewhohavecollegedebt.CollegeloanbalancesintheU.S.nowstandatarecord$1.5trillion,accordingtotheFederalReserve.OnesurveyfromAccenturefoundthat88percentofgraduatingseniorsthisyearchosetheirmajorwithajobinmind.Ina2023surveyofUniversityofGeorgiastudents,meanwhile,thecareerofficefoundthemostdesirabletraitinafutureemployerwastheabilitytooffersecureemployment(followedbyprofessionaldevelopmentandtraining,andtheninspiringpurpose).Jobsecurityorstabilitywasthesecondmostimportantcareergoal(work-lifebalancewasnumberone),followedbyasenseofbeingdedicatedtoacauseortofeelgoodaboutservingthegreatgood.36.GenerationZsgraduatingcollegethisspring_____.[A]arerecognizedfortheirabilities[B]areinfavorofjoboffers[C]areoptimisticaboutthelabormarket[D]aredrawinggrowingpublicattention37.GenerationZsarekeenlyaware_____.[A]whatatougheconomicsituationislike[B]whattheirparentsexpectofthem[C]howtheydifferfrompastgenerations[D]Ihowvaluableacounselorsadviceis38.Theword“assuage"(line9,para2)isclosetinmeaningto_____.[A]define [B]relieve [C]maintain [D]deepen39.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph3thatGenerationZs_____.[A]carelittleabouttheirjobperformance[B]givetopprioritytoprofessionaltraining[C]thinkithardtoachievework-Lifebalance[D]haveaclearideaabouttheirfuturejob40Michelsenthinksthatcomparedwithmillennials,GenerationZsare_____.[A]lessrealistic B]lessadventurous [C]morediligent [D]moregenerousPartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadingswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)[A]Givecompliments,justnottoomany.[B]Putonagoodface,always.[C]Tailoryourinteractions.[D]Spendtimewitheveryone.[E]Reveal,don'thide,information.[F]Slowdownandlisten.[G]Putyourselvesinothers'shoes.FiveWaystoWinOverEveryoneintheOfficeIsitpossibletolikeeveryoneinyouroffice?Thinkabouthowtoughitistogettogether15people,muchless50,whoallgetalongperfectly.Butunlikeinfriendships,youneedcoworkers.Youworkwiththemeverydayandyoudependonthemjustastheydependonyou.Herearesomewaysthatyoucangetthewholeofficeonyourside41.____Ifyouhaveabonetopickwithsomeoneinyourworkplace,youmaytrystaytight-lippedaroundthem.Butyouwon'tbehelpingeitheroneofyou.AHarvardBusinessSchoolstudyfoundthatobserversconsistentlyratedthosewhowerefrankaboutthemselvesmorehighly,whilethosewhohidlosttrustworthiness.Thelessonisnotthatyoushouldmakeyourpersonallifeanopenbook,butrather,whengiventheoptiontoofferupdetailsaboutyourselforpainstakinglyconcealthem,youshouldjustbehonest.42._____Justasimportantasbeinghonestaboutyourselfisbeingreceptivetoothers.Weoftenfeeltheneedtotellothershowwefeel,whetherit'saconcernaboutaproject,astraythought,oracompliment.Thoseareallvalid,butyouneedtotaketimetohearoutyourcoworkers,too.Infact,rushingtogetyourownideasouttherecancausecolleaguestofeelyoudon'tvaluetheiropinions.Doyourbesttoengagecoworkersinagenuine,back-and-forthconversation,ratherthanprioritizingyourownthoughts.43._____It'scommontohavea“cubiclemate"orspecialconfidantinaworksetting.Butinadditiontothosetrustedcoworkers,youshouldexpandyourhorizonsandfindoutaboutallthepeoplearoundyou.Useyourlunchandcoffeebreakstomeetupwithcolleaguesyoudon'talwayssee.Findoutabouttheirlivesandinterestsbeyondthejob.Itrequiresminimaleffortandgoesalongway.Thiswillhelptogrowyourinternalnetwork,inadditiontobeinganicebreakintheworkday.44._____Positivefeedbackisimportantforanyonetohear.Andyoudon'thavetobesomeone'sbosstotellthemtheydidanexceptionaljobonaparticularproject.Thiswillhelpengendergoodwillinothers.Butdon'toverdoitorbefakeaboutit.Onestudyfoundthatpeoplerespondedbesttocommentsthatshiftedfromnegativetopositive,possiblybecauseitsuggestedtheyhadwonsomebodyover.45.