四箭真题2听力第二讲

四箭齐发听力第二讲天文学/气象学/环境学：subject-specific高频词：真经宝典215页-218页L2-3词汇总结(本篇词汇偏简单)：intensity(强度)，evacuation/evacuate(疏散),tricky(棘手，困难),'cause(because在美语中经常这样发音，有时也写作cuz),hurricane(飓风),pilot(飞行员),cost-effective(便宜),approach(临近),sophisticated(高级),monitor(监控),precision(精确度),acoustic(声音的),promising(有前景的),deploy(放置，部署),rambling(杂乱无章的),wind-generated,pickup(捕捉),5percentoferror,hurricane-monitoring,leaveit+形容词，beloadedwith,promising,sth.occurstosb.=sth.strikessb.(*)1.Whatisthemainpurposeofthediscussion?(A) Todescribethedesignofhydrophonesusedbyhurricaneresearchers(B) Tointroduceanewapproachtomeasuringthepowerofhurricanesandcyclones(C) Toexplainhowmeteorologistsstudythecausesofhurricanesandcyclones(D) Todiscussfactorsthatdeterminethewindspeedofhurricanesandcyclones2.Accordingtotheprofessor,whatisonebenefitofhurricanemonitoringairplanes?(A) Theyhelpmeteorologistsdeterminethestorm'spath.(B) Theycangatherallnecessaryinformationinjustafewflights.(C) Theirequipmentisnotassophisticatedasanewtechnology.(D) Theycanprovidedirectmeasurementsofwindspeed.plus有时是提示词3.Whataretwoadvantagesofusingahydrophonetomeasurehurricaneintensity?Clickontwoanswers.(A) Theycantransmitunderwatersoundstoairplanes.(B) Theycanlowerthecostofmonitoringhurricanes.(C) Theycanbesetupbeforeahurricanereachesanarea.(D) Theycanbeinstalledclosetothesurfaceoftheocean.考点：介绍背景进入正题。and,also4.Whatdoestheprofessorimplyabouttherelationshipbetweenthetworesearchershementions?(A) Itwilllikelyleadtootherbreakthroughsinmeteorology.(B) Itdemonstratestheimportanceofinterdisciplinarycollaborations.(C) Itdevelopedovermanyyearsofworkinginthesimilarfield.(D) Itledtotheinventionofanunderwatermicrophone.考点：师生互动。well5.Whydoestheprofessormentionahydrophonelisteningforunderwaterearthquakes?(A) Topointoutthefacttheunderwaterearthquakesarehardtodetect(B) Tohelpexplainhowhydrophoneswork(C) Topointoutthatdifferenttypesofhydrophonesexist(D) Toprovidethevalidationofanewtechnique考点：结尾。so6.Listenagaintopartofthediscussion.Thenanswerthequestion.Whydoestheprofessorsaythis:(A) Toemphasizethepointhemadeearlier(B) Tofindoutwhetherthestudentagreeswithhim(C) Tohelpthestudentfindtheanswertohisownquestion(D) ToexplainthefindingsofanewstudyProfessor.OK.It’simportanttomeasureahurricane’sintensitybeforeitreacheslandbecauseitcanhelpsavelivesandavoidtheenormouscostsofanunnecessaryevacuation.Butthefactorsleadingtoahurricane’sintensitylikewindspeedisverytrickytomeasure‘causethey’rechangingconstantly.Socananyonetellmehowwegetinformationabouttheintensityofahurricanethat’sontheway?Jennifer?Jennifer.Well,don’twe...like....flyplanesintoit?Professor:Right.Planesthatmonitorhurricanesflythroughtheeyeofahurricanetomeasurethespeedofthestorm’swind.Butit’sveryexpensiveandbringsalotofrisks.Jennifer:Iunderstandthepointaboutitbeingriskyforthepilotswiththehighwindsandlightningandeverything.Butum..howcanitbesoexpensive?Professor.Well.Yousee,hurricane-monitoringplanesarebuilttowithstandstrongwinds.Andthey’reusuallyloadedwithalotofsophisticatedequipmentthatwillmeasurewindspeedandotherthings.Oneplanecostsabout100milliondollarsanditssingleflightcostslike...50thousanddollars.Plus,itcantakeasmanyas10flightstomonitorahurricaneasitapproachesland.Fromthereadingsofthese(2)[direct]measurementsofhurricaneforce,wecandeterminewhethertoevacuatethearea.Butthat’sanexpensiveapproach.Imean,wecan’tsimplyflyplanesintoeveryhurricaneandcyclone.(3)Nowacoupleofresearchersthinktheremaybeabetterwaytomeasureahurricane’sintensity...uh...amuchmorecost-effectiveway.Ithasalmostnorisksandrequiresmuchlowertechequipmentsothismethodisverypromising.It’samicrophone...anunderwatermicrophonecalledahydrophone.OK,so,howitworksis...um...itreceivesacousticwavesunderwater.Bymeasuringthenoiseofahurricaneunderwater,wecanpredictthespeedofhurricanewindswithanamazingprecision.Yes,John?John:Buthowcanwehearwindsblowingoverthewaterifthemicrophone,thehydrophoneisunderwater?Professor.Well,hurricanesdon’tjustblowoverthewaterleavingituntouched,dothey?John:Ohyeah.Thewatergetschurnedup.Professor.Hurricaneschumupthewaveslikecrazy.Theroilingactionofthewindactuallyturnsthewaterintoabubble-filledfroth.(3)(And)allthisactioncreatesauniquerumblingsoundunderthewaterwhosevolumeisagoodindicatoroftheintensityofthestorm...uh...thespeedofthehurricanewinds.Uh...hydrophonescanbedeployedhundredsofmetersbelowthesurfaceaheadofthehurricane’spathwhileconditionsarestillsafe.(3)(Also),thetotalcostforsuchadeploymentwouldbeasmallfractionofthecostofevenasingleflightintothestorm.Jennifer.Iwonderhowtheyfiguredthisout.Imean,howwoulditoccurtoanyonetoputamicrophoneunderwatertomeasurethespeedofthehurricanewinds?Professor:(4)(Well),thisactuallybringsusbacktosomethingI'vetalkedaboutinclassbefore.(It'sthe...ah...valueofcombiningscientificdisciplinestodealwithcomplexmeteorologicalproblems.)Inthiscase,theideacametolightwhentworesearchersfromdifferentfieldsmetafewyearsago.OnewasNicholasMakris,anexpertofunderwateracousticsandtheotherwasKerryEmmanuel,ahurricaneexpert.So...uh...well...theresearchwastriggeredbytheirconversation.EmmanuelaskedMakris,“Isitpossiblethatunderwaternoisecouldbeanalyzedtodeterminetheintensityofahurricane?”Makrissaid“yes,intheoryatleast.”Itwasacommonlyknownfactthatwindspeedhassomethingtodowithunderwaternoise.ButitwasnotuntilMakrismetEmmanuelthattheideaoccurredtohimtousethatrelationshiptomeasurehurricanewinds.(5)(So),Makrisstartedlookingforspecificevidencetosupportthetheory.Hethoughttheremayhavebeenasituationwhereahydrophonewasdeployedforsomeotherpurposeandunintentionallyrecordedhurricanenoise.(And)hefoundit.In1999,ahydrophoneinthemiddleoftheAtlantic,justunderakilometerbelowthesurfacewaslisteningforunderwaterearthquakeswhenahurricanepassedoverit.Thehydrophonepickedupalowrumblingsound,likethethunderingsound,fromthechurnedupwater.Andonthesameday,aplanehadflownintothehurricaneandmadedirectwindspeedmeasurement.WhenMakriscomparedthedata,hefoundthattherewasalmostaperfectrelationshipbetweenthepowerofthewindandthepowerofthewind-generatednoise.Andtherewaslessthan5percentoferror,whichisaboutthesameastheerrorsyougetfrom(2)[direct]measurementsfromairplanemeasurements.长难句听力训练：(1)aboutitbeing型结构：Iunderstandthepointaboutitbeingriskyforthepilotswiththehighwindsandlightningandeverything.