《出师表》中英文对照

《出师表》中英文对照臣亮言：先帝创业未半而中道崩殂，今天下三分，益州疲弊，此诚危急存亡之秋也。Permitmetoobserve:thelateemperorwastakenfromusbeforehecouldfinishhislife'swork,therestorationoftheHan.Today,theempireisstilldividedinthree,andourverysurvivalisthreatened.然侍卫之臣不懈于内，忠志之士忘身于外者，盖追先帝之殊遇，欲报之于陛下也。Yetstilltheofficialsatcourtandthesoldiersthroughouttherealmremainloyaltoyou,yourmajesty.Becausetheyrememberthelateemperor,allofthem,andtheywishtorepayhiskindnessinservicetoyou.诚宜开张圣听，以光先帝遗德，恢弘志士之气，不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失义，以塞忠谏之路也。Thisisthemomenttoextendyourdivineinfluence,tohonorthememoryofthelateEmperorandstrengthenthemoraleofyourofficers.Itisnotthetimetolistentobadadvice,orcloseyourearstothesuggestionsofloyalmen.亲贤臣，远小人，此先汉所以兴隆也；亲小人，远贤臣，此后汉所以倾颓也。TheemperorsoftheWesternHanchosetheircourtierswisely,andtheirdynastyflourished.TheemperorsoftheEasternHanchosepoorly,andtheydoomedtheempiretoruin.先帝在时，每与臣论此事，未尝不叹息痛恨于桓、灵也。WheneverthelateEmperordiscussedthisproblemwithme,helamentedthefailingsofEmperorsHuanandLing.臣本布衣，躬耕于南阳，苟全性命于乱世，不求闻达于诸侯。Ibeganasacommonman,farminginmyfieldsinNanyang,doingwhatIcouldtosurviveinanageofchaos.Ineverhadanyinterestinmakinganameformyselfasanoble.andperspicacity.Itwouldbeinappropriatetoshowpartialityandmakedistinctionbetweenregulationsinsideandoutsidethecourt.MinisterssuchasGuoYouzhi,FeiYiandDongYun,havingintegrityandprobityaswellasfaithinourcauseandpurityofmind,wereselectedbythelateEmperortobeusedbyYourMajesty.Ithinkthattheyshouldbeconsultedonallcourtaffairs,betheygreatorsmall,beforetheyareputintoexecution.Thiswillcertainlybeconducivetomakingupforloopholesanddefectsinourworkandtoeffectinggreatersuccesses.GeneralXiangChong,amanofgoodnature,wellversedintactics,formerlyusedonprobationandconsideredbythelateEmperorascapable,hasbeenrecommendedbyalltobetheMilitarySuperintendent.Inmyhumbleopinion,heshouldbeconsultedonallmattersconcerningthearmy,betheygreatorsmall.Thiswillsurelycontributetotheharmonyinthearmyandtoputtingboththesuperiorandtheindifferentpeopleintheirproperplaces.TobeclosetovirtuouscourtiersandalientoknavishoneswaswhatmadetheEarlierHanDynastystrongandprosperous,whiletobeclosetoknavishcourtiersandalientovirtuousoneswaswhatmadetheLatterHanDynastycollapse.WhenthelateEmperorwasstillalive,hedidnotfailtosignwithregretandbearabittergrudgeagainstEmperorsHuanandLingeverytimehediscussedthishistorywithme.MinisterssuchasChenZhen,ZhangYiandJiangWanareallconstantandloyalsubjects.ItishopedthatYourMajestywillholdthemdearandtrustthem.Inthatcase,therevivaloftheHanDynastycanbeexpectedinthenearestfuture.Iwasoriginallyacommoner,tillingmylandinNanyang,tryingmerelytosurviveinthetroubloustimes,notseekingtobeknowntothenobility.ThelateEmperor,disregardingmyhumblebirthandlowposition,condescendedtopaymethreevisitsinmythatchedcottage,consultingmeoncontemporaryissues.Iwasthereforeverygratefultohimandpromisedhimmywhole-heartedservice.Laterourarmysufferedadisastrousdefeat,IwasappointedasenvoytoWuatthetimeofthedebacle,andwasinstalledinofficeatamomentofgreatperilandtribulation.Sincethentwentyoneyearshaveelapsed.Knowingmyprudence,thelateEmperorentrustedmewiththattaskofgreatconsequenceuponhisdemise.Beingthuscommitted,Ihaveoftenworriedatnight,fearinglestIshouldfailtoliveuptothetrust,reflectingdiscredituponHisMajesty'ssagacity.Consequently,IledthetroopstocrosstheRiverLuinthefifthmonth,penetratingintothedepthofthebarrenland.Nowthatthesouthernterritoryisstabilizedandarmamentsaresufficient,itishightimetorewardthearmy,soastomarchnorthandrecoverthecentralpartofthecountry.IwishthatImightexhaustmymediocreabilityinextirpatingthetreacherousmalefactorsandrestoringtheHanDynastywithatriumphantre-entryintothelostcapital.ThisiswhatIshoulddotorepaythekindnessofthelateEmperorandtoperformmydutytoYourMajesty.Asforhandlingmatterswithdiscretionandweighingadvantagesanddisadvantagesaswellasmakingfaithfulremonstrances,theyaretheconcernofGuo,FeiandDong.IbegYourMajestytoenjoinuponmethesuccessoftheexpeditionandtherevivaloftheHanDynasty.ShouldIfail,thencallmetotaskandhavemedulypunished,soastosolacethesoulofthelateEmperor.Intheabsenceofoutspokensuggestionsregardingtheadvancementofvirtuesandmorality,Guo,FeiandDongaretobecorrectedandtohavetheirfaultofremissnessmadeknowntoeverybody.ItwouldbewisethatYourMajestyalsogivemoreconsiderationtoStateaffairs,solicitingthegoodopinionsonconductingthegovernmentandacceptingwithdiscernmentotherpeople'sviews,soastorealizethelateEmperor'swishasexpressedinhistestament.Ishallbemostgratefultoyouforyourkindness.Uponmydeparturetoaremoteregion,Icannothelpsheddingtearswhilewritingthismemorial,notquiteclearmyselfonwhatIhavehereinrelated.(谢百魁译)选自罗经国译本。前出师表TheFirstMemorialtotheKingbeforeSettingoffforWar诸葛亮ZhugeLiang臣亮言：YourhumbleservantLiangbegstosay:先帝创业未半而中道崩殂(cti),今天下三分，益州疲(pi)弊，此诚危急存亡之秋也。然侍卫之臣不懈(xi。)于内，忠志之士忘身于外者，盖追先帝之殊遇，欲报之于陛下也。诚宜开张圣听，以光先帝遗(yi)德，恢弘志士之气，不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失义，以塞(s»忠谏之路也。宫中府中，俱为一体，陟(zhi)罚臧(z&ng)否(pi),不宜异同。若有作奸犯科及为忠善者，宜付有司论其刑赏，以昭陛下平明之理，不宜偏私，使内外异法也。Ourlatekingpassedawaybeforethegreatundertakingfoundedbyhimwashalfaccomplished.NowChinaisdividedintothreekingdoms.Yizhouisdrainedofitsmanpowerandresources.Thisisacriticaljunctureoflifeordeathforourcountry.Bearingthelateking'sspecialfavorinhearts,theofficialsatcourtwhoguardYourMajestydarenotslackenintheirvigilanceandthedevotedofficersandsoldiersatthefrontarefightingbravelydisregardingtheirpersonalsafety.TheyarenowrepayingtoYourMajestywhattheyhavereceivedfromthelateking.ltisadvisablethatyourMajestyshouldlistenextensivelytothecounselsofofficialsinordertocarryonthelateking'sloftyvirtues,andheightenthemoraleofpeoplewithhighaspirations.ItisinjudiciousthatYourMajestyshouldundulyhumbleyourself,andusemetaphorswithdistortedmeanings,lestyoushouldblockthewayofsincereadmonition.TheimperialcourtandPrimeMinister'sOfficeareanintegralwhole.Thereshouldbeimpartialityinmetingoutrewardsandpunishmentstoofficialsfromeitheradministration.Forboththosewhoaretreacherousandviolatethelawandthosewhoareloyalanddosomegooddeed,thesamelegallyappointedofficialsshouldpassdecisiononhowtopunishorreward.ThiswillmakeplaintheequalityandsagaciousnessofYourMajesty'srule.ThereshouldbeneitherprejudicenorpartialityinYourMajesty'sattitudetotowardstheofficialsinsideandoutsidethecourtforfearthatdifferentlawsbeputintopractice.侍中、侍郎郭攸(ydu)之、费祎(yi)、董允等，此皆良实，志虑忠纯，是以先帝简拔以遗(w明陛下。愚以为宫中之事，事无大小，悉以咨之，然后施行，必能裨(bi)补阙漏，有所广益。ShizhongGuoYouzhiandFeiYiaswellasShilangDongYunarekindandhonestmenwithstrongsenseofloyalty.Thelatekingappointedthemforyoursake,andIrespectfullyopinethatallpoliticalaffairsatcourt,regardlessofmagnitude,befirstssubjectedtotheirinquirybeforeactionsaretaken.Inthiswaycanerrorsbeamended,negligenceavoided,andgreaterresultsattained.将军向宠，性行(xmg)淑均，晓畅军事，试用于昔日，先帝称之曰能，是以众议举宠为督。愚以为营中之事，悉以咨之，必能使行(hGng)阵和睦，优劣得所。GeneralXiangChongiswellversedinmilitaryaffairsandiskindandjustbynature.Afterevaluatinghisperformanceonatrialbasis,thelatekingpraisedhistalentandability.Thatiswhyofficialshaveelectedhimtobecommander-in-chief.Ihumblysuggestthatmilitaryconcerns,regardlessofweight,befirstmetwithhisconsultation.Inthiswaywilltherebeharmonyamongthetroops,andmenbothcapableandincapablewilleachfindhisproperplaceinthecamp.亲贤臣，远小人，此先汉所以兴隆也;亲小人，远贤臣，此后汉所以倾颓也。先帝在时，每与臣论此事，未尝不叹息痛恨于桓(huGn)、灵也。侍中、尚书、长(zh台ng)史、参军，此悉贞良死节之臣，愿陛下亲之信之，则汉室之隆，可计日而待也。Tobeclosetothevirtuousandableofficialsandkeepawayfromthevileandmeanperson.ThatwasthereasonthattheWesternHanDynastywasprosperous.Tobeclosetothevileandmeanpersonsandkeepawayfromthevirtuousandableofficials.ThatwasthereasonthattheEasternHanDynastycollapsed.Whenthelatekingwasaliveandtalkedwithmeaboutthesehistoricallessons,heusedtoheaveasighindetestationforEmperorHuanandEmperorLing.Shizhong,shangshu,zhangshiandcanjunarefaithful,upright,andreadytolaydowntheirlivesforhonorandfidelity.Asyourhumbleservant,IhopethatYourMajestyw川retainclosetiestothemandtrustthem.ThencantheprosperityoftheHanDynastybesoonrealized.臣本布衣，躬耕于南阳，苟全性命于乱世，不求闻(wQn)达于诸侯。先帝不以臣卑(b®i)鄙(bi),猥(wd)自枉屈，三顾臣于草庐之中，咨臣以当世之事，由是感激，遂许先帝以驱驰。后值倾覆，受任于败军之际，奉命于危难之间，尔来二十有(y6u)一年矣！【“有”是通假字，通“又”，跟在数词后面表示约数。所以读you]Iwasoriginallyacommonerwhohadtowearclothesmadeofhemp,andtilledlandinNanyang.Imerelymanagedtosurviveintimesofturbulenceandhadnointentiontoseekingfameandpositionfromprinces.Withanutterdisregardofmylowsocialstatusandmeagerfundofknowledge,thelatekingcondescendedtovisitmeatmythatchedcottagethreetimestoconsultmeaboutthecurrenteventsofthecountry.IfeltsogratefulthatIpromisedtoservehim.Soonafterwardswesufferedamilitarydefeat.Twenty-oneyearshavepassedsinceIreceivedmyassignmentatthetimeofthesetbackandwasdispatchedasanenvoyatthemomentofcrisis.先帝知臣谨慎，故临崩寄臣以大事也。