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Whereasothersocietieslooktothepastforguidance,wecastournetsforward（面向未来）Itisthebeliefinabrighterfuturethatgivesusoptimism.Eventhesedays,whennotallprogressseemspositive(nuclearweapons,airpollution,unemployment,etc.),thebeliefremainsthatforeveryproblemthereisarationalsolution.ThejoboftheparentsistogivethechildreneveryopportunitywhiletheyaregrowingupandthengetoutoftheirWhatdeferencepeopleinauthoritydocommandisbasedontheiractualpowersratherthanontheirage,wisdom,ordignity.Inasocietythatchangesasfastasours,experiencesimplydoesnothavethevaluethatitdoesintraditionalsocieties.Ithastakenalongtimetoconvincethepublicthatenterprisedoesnotmeanthata shouldbetopollutetheair,foultherivers,anddestroythes.Theassemblylinereducedworkerstocogsofmachineryandmadetheirjobsunutblyboring,butitproducedgoodsfast.Foodisprepackagedandshopisim al,buttheefficiencyoftheoperationproduceslowerpricesandlessshoptime.AsanAmericanisalwaysstrivingtochangehislot,heneverfullyidentifieswithanyInAmerica,therearenosuchexpressionssuchasin where“thefatpiggetsslaughtered,”orinJapan,where“thenailthatsticksoutgetshammereddown.”ThisdomfromthegrouphasenabledtheAmericanto e“EconomicMan”-onedirectedalmostpurelybyprofitmotive, andunencumbered（不受阻碍的）byfamilyorcommunityobligations.Equippedwiththemoney,onecanacquirethetaste,style,andideasthatmarkeachclassandlaunchaquickascentofthesocialladder. sinstatussocietieswhoaresecureintheirniches（适当的位置）areallowedmorethanAmericans,whorelyheavilyonsignalsthatotherpeoplelikeWhenhalfthepopulationgoestocollege,onecannotexpectthecollegestomaintainthesamestandardsasincountrieswhereonlytheeliteattend. tofamily,noteveryAmericanisambitiousorpatriotic-orevenNoonecouldseriouslythinkthatanyonewhogrowsuppoor,livesinabadneighborhood,andattendsaninferiorschoolhasanopportunityequaltothatofsomeonemorefavored.Americansmaynothaveachievedequality,butatleasttheyaspiretoit,whichismorethanmanyothernationscanInmanycountries,whenjobs eavailableforyoungpeopleindistantcities,whenevisionbeginstodominatehomelife,whenready-madefoodsappearinthemarkets,thecultureappearsmore“American”-althoughtheresemblancecouldbeentirelysuperficial.Someonewholooksaroundordownappearsshifty（不可靠的）toAmericansalthoughinfactonedoesn’tcontinuouslyatthe ,butglanceselsewhereeveryfewWhenthedemandforsomethingisgreaterthanitssupply,producersandrswillsensethepossibilityofmakingaprofit-theexcessofrevenuesoverexpensesistheprofit.Asthecaseillustrates,competitiontakesfourgeneralformspurecompetitionmonopolymonopolisticcompetition,andoligopoly（少数制造商对市场的控制）.Theclassicexampleofpurecompetitionoccurswithacommodity,likewheatorcorn,thathassomanyproducersthatnooneofthemcancontrolitssellingprice.Amonopolyoccurswhenone aloneoffersaparticularfoodorserviceandthereforecontrolsthemarketandpriceforit.Privaterestaurantsservegourmetfoodfor$70per incentivesboostedagriculturalproduction25percentandindustrialoutput80percentinjustthreeyears;farmersareencouragedtoraiseasmuchastheycanontheirownplots,andsome ealmostrichintheprocess.（注意本句中分号的使用）Allthesechangesin’seconomiclifehavebroughtchangesin’ssocialandculturallifeaswell,manywhichIfproductivitymeasurestheefficiencyofaneconomy,ameasureofwhataneconomicsystemproducesisitsgrossnationalproduct(GNP),whichisthecurrentmarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesthatanationproduceswithinaparticularperiod.Currentwisdomsaysthat（当前流行的看法认为）ifyouwantasuccessfulproduct,youneedfirsttodetailedmarket ysis,makingsurethatthereareplentyofpeoplewhoneedthenewproductandthatyourentryintothemarketwillbeabletogainasignificantshareofthatmarket.Startedattheturnofthecentury,3M(agiantAmerican )hasbeengrowingatahealthyrateofabout10percentayearanditboastsofhaving45,000productsonthemarket.AnentrepreneurissomeonelikeTomMonaghan,themanwhoafterbrusheswithbankruptcyturnedDomino’sPizzaintothenation’sfastest-growingfranchisechain.Theextenttowhichthebroadcastmediashouldbecensoredforoffensivelanguageandbehaviorinvolvesabetweenourrightasindividualsto