2015年全国入学统一考试英语试题与答案解析

2015年入学统一考试英语（一）试SectionIUseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas“related”ascousins,sharingabout1%ofgenes.Thatis_1_astudy,publishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYaleUniversityintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has2_.Thestudyisagenome-wideysisconducted_31,932uniquesubjectswhich4pairsofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth_5_.While1%mayseem_6_,itisnotsotoageneticist.AsJamesFowler,professorofmedicalgeneticsatUCSanDiego,says,“Mostpeopledonoteven_7_theircousinsbutsomehowmanagetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho_8_ourThestudy_9_foundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnotgenesforimmunity.Whythissimilarityexistsinsmellgenesisdifficulttoexin,fornow,_10_,astheteamsuggests,itdrawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismore_11_it.Therecouldbemanymechanismsworkingtogetherthat_12_usinchoosinggeneticallysimilarfriends_13_”functionalKinship”ofbeingfriendswith_14_!Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthesimilargenesseemtobeevolution_15_thanothergenesStudyingthiscouldhelp_16_whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingaThefindingsdonotsimplyexinpeople’s_18_tobefriendthoseofsimilar_19_backgrounds,saytheresearchers.andstrangers,weretakenfromthesamepopulation. A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D.10.A.B.C.D.11.A.B.C.D.12.A.B.C.D.13.A.accordingB.ratherC.regardlessD.along14.A.B.C.D.15.A.B.C.D.16.A.B.C.D.17.A.B.C.D.18.A.B.C.D.19.A.B.C.D.20.A.B.C. SectionⅡReading

PartReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsisted“kingsdon’tabdicate,theydareintheirsleep.”ButembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuro-electionshavedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.So,doestheSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchyisseeingitslastdays?DoesthatmeanthewritingisonthewallforallEuropeanroyals,withtheirmagnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyle?TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.Whenpublicopinionisparticularlypolarised,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFrancoregime,monarchscanriseabove“mere”politicsand“embody”aspiritofnationalItisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexinsmonarchs’continuingpopularitypolarized.Andalso,theMiddleEastexcepted,Europeisthemostmonarch-infestedregionintheworld,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCityandAndorra).ButunliketheirabsolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,theirveryhistory—andsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday–embodiesoutdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandothereconomistsarewarningofrisinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocraticstates.Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.Princesandprincesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).Evenso,thesearewealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.WhileEurope’smonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtosurviveforsometimetocome,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspthemonarchy’sreputationwithherratherordinary(ifwell-heeled)grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstandthatmonarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaservice–asnon-controversialandnon-politicalheadsofstate.CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,notrepublicans,whoarethemonarchy’sworstenemies.AccordingtothefirsttwoParagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofusedturnenjoyhighpublicwasunpopularamongEuropeancasedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals[D]endedhisreigninembarrassmentMonarchsarekeptasheadsofstateinEuropeowingtotheirundoubtedandrespectabletoachieveabalancebetweentraditionandtogivevotermorepublicfigurestolookupto[D]duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodimentWhichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraphAristocrats’excessiverelianceoninheritedTheroleofthenobilityinmodernThesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies[D]Thenobility’sadherencetotheirprivilegesTheBritishroyals“havemosttofear”becausetakesaroughlineonpoliticalfailstochangehislifestyleastakesrepublicansashispotentialfailstoadapthimselftohisfutureWhichofthefollowingisthebesttitleoftheCarlos,GloryandDisgraceCharles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheCarlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanCharles,SlowtoReacttotheComingJusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?TheSupremeCourtwillnowconsiderwhethercansearchthecontentsofaphonewithoutawarrantifthephoneisonorarounda duringanarrest.Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweerulingparticularlyonethatupsetstheoldassumptionthatmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsatthetimeoftheirarrest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewandrapidlychanging.ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCalifornia’sadvice.Enoughoftheimplicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,sothatthejusticescanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinesto,lawyersanddefendants.TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia’slameargumentthatexploringthecontentsofasmartphone—avaststorehouseofdigitalinformation—issimilarto,say,riflingthrougha’spurse.Thecourthasruledthatdon’tviolatetheAmendmentwhentheysiftthroughthewalletorpocketbookofanarresteewithoutawarrant.Butexploringone’ssmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.Asmartphonemaycontainanarrestee’sreadinghistory,financialhistory,medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.Thedevelopmentof“cloudcomputing,”meanwhile,hasmadethatexplorationsomuchtheeasier.Americansshouldtakestepstoprotecttheirdigitalprivacy.Butkeesensitiveinformationonthesedevicesisincreasinglyarequirementofnormallife.CitizensstillhavearighttoexpectprivatestoremainprivateandprotectedbytheConstitution’sprohibitiononunreasonablesearches.Assooftenisthecase,statingthatprincipledoesn’teasethechallengeofline-drawing.Inmanycases,itwouldnotbeoverlyonerousfortoobtainawarranttosearchthroughphonecontents.TheycouldstillinvalidateAmendmentprotectionswhenfacingsevere,urgentcircumstances,andtheycouldtakereasonablemeasurestoensurethatphonedataarenoterasedoralteredwhileawarrantispending.Thecourt,though,maywanttoallowroomfortocitesituationswheretheyareentitledtomoredom.applicationsoftheConstitution’sprotections.OrinKerr,alawprofessor,comparestheexplosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcenturywiththeestablishmentofautouseasavirtualnecessityoflifeinthe20th:Thejusticeshadtospecifynovelrulesforthenewalofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortouthowtheAmendmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.TheSupremeCourtwillworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itislegitimatepreventsfromdeletingtheirphonesearchfors’phoneswithoutachecks’phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized.[D]prohibitsfromusingtheirphones.Theauthor’sattitudetowardCalifornia’sargumentisoneTheauthorbelievesthatexploringone’sphonecontentsiscomparablegettingintoone’shandlingone’shistoricalscanningone’sgoingthroughone’sInParagraph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernprinciplesarehardtobeclearlythecourtisgivinglessroomforcitizens’privacyisnoteffectivelyphonesareusedtostoresensitiveOrinKerr’scomparisonisquotedtoindicatetheConstitutionshouldbeimplementednewtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution.[C]California’sargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution.[D]principlesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbeThejournalScienceisaddinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoitspeer-reviewprocess,editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNuttannouncedtoday.Thefollowssimilareffortsfromotherjournals,afterwidespreadconcernthatbasicmistakesindataysisarecontributingtotheirreproducibilityofmanypublishedresearchfindings.“Readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinourjournal,”writesMcNuttinaneditorial.WorkingwithManuscriptwillbeflaggedupforadditionalscrutinybythejournal’sinternaleditors,orbyitsexistingBoardofReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerreviewers.TheSBoREpanelwillthenfindexternalstatisticianstoreviewthesemanuscripts.Askedwhetheranyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,McNuttsaid:“Thecreationofthe‘statisticsboard’wasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththeapplicationofstatisticsanddataysisinscientificresearchandispartofScience’soveralldrivetoincreasereproducibilityintheresearchwepublish.”GiovanniParmigiani,abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,amemberoftheSBoREgroup.Hesaysheexpectstheboardto“yprimarilyanadvisoryrole.”Heagreedtojoinbecausehe“foundtheforesightbehindtheestablishmentoftheSBoREtobenovel,uniqueandlikelytohavealastingimpact.ThisimpactwillnotonlybethroughthepublicationsinScienceitself,buthopefullythroughalargergroupofpublishingcesthatmaywanttomodeltheirapproachafterScience.”JohnIoannidis,aphysicianwhostudiesresearchmethodology,saysthattheis“amost estepforward”and“longoverdue.”“Mostjournalsareweakinstatisticalreview,andthisdamagesthequalityofwhattheypublish.Ithinkthat,forthemajorityofscientificpapersnowadays,statisticalreviewismoreessentialthanexpertreview,”hesays.ButhenotedthatbiomedicaljournalssuchasAnnalsofInternalMedicine,theJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationandTheLancetpaystrongattentiontostatisticalreview.Professionalscientistsareexpectedtoknowhowtoyzedata,butstatisticalerrorsarealarminglycommoninpublishedresearch,accordingtoDavidVaux,acellbiologist.Researchersshouldimprovetheirstandards,hewrotein2012,butjournalsshouldalsotakeatougherline,“engagingreviewerswhoarestatisticallyliteandeditorswhocanverifytheprocess”.VauxsaysthatScience’sideatopasssomepaperstostatisticians“hassomemerit,butaweaknessisthatitreliesontheboardofreviewingeditorstoidentify‘thepapersthatneedscrutiny’inthefirstce”.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph1Scienceintendstosimplifytheirpeer-reviewjournalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalfewjournalsareblamedformistakesindatalackofdataysisiscommoninresearchThephrase“flaggedup”(Para.2)istheclosestinmeaningGiovanniParmigianibelievesthattheestablishmentoftheSBoREposeathreattoallitsmeetwithstrongsetanexampleforotherDavidVauxholdsthatwhatScienceisngaddstoresearchers’diminishestheroleofhasroomforfurtherimprovement.