受命以来，夙(si)夜忧叹，恐托付不效，以伤先帝之明，故五月渡(du)泸，深入不毛。今南方已定，兵甲已足，当奖率三军，北定中原,庶(shCi)竭鸳(nU)钝,攘(苗ng)除奸凶,兴复汉室，还于旧都。此臣所以报先帝而忠陛下之职分也。Thelatekingknewofmyprudence,andentrustedmeonhisdeath-bedwiththedutyofassistingYourMajestyingoverningthecountry.SincethenIhavebeenworryingandsighingnightanddaylestIshoulddoharmtothelateking'sillustriousfameifIfailtobeeffective.IwasthusimpelledtoleadanarmyacrosstheLuRiverinMayandwentdeepintothebarrendistrict.Nowthewholesouthisunderourruleandwehaveplentyoffightersandarmaments.ItistimetorewardourarmymenandleadthemnorthwardtoconquertheCentralPlains.AlthoughIaminferiorinabilitylikeawornouthorseorabluntknife,Iwoulddomyutmosttorootouttreacherousevildoers,rejuvenatingtheHanDynasty,andmovethecapitalbacktotheoldcity.IowethistothelatekingandwishtodemonstratemyloyaltytoYourMajesty.至于斟酌损益，进尽忠言，则攸之、祎、允之任也。愿陛下托臣以讨贼兴复之效,不效，则治臣之罪，以告先帝之灵。若无兴德之言，则责攸之、祎、允等之慢，以彰其咎0泊)。陛下亦宜自谋，以咨潮(zdu)善道，察纳雅言，深追先帝遗诏。臣不胜受恩感激！Asforgovernmentaffairssuchastheaugmentationorrepealofcertainmeasures,orthebroadeningofthewaytoreceiveexhortations,theyarethedutiesofGuoYouzhi,FeiYiandDongYun.IhopeYourMajestywoulddelegatetomethetaskofpunishingthetraitorsandrejuvenatingtheHanDynasty.IfIshouldfailtoachievethis,pleasepunishmesoastoconsolethesoulofthedepartedking.IfYouzhi,YiandYunfailtogatherexhortationsforthefosteringofvirtues,theyshouldbeheldresponsiblefortheirnegligence.YourMajestyshouldalsomakethemostofyourresourcestosolicitopinionsongoverningacountry,tojudgejudiciouslyandacceptgoodadvice,andalwaysbearinmindtheimperialedictissuedbythelatekingpriortohisdeath.Ifthiscanbeachieved,youwillhavemyextremegratitude.今当远离，临表涕零，不知所云。Iwillbejourneyingfar,andmyeyesarefulloftearsinwritingthismemorialuponmydeparture.IcanhardlyexpresswhatelseIshouldsay.《出师表》［三国］诸葛亮原著文言文版：先帝创业未半而中道崩殂(cu),今天下三分，益州疲弊，此诚危急存亡之秋也。然侍卫之臣不懈于内，忠志之士忘身于外者，盖追先帝之殊遇，欲报之于陛下也。诚宜开张圣听，以光先帝遗德，恢弘志士之气，不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失义,以塞（se）忠谏之路也。宫中府中，俱为一体，陟（zhi）罚臧（zGng）否（pi）,不宜异同。若有作奸犯科及为忠善者，宜付有司论其刑赏，以昭陛下平明之理，不宜偏私，使内外异法也。侍中、侍郎郭攸（you）之、费祎（yT）、董允等，此皆良实，志虑思纯，是以先帝简拔以遗（wii）陛下。愚以为宫中之事，事无大小，悉以咨之，然后施行,必能裨（bi）补阙（qu©）漏，有所广益。将军向宠，性行淑均，晓畅军事，试用于昔日，先帝称之曰能，是以众议举宠为督。愚以为营中之事，悉以咨之，必能使行（hang）阵和陛，优劣得所。亲贤臣，远小人，此先汉所以兴隆也；亲小人，远贤臣，此后汉所以倾颓也。先帝在时，每与臣论此事，未尝不叹息痛恨于桓（huan）,灵也。侍中、尚书、长（zhang）史、参军，此悉贞良死节之臣，愿陛下亲之信之，则汉室之隆，可计日而待也。臣本布衣，躬耕于南阳，苟全性命于乱世，不求闻达于诸侯。先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥（wd）自枉屈，三顾臣于草庐之中，咨臣以当世之事，由是感激，遂许先帝以驱驰。后值倾覆，受任于败军之际，奉命于危难之间，尔来二十有（y6u）年矣。先帝知臣谨慎，故临崩寄臣以大事也。受命以来，夙（su）夜忧叹，恐托付不效，以伤先帝之明，故五月渡泸，深入不毛。今南方已定，兵甲己足，当奖率（shgi）三军，北定中原，庶竭鸳（nU）钝，攘（r&ng）除奸凶，兴复汉室，还于旧都。此臣所以报先帝而忠陛下之职分也。至于斟酌损益，进尽忠言，则攸之、祎、允之任也。愿陛下托臣以讨贼兴复之效，不效，则治臣之罪，以告先帝之灵。若无兴德之言,则责攸之、祎、允等之慢，以彰其咎（jiu）；陛下亦宜自谋，以咨取（zou）善道，察纳雅言。深追先帝遗诏，臣不胜受恩感激。今当远离，临表涕零，不知所言。