lyexpressourselvesandthedutyofernmenttoprotectitscitizenryfrompotentialharm.Althoughwemaynothaveconclusivescientificevidenceofacause-effectrelationship,ampleanecdotalevidenceestablishesasignificantcorrelation.Moreover,bothcommonsenseandourexperienceswithchildreninformusthatpeopletendtomimicthelanguageandbehaviortheyareexposedto.Thosewhoadvocateunbridledindividualexpressionmightpointoutthattherightof speechisintrinsictoademocracyandnecessarytoitssurvival.Insum,itisinourbestinterestasasocietyfortheernmenttocensorbroadcastmediaforobsceneandoffensivelanguageandbehavior.Whileindividualshaveprimaryresponsibilityforlearningnewskillsandfindingwork,bothindustryandernmenthavesomeobligationtoprovidethemwiththemeansof ngso.Thesuggestedreasonforbuyingthecarisobvious:itistheinligentchoice.（注意冒号的使用Inconclusion,IagreethatappealstoemotionaremorepowerfultoolsthanargumentsandreasoningforpromotingAdvertisingisobviouslythemostinfluentialartforminthiscentury;itis,therefore,temptingtothinkthatitisthemostimportant.Thelessonhereisthatadvertising,initself,probablywillnotachieveasgreatimportanceasRequiringbusinessestoprovidecompleteproductinformationtocustomerspromotesvariousconsumerinterests,butatthesametimeimposesburdensonbusinesses,ernment,andtaxpayer.WhileIdoubtthatbuildingsdetermineourcharacterorbasic alitytraits,Iarguethattheycangreatlyinfluenceourattitudes,moods,andevenlifestyles.Numerouspsychologicalstudiesshowthatdifferentcolorsinfluencebehavior,attitudes,andemotionsindistinctlydifferentways.Womendifferfundamentallyfrommeninchildbearingability;relatedtothisabilityisthematernalinstinct-adesiretonurture-thatisfarstrongerforwomenthanformen,generallyspeaking.Inconsumer-drivenindustries,innovation,productdifferentiation,andcreativityarecrucialtolastingsuccess.Andintechnology,whentherearenoconventionalpracticesorwaysofthinkingtobeginwith,companiesthatfailtobreakawayfromlastyear’sparadigmaresoonleftbehindbythecompetition.Whetheranindividualsavestoolittleorborrowstoomuchdependsonthepurposeandextentofeitheractivity.Theevidencesuggeststhat,onbalance,peopletodaytendtoconcernthemselveswithonlypracticalmattersthatarerelatedtotheirlife.Traditionally,savingisviewedasavirtue,whileborrowingisconsideredasavice.However,justtheoppositemaybetrueundercertaincircumstances.Themerefactthatticketsalesinrecentyearsforscreeny-basedmovieshaveexceededthoseforbook-basedmoviesisinsufficientevidencetoconcludethatwritingscreenysnowprovidesgreaterfinancialopportunityforItispossiblethatfeespaidbymoviestudiosforscreenyswilldecreaseinthefuturerelativetothoseforbookTheargumentfailstoruleoutthepossibilitythatawriterengageinbothtypesofwritingaswellasotherInanyevent,theadvertisementprovidesnojustificationforthemutuallyexclusivechoicethatitimposesontheTheargumentsimplyequatessuccesswithmovieticketsales,whichisTheauthorassumesthatphysicalcapabilitiesaretheonlyattributesnecessarytooperateamotorvehicle.Moreover,theauthorprovidesnoevidencethattherealismofcolorphotographyisthereasonforitspredominance.Thisassumptionpresentsafalsedilemma,sincethetwomediaarenotnecessarilymutuallyexclusivealternatives.Commonsense lsusthataphotographercansucceedbyworkinginbothmedia.Theargumentignoresthefactors-suchasinitiative,creativity,technicalskills,andbusinessjudgment-thatmaybemoreimportantthanthechoiceofmediumindeterminingsuccessinphotography.ThemajorproblemwiththeargumentisthatthestatedsimilaritiesbetweenAandBareinsufficienttosupporttheconclusionthatAwillsufferafatesimilartoB’s.Consequently,themerefactthatAholdsalargeshareofthe -gamehardwareandsoftwaremarketdoesnotsupporttheclaimthatAwillalsofail.Thus,theauthorunfairlyassumesthathighly-rated evisionprogramsarenecessarilywidelyviewed,Whilethismaybetrueinsomecases,itisequallypossiblethatonlycompanieswithproductsthatarealready-sellerscanaffordthehigheradratesthatpopularshowsAdmittedly,thevice’sreasoninglinkingemployeebenefitswith