[D]istofailintheforeseeablefutureWhichofthefollowingisthebesttitleoftheScienceJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsinProfessionalStatisticiansDeserveMoreDataysisFindsItsWayontoEditors’StatisticiansAreComingBackwithTwoyearsago,RupertMurdoch’sdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeofthe“unsettlingdearthofintegrityacrosssomanyofourinstitutions”Integrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofacollectiveacceptancethattheonly“sortingmechanism”insocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarket.But“it’sus,humanbeings,wethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit”.Drivingherpointhome,she :“It’sincreasinglyapparentthattheabsenceofpurpose,ofamorallanguagewithinernment,mediaorbusinesscould eoneofthemostdangerousfoalsforcapitalismanddom.”ThissameabsenceofmoralpurposewaswoundingcompaniessuchasNewsInternational,shieldthought,makingitmorelikelythatitwouldloseitswayasithadwithwidespreadillegalephonehacking.Asthehackingtrialconcludes–findingguiltyones-editoroftheNewsoftheWorld,AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindinghispredecessor,RebekahBrooks,innocentofthesamecharge–thewinderissueofdearthofscale,aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsoftheWorldin2001tobethepointforphonehacking.Othersawaittrial.Thislongstorystillunfolds.Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuchwidespreadphonehackingbutthetermsonwhichthetrialtookce.OneoftheastonishingrevelationswashowlittleRebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,wowlittleshethoughttoaskandthefactthatsheneverinquiredwowthestoriesarrived.Thecoreofhersuccessfuldefencewasthatsheknewnothing.Intoday’sworld,titlehas enormalthatwell—paidexecutivesshouldnotbeaccountableforwhathappensintheorganizationsthattheyrunperhapsweshouldnotbesosurprised.Forageneration,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismofsocietyshouldbeprofit.Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,flexibility,shareholdervalue,business–friendly,wealthgeneration,sales,impactand,innewspapers,circulation.Wordsdegradedtothemarginhavebeenjusticefairness,tolerance,proportionalityandaccountability.ThepurposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereaderunderstandingtobefairinwhatwaswrittenortobetrayanycommonhumanity.Itwastoruinlivesinthequestforcirculationandimpact.MsBrooksmayormaynothavehadsuspicionsabouthowherjournalistsgottheirstories,butsheaskednoquestions,gavenoinstructions—norreceivedtraceable,recordedanswers.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,Elisabethwasupsettheconsequencesofthecurrentsortingcompanies’financiallossduetoimmoralernmentalineffectivenessonmoralthewidemisuseofintegrityamongItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3GlemMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasamorejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphoneAndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentofthephonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainTheauthorbelievestheRebekahBooks’srevealedacunningcenteredontrivialwashardlywaspartofaTheauthorholdsthatthecurrentcollectivedoctrinegenerallydistortedunfairwealthamarginalizedarigidmoralWhichofthefollowingissuggestedinthelastThequalityofwritingisofprimaryCommonhumanityiscentralnewsMoralawarenessmattersinexcitingaJournalistsneedstricterindustrialPartInthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Arewestudyingthattextandtryingtorespondinawaythatfulfilstherequirementofagivencourse?Readingitsimplyforpleasure?Skimmingitforinformation?Waysofreadingonatrainorinbedarelikelytodifferconsiderablyfromreadinginaseminarroom.Factorssuchastheceandperiodinwhichwearereading,ourgenderethnicity,ageandsocialclasswillencourageustowardscertaininterpretationbutatthesametimeobscureorevencloseoffothers.Ifyouareunfamiliarwithwordsoridioms,youguessattheirmeaning,usingcluespresentedinthecontest.Ontheassumptionthattheywill