(2)从句whose：Andallthisactioncreatesauniquerumblingsoundunderthewaterwhosevolumeisagoodindicatoroftheintensityofthestorm...uh...thespeedofthehurricanewinds.(3)：Hethoughttheremayhavebeenasituationwhereahydrophonewasdeployedforsomeotherpurposeandunintentionallyrecordedhurricanenoise.(4)插入成分In1999,ahydrophoneinthemiddleoftheAtlantic,justunderakilometerbelowthesurfacewaslisteningforunderwaterearthquakeswhenahurricanepassedoverit.L2-5词汇总结：solarsystem,orbit,host(*),observe/observational,rate,astronomer,astronomical,carbon-based,gasgaints,eventual,zone=region,atmospheric,rockyplanet,reddwarfstar,mass(*)/massive,alphabeticalorder(ascendingorder,descendingorder),edge,re-examined,conceivably,habitable1. Whatdothespeakersmainlydiscuss?(A) Whetherastaroutsideahabitablezonecouldharborlife(B) Advancedmethodsusedbyresearcherstodetectexoplanets(C) ReddwarfstarsthatsharecertainfeatureswithEarth(D) Characteristicsofseveralrecentlydiscoveredexoplanets2. Whatdoestheprofessorsayaboutthereddwarfstar,Gliese581?Clickon2answers.(A) ItisfairlylargerthantheSun.(B) ItiscoolerthantheSun.(C) Itisarelativelyyoungstar.(D) ItisrelativelyclosetoEarth.考点：专有名词。so/thatis,and.3. Whatdoestheprofessorsuggestaboutlifeonotherplanets?(A) Itmostlikelydoesnotexist.(B) Itprobablywillnotberevealedinthenearfuture.(C) ItprobablywouldbedifferentfromlifeonEarth.(D) Itcouldpossiblybediscoveredevenongasgiants.考点：进入正题，师生互动。well4. WhatdidresearchersdiscoverabouttheplanetGliese58Idwhentheyrecalculatedit?(A) Itismadeentirelyofrocks.(B) Itisnotwarmenoughtosupportanocean.(C) Itissmallerthanoncethought.(D) Itisclosertoitshoststarthanpreviouslythought.however5. WhyistheplanetGliese58leunlikelytosupportcarbon-basedlife?(A) Itistoohot.(B) Itistoosmall.(C) Itiscoveredinice. '(D) Itismadeentirelyofgas.考点：结尾，师生互动。well,therefore,Imean6. Accordingtotheprofessor,whatmakesthediscoveryofGliese58lemostexciting?(A) Thefactthatsomeexoplanetshaveanearthlikeatmosphere(B) Thefactthatresearchershavebetterunderstandingaboutexoplanets’orbit(C) Thefactthatthetechnologyexiststodetectsmallexoplanets(D) Thefactthathabitablezonesaremuchlargerthanpreviouslythought考点：结尾，师生互动。howeverP:Wealreadystudiedtheplanetsinoursolarsystem,andhowtheyweredetected.Okay,today,I’dliketoturnourattentiontowhatarecalledexoplanetsandhowresearchersdiscoveredthem.Well,exoplanetsarebasicallyplanetsthatarefoundoutsidethesolarsystem.Theyorbitastar,what’scalledhoststars,inasolarsystemotherthanthatofEarth.Duetoimprovedobservationaltechnologies,therateofdetectionhasincreasedrapidly.Overthelast15years,astronomershavedetectednearly500exoplanets,andthestudyofexoplanetshasbeengettingexciting.Whatmakesitsoastonishingisthefactthatthediscoveryofthefirstexoplanetwasconfirmedonlyinthemid-1990s.Now,we'refindingnewoneseveryfewweeksorso.Yes?onlyexoplanetsweknowlikeJupiterandSaturn,theyaregasgiantsandcouldn’tsupportcarbon-basedlife.P:(3)Okay,let'stalkaboutthatfirst.Asforthehabitability,itdependsonmanyfactorsand(well)....Ithinkthatsortofdiscoveryisprettyfarinthefuture,butitisaneventualgoal.We’renowgoingtoconsiderlocatingplanetsaroundthehoststarinanareacalledthehabitablezone.It’stheregionaroundastarwhereconditionsarebestforlifetoform.Theoretically,itispossibleforaplanettosupportcarbon-basedlife.So,whatconditionsarerequired?S:Water!P:Yes,andalsoitneedstohavesufficientatmosphericpressuretomaintainliquidwateronitssurface.Whatelse?SI:Um...itwouldneedtobearockyplanet.Imean,asopposedtoagasgiant.P:Anearth-likeplanet.Okay,good!Actually,therearesomerecentlydiscoveredexoplanetsthatareearth-like.Um...forinstance,it'sastar,areddwarfstar,that’swhatmoststarsare.It’scalledGliese581.Gliese581is...areddwarf,butit'smoreinterestingthanthatnamemakesitseem.(2)Thishoststarislocated20light-yearsaway,whichisprettyclosebyastronomicalstandards.(So)it’sconsideredanearneighborofoursolarsystem.(And)ItsestimatedmassisaboutathirdofthatoftheSun.(Thatis),it'srelativelysmallandcoolatleastcomparedwiththesun.AndresearchershavediscoveredotherplanetsorbitingGliese581.TheseareGliese581b,c,d,ande,inalphabeticalorderoftheirdiscovery.WhatI'dliketofocusonnowisGliese581d,ande.In2009,agroupofastronomersreportedthatthesetwoexoplanets,orbitingnotfarfromtheinnerandouteredgeofitshabitablezone,dohavesomeearthlikequalities.(4)Gliese58Id,hadactuallybeendiscoveredacoupleofyearsearlier,andwas[initially]judgedtobetoofarfromitshoststarmakingittoocoldforlife.(However),lateritsorbitwasre-examinedandnowweseethatitispotentiallyhabitable.SI:So,doesithavealiquidoceanlikeEarth?P:Well,conceivably.See,Gliese58Id,withamassofroughlysevenEarths,orhalfUranus,itistoomassivetobeentirelymadeofrocks.Theresearcher'sstudyingitsaidthatitcouldhavearockycore,anicelayer,alargedeepocean,andanatmosphere.Okay,anotherannouncementmadebyresearcherswasthediscoveryofGliese58le.Thisplanetisrelativelysmallcomparedwithotherexoplanets.ItsmassisonlyabouttwicethatofEarth.S:So,isGliese581eamoreearth-likeexoplanet?P:(5)(Well),Gliese58leorbitsitshoststarinamuchshorterperiodoftimethantheothersinthissystem.(Imean),Ifyouconsideritsorbit,you'llfindoutthatit'sveryclosetothestar.(Therefore),toohotforwatertoformliquid.(6)(However),thefactthatit'srelativelyclosetothesizeofearth,small,inastronomicalterms,thatwasprettyexciting.(And)

it'sveryimpressivethatwehavemoreadvancedtechnologytodiscoverit.There’sgoodreasontobelievethatthemorewesearch,themorewe'llfind.听力句子训练1.关于重量比较的说法AndItsestimatedmassisaboutathirdofthatoftheSun.2.现在分词做状态，挡住句子视线In2009,agroupofastronomersreportedthatthesetwoexoplanets,orbitingnotfarfromtheinnerandouteredgeofitshabitablezone,dohavesomeearthlikequalities.3.Gliese581d,hadactuallybeendiscoveredacoupleofyearsearlier,andwasinitiallyjudgedtobetoofarfromitshoststarmakingittoocoldforlife.4.Theresearcher’sstudyingitsaidthatitcouldhavearockycore,anicelayer,alargedeepocean,andanatmosphere.心理学（认知学）/经济学/社会学：subject-specific高频词：真经宝典206页-208页L3-3词汇总结：readone'smind,acronym(同义词),magnetic,resonance,stimuli,diagnostic,visualize,function/functional,associated(伴随的),extraneous,present(动词),wellsupported/received,procedure,respond,incredibly,overinterpretation,sortof,heighten,regulate,counter-argument,thesamegoesfor,resemble1. Whatisthelecturemainlyabout?