profitsseemsreasonableontheOnecaninferfromthesurvey’sresultsthatafullone-thirdoftherespondentsmayhaveviewedthecurrentbenefitspackageunfavorably.Lackingmorespecificinformationabouthowtheseotheremployeesresponded,itisimpossibletoassessthereliabilityofthesurvey’sresultsortomakeaninformed Itisunlikelythatthebriefone-weekperiodsundercomparisonarerepresentativeoflongertimeIfso,eventhough3percentmoreaccidentsoccurredafterthechange,theauthor’sargumentthatchangingthespeedlimitincreasesdangerfordriverswouldbeseriouslyweakened.TheeditorialfailstotakeintoaccountpossibledifferencesbetweenEastandWestCambriathatarerelevanttohowdriversreacttospeed-limitchanges.Inaddition,whileitistruethatmanyvoterschangetheirmindsseveraltimesbeforevoting,andthatsomeremainundecideduntilenteringthevotingbooth,thisisnottrueofeveryone.Withoutknowingtheextentandnatureofthedamageresultingfromthebadpublicityorthereasonfortheviolation,wecannotaccepttheauthor’sconclusion.Theauthor’sproposalisinconsistentwiththeauthor’sconclusionabouttheconsequencesofadoptinganethicscode.Tobeginwith,theauthorfailstoconsiderhealththreatsposedbyincineratingtrash.Theauthor’sconclusionthatswitchingtoincinerationwouldbemoresalutaryforpublichealthwouldbeseriouslyHowever,thisisnotnecessarilytheTheauthor’simplicitclaimthatincineratorsareeconomicallyadvantageoustolandfillsispoorlysupported.Consequently,unlesstheauthorcandemonstratethatthecitywillincurexpensesthatarenotcoveredbytheincreasedrevenuesfromtheseprojects,theauthor’sconcernabouttheseissuesisunfounded.Firstofall,whileassertingthatreal esarerising,theauthorprovidesnoevidencetosupportthisassertion.Butnoevidenceisprovidedtoshowthatthisexnationiscorrect.Moreover,theauthorfailstoconsiderandruleoutotherfactorsthatmightaccountforproportionaldecreasesinspendingonfood.Theauthorignoresotherlikelybenefitsofagriculturaltechnologythataffectfoodpiecesonlyindirectlyornotatall.Inthefirstce,agreatdealofempiricalevidenceshowsthatsequelsareoftennotasprofitableastheoriginalHowever,unlesstheoriginalcastandproductionteamareinvolvedinmakingthesequel,thereisagoodchanceitwillnotbefinanciallysuccessful.Sincethedifficultiesinherentinthisprocessmakeithardtopredictwhethertheresultwillbeasuccessorafailure,theconclusionthatthesequelwillbeprofitableispresumptuous（武断的）Thisassumptionoverlooksothercriteriafordeterminingabridge’simportance-suchasthenumberofcommutersusingthebridge,theroleofthebridgeinlocalemergenciesanddisasters,andtheimpactthatbridgeclosurewouldhaveontheeconomiesofnearbycities.Withoutsuchevidence,wecannotaccepttheauthor’sconclusionthatnoernmentfundsshouldbedirectedtowardmaintainingtheStyxRiverbridge.Thefactthatthenearbycityhasaweakeningeconomydoesnotprovethatthecitywillnotcontributesignificantlytotaxrevenues.Substantiatingthisassumptionrequiresexaminingtheproperdutyof Accordingly,thisassumptionissimplyanunprovenclaim.Theauthorispresentingafalsedilemmabyimposinganeither-orchoicebetweentwocoursesofactionthatneednotbemutuallyexclusive.ItisequallypossiblethatlegislatorscanaddressbothareasofconcernTheargumentreliesontheassumptionthatthelegislatorsinquestion（所讨论的）havetheopportunitytoaddressurbancrimeproblems.Finally,theauthorunfairlytrivializestheseverityofruralcrimebysimplycomparingitwithurbancrime.Itispossiblethatthesalestrendinaparticularlocationisnotrepresentativeofsalesinotherregions.However,theauthorfailstoacknowledgeandruleoutotherpossiblecausesofsuchAthirdproblemwiththeargumentisthatthestatisticalevidenceuponwhichitreliesistoovaguetobeinformative.Ifthesubjectsforthestudywererandomlychosenandrepresentadiversecrosssectionofthepopulationofshampoousers,theresultswillbereliableregardlessofthenumberofparticipants.ExperiencealoneisfarfrombeingenoughtoguaranteeminimizedprocessingGiventhatOlympicFoodsdoesbenefitfromloweredprocessingcostsduetoitsyearsofexperience,thepredictionaboutumprofitsisstillinlakeofsolidground.Thearguermayberightabout…,butheseemstoneglect(fail)tomention(takeintoaccount)thatfactAsopposedto(Contraryto)widely(commonly/generally)held(accepted)belief(ideas/views),Ibelieve(argueAlthoughmanypeoplebelievethat…,Idoubt(wonder)whethertheargumentbearsmuch