erelevantlater,youmakeamentalnoteofdiscourseentitiesaswellaspossiblelinksbetweenthem.Ineffect,youtrytoreconstructthelikelymeaningsoreffectsthatanygivensentence,imageorreferencemighthavehad:Thesemightbetheonestheauthorintended.Youmakefurtherinferences,forinstance,abouthowthetestmaybesignificanttoyou,oraboutitsvalidity—inferencesthatformthebasisofa alresponseforwhichtheauthorwillinevitablybefarlessresponsible.[F]Inys，novelsandnarrativepoems,charactersspeakasconstructscreatedbytheauthor,notnecessarilyasmouthpiecesfortheauthor’sownthoughts.[G]Rather,weascribemeaningstotestonthebasisofinctionbetweenwhatwemightcalltextualandcontextualmaterial:betweenkindsoforganizationorpatterningweperceiveinatext’sformalstructures(soespeciallyitslanguagestructures)andvariouskindsofbackground,socialknowledge,beliefandattitudethatwebringtothetext.Howdoesyourreadingproceed?Clearlyyoutrytocomprehend,inthesenseofidentifyingmeaningsforindividualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetweenthem,drawingonyourexplicitknowledgeofEnglishgrr(41) begintoinferacontextforthetext,forinstance,bymakingdecisionsaboutwhatkindofspeecheventisinvolved:whoismakingtheutnce,towhom,whenandwhere.Thewaysofreadingindicatedherearewithoutdoubtkindsofofcomprehension.Buttheyshowcomprehensiontoconsistnotjustpassiveassimilationbutofactiveengagementinferenceandproblem-solving.Youinferinformationyoufeelthewriterhasinvitedyoutograspbypresentingyouwithspecificevidenceandcues(42) Conceivedinthisway,comprehensionwillnotfollowexactlythesametrackforeachreader.Whatisinquestionisnottheretrievalofanabsolute,fixedor“true”meaningthatcanbereadoffandclockedforaccuracy,orsometimelessrelationofthetexttotheworld.(43) Suchbackgroundmaterialinevitablyreflectswhoweare,(44) Thisdoesn’t,however,makeinterpretationmerelyrelativeorevenpointless.Preciselybecausereadersfromdifferenthistoricalperiods,cesandsocialexperiencesproducedifferentbutoverlapreadingsofthesamewordsontheincludingfortextsthatengagewithfundamentalhumanconcerns-debatesabouttextscanyanimportantroleinsocialdiscussionofbeliefsandvalues.Howwereadagiventextalsodependstosomeextentonourparticularinterestinreadingit.(45) dimensionsofreadsuggest-asothersintroducedlaterinthebookwillalsodo-thatwebringanimplicit(oftenunacknowledged)agendatoanyactofreading.Itdoesn’tthennecessarilyfollowthatonekindofreadingisfuller,moreadvancedormoreworthwhilethananother.Ideally,differentkindsofreadinginformeachother,andactasusefulreferencepointsforandcounterbalancestooneanother.Together,theymakeupthereadingcomponentofyouroverallli cyorrelationshiptoyoursurroundingtextualenvironment.Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Withinthespanofahundredyears,intheseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturies,atideofemigration-oneofthegreatfolkwanderingsofhistory-sweptfromEuropetoAmerica.46)Thismovement,drivenbypowerfulmotivations,builtanationoutofawildernessand,byitsnature,shapedthecharacteranddestinyofanunchartedcontinent.47)TheUnitedStatesistheproductoftwoprincipals-theimmigrationofEuropeanpeopleswiththeirvariedideas,customs,andnationalcharacteristicsandtheimpactofanewcountrywhichmodifiedthesetraits.Ofnecessity,colonialAmericawasaprojectionofEurope.AcrosstheAtlanticcamesuccessivegroupsofEnglishmen,Frenen,Germans,Scots,Irishmen,Duten,Swedes,andmanyotherswhoattemptedtotransnttheirhabitsandtraditionstothenewworld.48)Butthe