英文版：TheFirstMemorialToTheKingBeforeSettingOffForWarZhugeLiangYourhumbleservantLiangbegstosay:Ourlatekingpassedawaybeforethegreatundertakingfoundedbyhimwashalfaccomplicated.NowChinaisdividedintothreekingdoms.Yizhouisdrainedofitsmanpowerandresources.Thisisacriticalmomentoflifeordeathforourcountry.Bearingthelateking'sspecialfovorinhearts,theofficialsatcourtwhoguardYourMajestydarenotslackenintheirvigilanceandthedevotedofficersandsoldiersatthefrontarefightingbravelydisregardingtheirpersonalsafety.TheyarenowrepayingtoYourMajestywhattheyhavereceivedfromthelateking.ItisadvisablethatYourMajestyshouldlistenextensivelytothecounselsofofficialsinordertocarryonthelateking'sloftyvirtues,andheightenthemoraleofpeoplewithhighaspiration.ItisinjudiciousthatYourMajestyshouldundulyhumbleyourself,andusemetaphorswithdistortedmeanings,lestyoushouldblockthewayofsincereadmonition.TheimperialcourtandthePrimeMinister'sOfficeareanimportantwhole.Thereshouldbeimpartialityinmetingoutrewardsandpunishmentstoofficialsfromeitheradministration.Forboththosewhoaretreacherousandviolatethelawandthosewhoareloyalanddosomegooddeed,thesamelegallyappointedofficialsshouldpassdecisiononhowtopunishorreward.ThiswillmakeplaintheequalityandsagaciousnessofYourMajesty'srule.ThereshouldbeneitherprejudicenorpartialityinYourMajesty'sattitudetowardestheofficialsinsideandoutsidethecourtforfearthatdifferentlawsbeputintopractice.ShizhongGouYouzhiandFeiYiaswellasShilangDongYunarekindandhonestmenwithastrongsenseofloyalty.Thelatekingappointedthemofyoursake,andIrespectfullyholdthatallpoliticalaffairsatcourt,regardlessofsize,befirstsubjectedtotheirinquirybeforeactionsaretaken.Inthiswaycanerrorsbeamended,negligenceavoided,andgreaterresultsattained.GeneralXiangChongisveryexperiencedinmilitaryaffairsandiskindandjustbynature.Afterevaluatinghisperformanceofatrialbasis,thelatekingpraisedhistalentability.Thatiswhyofficialshaveelectedhimtobecommander-in-chief.Ihumblysuggestthatmilitaryconcerns,regardlessofweight,befirstmetwithhisconsideration.Inthiswaywilltherebeharmonyamongthetroops,andmenbothcapableandincapablewilleachfindhisproperplaceinthecamp.Tobeclosetothevirtuousandableofficialsandkeepawayfromtheevilandmeanpersons.ThatwasthereasonthattheWesternHanDynastywasprosperous.Tobeclosetotheevilandmeanpersonsandkeepawayformthevirtuousandableofficials.ThatwasthereasonthattheEastHanDynastywascollapsed.Whenthelatekingwasaliveandtalkedwithmeaboutthesehistoricallessons,heusedtoutterasighinedtestationforEmperorHunandEmerorLing.Shizhong,Shilang,ZhangshiandCanjunarefaithful,upright,andreadytolaydowntheirlivesforhonorandloyalty.Asyourhumbleservant,IhopethatYourMajestywillretainclosetiestothemandtrustthem.ThencantheprosperityoftheHanDynastybesoonrealized.Iwasoriginallyafarmerwhohadtowearclothesmadeofhemp,andtilledlandinNanyang.Imerelymanagedtosurviveintimesofsocietyinstabilityandhadnointentionofseekingfameandpositionfromprinces.Withandutterdisregardofmylowsocialstatusandmeagerfundofknowlegde,thelatekingcalledonmerepeatedlytoconsultmeaboutthecurrenteventsofthecountry.IfeltsogratefulthatIpromisedtoservehim.SoonafterwardssinceIreceivedmyassignmentatthetimeofthesetbackandwasdispatchedasanenvoyatthemomentofcrisis.Thelatekingknewmyprudence,andentrustedmeonhisdeathbedwiththedutyofassistingYourMajestyingoverningthecountry.SincethenIhavebeenworryingandsighingnightanddaylestIshoulddoharmtothelateking'sillustriousfameifIfailtobeeffective.IwasthusumpelledtoleadanarmyacrosstheLuRiverinMayandwentdeepintothebarrendistrict.Nowthewholesouthisunderourruleandwehaveplentyoffightersandarmaments.ItistimetorewardourarmymenandleadthemnorthwardtoconquertheCentralPlains.AlthoughIaminferiorinabilitylikeawornouthorseorabluntknife,Iwoulddomyutmosttorootouttreacherousevildoers,rejuvenatetheHanDynasty,andmovethecapitalbacktotheoldcity.IowethistothelatekingandwishthedemonstratemyloyaltytoYourMajesty.Asforgovernmentaffairssuchastheaugmentationorrepealofcertainmeasures,orthebroadeningofthewaytoreceiveexhortations,theyarethedutiesofGouYouzhi,FeiYiandDongYun.IhopeYourMajestywoulddelegatetomethetaskofpunishingthetraitorsandrejuvenatingtheHanDynasty,IfIshouldfailtoachievethis,pleasepunishmeastoconsolethesoulofthedepartedking.IfYouzhi,YiandYunfailtogatherexhortationsforthefosteringofvirtues,theyshouldbeheldresponsiblefortheirnegligence.YourMajestyshouldalsomakethemostofyourresourcestoaskforopinionsongoverningacountry,tojudgejudiciouslyandacceptgoodadvices,andalwaysbearinmindtheimperialedictissuedbythelatekingpriortohisdeath.Ithiscanbeachieved,youwillhavemyextremegratitude.Iwillbejourneyingfar,andmyeyesarefulloftearsinwritingthismemorialuponmydeparture.IcanhardlyexpresswhatelseIshouldsay.ASELECTIONOFCLASSICCHINESEESSAYSFROMGUWENGUANZHItranslatedbyLuoJingguo罗经国FOREIGNLANGUAGETEACHINGANDRESEARCHPRESSToLeadouttheArmyYourservantLiangadvises:ThelateEmperorpassedawayleavinghisgreatenterpriselessthanhalfcompleted.Theworldisstilldividedintothree,andourbaseinShuisbeleaguered.Atthistimeourverysurvivalhangsmthebalance.Yettheministerswhoserveandprotectyoudonotslackentheireffortsatcourt,andloyalandprincipledofficersactselflesslyinthefield:theywillrequireYourMajestyfortheuncommonkindnessofthelateEmperor.YourMajestyshouldbetrulyopenmindedandattentiveifheistobuilduponthelateEmperor'slegacyandputheartintomenofhonour,heshouldnotdemeanhimselfanddrawonfalseanalogiesinordertoputastoptoloyalremonstration.ThepalaceandtheChiefMinister'sofficeareonebody:thereshouldbenodifferencebetweenthemoverpromotionsanddemotions,favouranddisgrace.Iftherebecasesoftrickeryandmisdemeanourontheonehand,andgoodandloyalserviceontheother,thematterofpunishmentandrewardshouldbelefttotheresponsibledepartmentofstate,inordertodemonstrateYourMajesty'sfairnessandimpartiality.Nofavouritismshouldbeshown,nodifferentrulesforthepalaceandtheministries.YourMajestyhasGuoYouzhi,FeiYiandDongYuntoadvisehimatcourt.Theyareallsoundmen,honestandtrueintheirthoughtsandpurposes,whichiswhythelateEmperorraisedthemuptobeatyourside.Inmyhumbleopinion,iftheyareconsultedonallmattersatcourt,greatandsmall,beforeactionistaken,therewillbenooversightsorshortcomings,anditwillbeforthegreatergood.GeneralXiangChongisgoodmcharacterandjustindeed.Hehasathoroughunderstandingofmilitaryaffairs.Whenhewasassignedtasksinthepast,thelateEmperorcommendedhimas'capable*.Thereforehewaspromotedtobecommander-in-chiefbycommonaccord.Inmyhumbleopinion,ifheisconsultedonallmattersconcerningthegarrisontherewillbeharmonyamongtheranks,andtheableandlessableofficersw川beassignedtheirproperplace.TheFormerHandynastyprosperedbecausewiseandmoralcounsellorsweremadewelcomeandmeanandpettymenkeptatadistance.TheLatterHanfellbecausemeanandpettymenweremadewelcomeandwiseandmoralcounsellorskeptatadistance.WheneverthelateEmperordiscussedthisthingwithme,heexpressedhisexasperationanddisgustwiththelastHanemperors,HuanandLingforthatreason.YourpresentchiefcivilandmilitaryofficersGuoYouzhi,FeiYi,ChenZhen,ZhangYiandJiangWan,areallmenwillingtolaydowntheirlivesinthelineofduty.If,asIcouldwish,YourMajestymadethemwelcomeandtrustedthem,thenwecouldcountthedaystotheriseofthehouseofHan.I,yourservant,wasformerlyacommonerwhotilledhisownfieldsinNanyang.Isoughtonlytostayaliveintroubloustimes,andhadnoambitiontomakemyselfknowntoourdukesandearls.ThelateEmperortooknoaccountofmylowlystation;hecondescendedtopaythreevisitstomyrusticdwellingtoaskmyopiniononcurrentaffairs.OutofgratitudeIpromisedtoservethelateEmperorunflaggingly.Subsequentlyhisfortuneswerereversed,andIwasgivenresponsibilityintheaftermathofdefeat,atatimeofperilanddisarray.Therehasbeenmyplacefortwenty-oneyears.ThelateEmperor,awareofmycautionandprudence,entrustedmeonhisdeathbedwithaheavyburden.AfterIreceivedmyorders,mynightswereallsleepless,fromworrythatIcouldnotfulfilmytrust,andfearthatIwouldtarnishthelateEmperor'sglory.HenceinthefifthmonthIcrossedtheLuRiverandledanexpeditiondeepintothewilderness.Nowthesoutherntribesarepacified,ourweaponsandarmourareadequate;thetimeisripetoleadourarmiesnorthtopacifytheCentralPlains.Iwillexhaustmypoorskillasasoldiertoexpeltheircruelandtraitorousoverlords,thustorestorethehouseofHanandreclaimtheancientcapital.InthiswayIshalldomydutytorepaythelateEmperorandloyallyserveYourMajesty.Astotheweighingofthewisdomofpoliciesathomeandofferinghonestcounsel,thatisthetaskofYouzhi,YiandYun.IrequestYourMajestytoplacethejobofsuppressingthebanditsandrestoringthedynastyinmyhands;ifIfailto,executemycommission,Iwillsufferduepunishment,tobereportedtothespiritofthelateEmperor.Ifbeneficialcounselnotforthcoming,Yunzhi,YiandYunshouldbeblamedforbeingremiss,andtheirfaultproclaimed.YourMajestyforyourpartshouldalsotakethoughtforthefuture,enquireintotheprinciplesofgoodstatecraft,judiciouslyadmitgoodadvice,anddeeplystudythelateEmperor'slasttestament.Yourservantwouldthenbeeternallybeholdentoyou.