ysis(closeTheadvantagesofBoutweighanybenefitwegainedfrom(carrymoreweightthanthoseof/aremuchgreaterthan)Althoughitiscommonly(widely/generally)held(felt/accepted/agreed)that…,itisunlikelytobetruethat…Thereisanelementoftruthinthisargument(statement),butitignoresadeeperandmorebasic(important/essential)fact(reason)that…Itistruethat(True,/Tobesure,/Admittedly,)…,butthisisnottosay(itisunlikely/itdoesn’tfollow/itdoesn’tmean/itwon’tbethecase)that…Themain(obvious/great)problem(flaw/drawback)with(in)thisargument(view/remark)isthatitisignorantof(blindto)thebasic(bare)factthat…Itwouldbepossible(natural/reasonable)tothink(believe/taketheview)that…,butitwouldbeabsurd(wrong)toclaim(argue)that…Inallthediscussionanddebateover…,oneimportant(basic)factisgenerallyoverlooked(neglected).Thereisabsoluy(infact)no(every)reasonforustobelieve(accept/resist/reject)that…Logical(Valid/Sound)asthisargumentandIwholeheartedlyagreewithit,itappearsinsignificant(absurd)when…istakenintoconsideration(account).Toassume(suggest)that…isfarfrombeingproved(tomisstheAclose(careful)inspection(examination/scrutiny)ofthisargumentwouldrevealhowflimsy(groundless/fallacious)itis.Onthesurface(Atfirstthought),it(this)mayseemasound(anattractive)suggestion(solution/idea),butcarefulweighingonthemind(oncloserysis/onsecondthought),wefindthat…Toomuchemphasiscedon(attentionpaidto/importanceattachedto)…mayobscure(overlook/neglect)otherThedanger(problem/fact/truth/point)isWhatthearguerfailstounderstand(consider/mention)isWedon’thavetolookveryfartosee(findout)thetruth(validity)ofthisargument(proposition).Howeverjust(logical/sound/valid)thisargumentmaybe,itonlyskimsthesurfaceoftheproblem.Althoughthepopularbeliefisthat…,acurrent(new/recent)study(survey/poll/investigation)indicates(shows/demonstrates)that…Common lsusTheincrease(change/failure/success)in…mainly(largely/partly)resultsfrom(arisesfrom/isbecauseof)…Theincrease(change/failure/success)in…isdueto(owingto/attributableto)thefactthat…ManypeoplewouldclaimOnemayattribute(ascribe/owe)theincrease(decrease/change)to…,but…isnotbyitselfanadequateOneofthereasonsgivenfor…isthat…Whatisalsoworthnoticingisthat…Therearemany(different/several/anumberof/avarietyof)causes(reasons)forthisdramatic(marked/significant)growth(change/decline/increase)in..First,…Second,…Finally,…ThereisnoevidencetosuggestWhyare(is/do/did)…?Foronething,…Foranother,…AnotherreasonwhyIdisputetheabovestatementisthat…Itgivesriseto(leadto/bring/create)ahostofproblemsTherearenumerousreasonswhy…,andIshallhereexploreonlyafewofthemostimportantItwillexert(have/produce)profound(far-reaching/remarkable/considerable/beneficial/favorable//disastrous)effect(influence)Amultitudeoffactorscouldaccountfor(contributeto/leadto/resultin/influence)thechange(increase//success/failure/development)In1999,itincreased(rose/jumped/shotup)from5to10percentofthetotal(to15percent/by15percent).Bycomparisonwith1998,itdecreased(dropped/fell)from10to5percent(to15percent/by15percent).Itaccountfor15percentofthetotal.Therewere100trafficaccidentsinApril,andincreaseof5percentinafive-monthBy1999,only(lessthan/morethan/almost/about/over/asmanyas)threequarters(40percentof/oneoutoffive/oneinfour)collegepopulation(graduates/housewives)asagainst(ascomparedwith)lastyear(1998)preferredto(liked)…Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove(Takingintoaccountallthesefactors/Judgingfromallevidenceoffered),wemaysafelydraw(reach/cometo/arriveat)theconclusionthat…Alltheevidence /just)conclusionthatItishightimethatwece(lay/put)great(special/considerable)emphasisontheimprovement(development/increase/promotion)of…Itishightimethatweputanendtothedeep-seated(unhealthy/undesirable/deplorable)situation(tendency/phenomenon)of…Wemustlook(search/all/cry)foranimmediateaction(method/measure),becausethepresent(current)situation(phenomenon/tendency/state/atti