ofgeographicconditionspeculiartoAmerica,theinteryofthevariednationalgroupsupononeanother,andthesheerdifficultyofmaintainingold-worldwaysinaraw,newcontinentcausedsignificantchanges.Thesechangesweregradualandatfirstscarcelyvisible.Buttheresultwasanewsocialpatternwhich,althoughitresembledEuropeansocietyinmanyways,hadacharacterthatwasdistinctlyAmerican.49)ThefirstshiploadsofimmigrantsboundfortheterritorywhichisnowtheUnitedStatescrossedtheAtlanticmorethanahundredyearsafterthefifteenth-andsixteenth-centuryexplorationsofNorthAmerica.Intheme,thrivingSpanishcolonieshadbeenestablishedinMexico,theWestIndies,andSouthAmerica.ThesetravelerstoNorthAmericacameinsmall,unmercifullyovercrowdedcraft.Duringtheirsix-totwelve-weekvoyage,theysubsistedonmeagerrations.Manyoftheshipswerelostinstorms,manypassengersdiedofdisease,andinfantsrarelysurvivedthejourney.Sometimestempestsblewthevesselsfarofftheircourse,andoftencalmbroughtinterminabledelay.TotheanxioustravelersthesightoftheAmericanshorebroughtalmostinexpressiblerelief.Saidonechronicler,"Theairattwelveleagues'distancesmeltassweetasanew-blowngarden."Thecolonists'firstglimpseofthenewlandwasavistaofdensewoods.50)Thevirginwithitsrichnessandvarietyoftreeswasarealtreasure-housewhichextendedfromMaineallthewaydowntoGeorgia.Herewasabundantfuelandlumber.Herewastherawmaterialofhousesandfurniture,shipsandpotash,dyesandnavalstores.Section PartYouaregoingtohostaclubreadingsession.Writeanofabout100words mendingabooktotheclubYoushouldstatereasonsforyour YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)PartWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoudescribethedrawingexinitsintendedmeaning,giveyourYoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET.(202015年入学统一考试英语（一）答案解SectionIUseof[D][考点分析]本题逻辑关因此，该题的答案为what。[标准答案][B]concluded[考点分析]上下文语义[选项分析]从此题所在的句子的前后内容可以判断出，thatis 中的that是指第一句话的内容(朋友与我们上的相关性)，很显然是研究得出的结论。因此，答案为concluded。C[选项分析]根据空格所在句子的内容(研究对1932分独特的受试者进行分析)判断出进行分析的对象是1932uniquesubjects。conduct ysison…是固定表达。[标准答案][A]compared[考点分析]上下文语义[选项分析]该空格所在的句子是which引导的定语从句修饰study,意思是对几对不相关的朋友和陌生人进 朋友和陌生人进行比较。所以最佳答案为compared。Csamples考点分析]上下文语义 samples(样例).因此，答案是samples。6[A][选项分析]空的语境为：尽管这1%看起来似乎 关系，而从后文列举的例子中可知遗传学家JamesFowler对这1%的态度是肯定的，故答案为A。[D][选项分析]空的语境为：大多数人甚至不 友。填入的词必须满足前后句之间的转折逻辑关系，四个选项带入，只有D选项符合上下文语义。[A][选项分析]空的语境为：大多数人甚至不认识他们隔三代的表亲，但却设法选择那些 友。根据全文中心：上的相似性，可知本题选择A。[B][选项分析]空所在的句子开头用“Thestudy…”,显然这是对上文话题的继续阐述，前文研究发现朋友与我们有1%的关系，而空所在句“thegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriends”在进一步详细讨论该话题，前后之间是顺接关系，故答案为B。10[D]空前的句子谈到“为什么在嗅觉方面存在相似性还很难解释”，空后却紧接着对此得出一个相关结论，很明显是的，所以此结论只能是一种不确定的推测，故答案为D。11[B][选项分析]该题为介词选择题后半句出现 用介词to。该句翻译：它(这种相似性)吸引我们到相同的环境，并且使我们更为相似。因此答案为to。12.[A][选项分析]该句意思为：很多机制共同作用，从而我们选择相似的朋友，和交朋友的“功能关系”。根据上下文可知，此处所填入动词需符合结构sb.inngsth，BobserveCconfuse(困惑)均无此用法。符合该结构只有A选项drive(驱使)和D选项limit(限制)。根据上下文可得知：这些机制驱使我们选择相似的朋友，符合文章。如果选限制则为反向干扰。因此答案为drive。13．[标准答案][B]ratherthan[选项分析]所填词为逻辑关系短语，空前说选择相似的朋友，空后说具有“实用关系”的朋友，可知前后为对立关系，并且根据文章Bratherthan。Aaccordingto(根据)没有体现出对立及取舍关系，因此排除;Cregardlessof(不管)表让步关系，干扰性较强，但文章更强调取前舍后，因此排除;D选项alongwith(伴随)表顺接，故排除。故答案为ratherthan。14[D]functionalkinship(DbenefitsAchances(机会)、B选项responses(反应)、C选项missions(使命)均不符合题意。故答案为benefits。[C][选项分析]该句为：evolving thanothergenes(比其他进化得 ).根据同词复现，我们找到该段第二句话中：humanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000years(人类进化在过去30000提速)。C选项faster与下文pickedpace(加速)形成呼应，故答案为faster。Cunderstand[考点分析]语法[选项分析]此题考查动词。根据语意。空格后面是一个why得以加速的原因”，表示这一研究的结果和意义。能与这一宾语从句构成搭配的只有C选项understand。A选项forecast“预测”与“过去三万年”相，B选项remember“记住”和D选项“express”均不符合文意。[B]help，pickpace都是积极的含义，因此此处需要填入一个带有褒义的感彩的词，因此排除A选项“不可预测的”和D选项“破坏性的”;B而C选项“可控的”,与语意无关;因此正确答案为B选项contributory“促进的”。