先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉屈，三顾臣于草庐之中，咨臣以当世之事,由是感激，遂许先帝以驱驰。ThelateEmperorwasnotashamedtovisitmycottageandseekmyadvice.Gratefulforhisregard,Irespondedtohisappealandthrewmyselfintohisservice.先帝知臣谨慎，故临崩寄臣以大事也。ThelateEmperoralwaysappreciatedmycautionand,inhisfinaldays,entrustedmewithhiscause.受命以来，夙夜忧叹，恐托付不效，以伤先帝之明，故五月渡泸，深入不毛。Sincethatmoment,IhavebeentormenteddayandnightbythefearthatImightlethimdown.ThatiswhyIcrossedtheLuriverattheheightofsummer,andenteredthewastelandsbeyond.今南方已定，兵甲已足，当奖率三军，北定中原，庶竭鸳钝，攘除奸凶，兴复汉室，还于旧都。Nowthesouthhasbeensubdued,andourforcesarefullyarmed.Ishouldleadoursoldierstoconquerthenorthernheartlandandattempttoremovethehatefultraitors,restorethehouseofHan,andreturnittotheformercapital.此臣所以报先帝而忠陛下之职分也。ThisisthewayImeantohonormydebttothelateEmperorandfulfillmydutytoyou.愿陛下托臣以讨贼兴复之效，不效，则治臣之罪，以告先帝之灵。MyonlydesireistobepermittedtodriveoutthetraitorsandrestoretheHan.IfIshouldletyoudown,punishmyoffenseandreportittothespiritofthelateEmperor.陛下亦宜自谋，以咨诚善道，察纳雅言。深追先帝遗诏，臣不胜受恩感激。今当远离，临表涕零，不知所言。YourMajesty,consideryourcourseofactioncarefully.Seekoutgoodadvice,andneverforgetthelatewordsofthelateEmperor.Idepartnowonalongexpedition,andIwillbeforevergratefulifyouheedmyadvice.Blindedbymyowntears,IknownotwhatIwrite.Ishallsoonbegoneafar.AsIwritethisreportIcannotholdbackmytears,andIhardlyknowwhatIwrite.（卜立德译）MemorialtotheEmperorbeforetheNorthernExpeditionByZhugeLiangI,yourhumblesubjectZhugeLiang,havethistosay:ThelateEmperorhadbyfarnotyetattainedhisobjectiveofrestoringtheHanDynastybeforehedeceasedhalfwayinhiscareer.Nowthecountryisdividedintothreecamps,andYizhouhasexhausteditresources.Itisindeedacriticalmomentwhensurvivalisatstake.However,theroyalguardskeepvigilantatcourtwhiletheloyalsoldierswithhighaimfightselflesslyonthebattlefield,becausetheybearinmindthelateEmperor'sspecialgrace,wishingtorepayittoYourMajesty.Itwouldbemostjudiciousthatyougivemoreopen-mindedhearingtoyourcounselors,soastoaggrandizehislegacyofnoblevirtuesandheightenthearmymen'smorale.Inthemeantime,itwouldbeinadvisabletostrainyourmodestyormakeinaptremarks,thusblockingfaithfulremonstrances.Thecourtandthechancelleryareoneentity.Nodifferenceshouldbemadebetweentheminrespectofpromotingandcommendingthegoodorpunishingandcriticizingtheevil.Thosewhoareguiltyofmisconductorcreditablefordevotionandnoblecharactershouldbereferredtotheauthoritiestobepenalizedorawardedontheirmerits,soastomanifestYourMajesty'sjusticeandperspicacity.Itwouldbeinappropriatetoshowpartialityandmakedistinctionbetweenregulationsinsideandoutsidethecourt.MinisterssuchasGuoYouzhi,FeiYiandDongYun,havingintegrityandprobityaswellasfaithinourcauseandpurityofmind,wereselectedbythelateEmperortobeusedbyYourMajesty.Ithinkthattheyshouldbeconsultedonallcourtaffairs,betheygreatorsmall,beforetheyareputintoexecution.Thiswillcertainlybeconducivetomakingupforloopholesanddefectsinourworkandtoeffectinggreatersuccesses.GeneralXia