[D][选项分析]此处进一步陈述这一研究的结论。A选项endeavor“努力”，B选项“决定”，C选项“安排”，D因此正确答案为D。[C][考点分析]动词固定搭配[选项分析]结合文意，人们普遍希望和有相似背景的人。C选项ethnic意为“种族的，民族的”，是对上genesthesamepopulationC。Apolitical“政治的”，B选项“的”，D选项“经济的”均不符合原文文意。[A][选项分析]上下文语义[考点分析]此处动词，动词势必要看前后搭配。seethat构成固定词组，意为“务必使……”，符合文意，选项B“展示”,选项C“证明”，选项D“辨别”均无此含义，且不符合文意。SectionⅡReadingPart答案[D]endedhisreignin解析：事实细节题。根据题干要求，定位到文章前两段。而文章第一段的第二句话提到“ButembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuro-electionshave dhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.”(在最近的欧洲中，令人尴尬的 ，均迫使Carlos收回前言并)。D选项中，“standdown”是“endreign”的同义置换，且“embarrassment”与导致Carlos卸任的原因“embarrassingscandals”是相呼应的。故D是正确答案。A、B、C均属于无中生有。答案[A]owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectable “monarchs”和“headsofstate”，定位到第三段的最后一句话“...mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectedpublic“non-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure”AundoubtedandrespectablestatusA答案[B]Theroleofthenobilityinmodern解析：事实细节题。定位在第四段的最后一句话“...itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocraticstates.”(离奇的是，富有的竟然仍是现代国家的象征)其中，thesymbolicheartofmoderndemocraticstates是题干theroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracies的同义置换。答案[D]failstoadapthimselftohisfuture解析：事实细节题。该题考查：英国们非常害怕是因为……。根据题干专有名词Charles可定位到文章第七段“thedangerwillcomewithCharles...worstenemies”。本段“自于，他生活奢靡，等级观念显著;并且他没有君王的幸存很大程度上取决于君王提供了公共服务，同时，并不知道， 人。”选项A意为：对待政治问题态度强硬，文章并无提及;选项B意为，对待建议的生活方式改变失败，文章中提到生活方式，但并未提到改变生活方式;选项C意为：视 人视为盟友，属于偷换概念，选项D意为：适应未来失败，文章的生活方式，世界观以及他对于君王制度的错误理解均为特殊的他的不正确言行，与选项D表述吻合，故为正确答案。答案[C]Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropean解析：主旨大意题。该题四个选项中哪个可作为文章最佳标题。文章从西班牙国王Carlos切入，主要讨论当下欧洲君王制度所存在的问题，并非讨论的，即可排除选项B“—继位焦虑”和D“—应对缓慢”，而选项A“—荣辱并存”和C“—欧洲君王们的前车之鉴”中，选项A属于细节信息，不能概括文章大意，选项C可概括，故为正确答案。另外，文章词Monarch只有在选项C中出现，也可作为迅速解题的依据。答案[C] s’phonecontentswithoutbeing解析：这是一道事实细节题，根据题干TheSupremeCourt回文定位到第一段的第二句话，“TheSupremeCourtwillnowconsiderwhether cansearchforthecontentsofa phonewithoutawarrantifthephoneisonorarounda duringanarrest”,一一比对选项，原文中的“ cansearchforthecontentsofa phonewithoutawarrant”与选项C“check s’phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized”是同义替换，其他选项均是无关选答案[A]解析：本题是观点态度题，作者的态度。根据题干 “California’sargument”，可以定位到文章第四段第一句“TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia’slameargument…”。由第四段第一句话中的“discard(抛弃)”和“lame(没有说服力的)”可以看出作者对于California’sargument是不支持的态度，因此选A。答案[A]gettingintoone’s theauthorbelieves和“exploringone’sphonecontentsiscomparableto”可回文定位到文章第四段第三句“Butexploringone’ssmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome”，选项A语义与之一致，其中，gettinginto与entering对应，one’sresidence与hisorherhome对应，故A选项为正确答案。Ccitizens’privacyisnoteffectivelyInparagraphs5and65段第一句话“Americansshouldtakestepstoprotecttheirprivacy.及第6段最后一句话 andtheycouldtakereasonablemeasures ，可推知作者的顾虑，因此答案为[A]theConstitutionshouldbeimplemented解析：这是一道例证题，根据题干OrinKerr可以回文定位到文章最后一段。作者 OrinKerr这个人以相关论点应该往前面找，即是第二句话，“New，disruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution’sprotection”,选项A与之同义替换，其中，beimplemented和applications对应，novel和flexibly对答案[B]journalsarestrengtheningtheirstatistical解析：推理题。根据题干直接定位到第一段。解题关键在于第二句The followssimilareffortsfromother 指第一句ThejournalScienceisaddinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoitspeer-reviewprocess,(《科学》把统计检查额外添加到它的评审过程中)，由此可直接推断出正确答案为[B]journalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks(各大期 正在加强统计数字检查)。选项[A]中simplify与原文语意不符，所以选项C、D属于无中生有。答案[C]Manuscriptwillbeflaggedupforadditionalscrutinybythejournal’sinternaleditors,(内部编辑将通过的来标记手稿)。文中运用代入法，把各选项代入句中替换，可知选项Cmarked(标记)为正确答