(A) AcontroversialstudythatwasconductedusingfMRIs(B) Arecentdiscoveryaboutastructureinthebrain(C) Contrastingtheoriesonpersonalitydevelopmentinhumans(D) TheroleoffMRIsinpsychologicalresearch2. WhyarestandardmedicalMRIslessusefulinneurosciencethanFMRIs?(A) Theydonotcreatethree-dimensionalimagesofthebrain.(B) Theyproducelessclearimages.(C) Theyproduceimageswhichrevealonlybrainstructures.(D) Theyprovideonlyblack-and-whiteimages.考点：背景，做比较。however,but3. Whatdoestheprofessorimplyaboutquestionnairesusedintraditionalresearchmethods?(A) Theyareusefuldespitebeingsomewhatunreliable.(B) Theymaysoonbecomeanoutdatedmethod.(C) Theyaremoreeconomicalthanotherresearchmethods.(D) Theyareconfusingtomostsubjects.考点：师生互动。So,but,well4. Accordingtotheprofessor,whatquestionmighttheexperimentinvolvingtheamygdalahelptoanswer?(A) Whetherhumanpersonalitychangesovertime(B) Wheredifferentneurobiologicalprocessesaretakingplace(C) Whatroleemotionsplayinpersonalitydevelopment(D) Whyfearandangeraresuchstrongemotions考点：专有名词，师生互动。so5. Whydoestheprofessorcomparebrainmapstogeographicalmaps?(A) Todescribeonewaythatthebrainprocessesspatialinformation(B) Toexplainwhytraditionalresearchmethodsarestillimportant(C) Tomentionthatneurosciencehasrapidlychangedthestudyofpersonality(D) Toclarifytheoriginoftheterm“brainmapping”考点：师生对话，结尾。but,so,therefore6. Whatistheprofessor’sopinionaboutpersonalityneuroscience?(A) Itisverypromisingforthestudyofmemory.(B) Itstoolsareinsufficientforlong-termstudy.(C) Shedoesnotknowmuchaboutittogiveanopinion.(D) Itsresearchmethodsarelessreliablethansomescientistsbelieve.考点：师生对话。problem,well本篇四个来回的师生对话每个回合分别出了一道题。其他两个题分别是背景题和主旨题。P:Isthereanywaytoreadsomeone'smind?Well,thechapteronhumanpersonalityinyourbooktalksaboutthefairlynewfieldofpersonalityneuroscience,andfMRI.It‘sanacronymforFunctionalMagneticResonanceImaging.So,today,IwanttotalkabouttheapplicationoffMRlsforstudyingpersonality.fMRlsproducepictures...imagesofthebrainwhileit'sprocessinginformationorstimuli.IguessyouarefamiliarwithMRIwhichisamedicalimagingtechniqueusedfordiagnosticpurposes.(2)(However),fMRlsaremainlyusedintheresearchworld.Um...standardmedicalMRIsonlyvisualizeinternalbrainstructures,(but)fMRlsshowwhat'sactuallyhappeninginsidethebrain.Inotherwords,howthebrainisfunctioningatagiventime.ThatmakesfMRlsamoreusefulresearchtoolthanmedicalMRIs.AsforhowfMRlswork,well，basically,theyusemagneticfieldstomeasurebrainactivityindifferentpartsbydetectingassociatedchangesinbloodflow,andoxygenlevels.So,inasense,thisinformationallowsyoutoproducedetailedpicturesofthebrain.Amapwithdifferentpartsofthebrain,withdifferentactionsoremotions,oreventhoughts.Andnow,byusingthistechnology,psychologistshavebeenseekingforanswersforsomequestionsabouthumanpersonality.Personalityisasetofpsychologicalcharacteristicsthatremainstableovertime.Thequestionswereabout,forexample,thetypesofpersonalityandtheexistenceofitself.Yes?S:Um,forthosequestionsyou'vementioned,Ireadthechapteranditsaysthatquestionnairesaren'tveryreliable.P:(3)Right,well,therearesomeweaknessesusingPsychologicalquestionnaires.Afterall,theinformationconductedfromquestionnairescanbeinaccurate.That'ssimplybecausetheyrelyonwhatpeoplesayaboutthemselves.Andthatcanbesubjectivewithlotsofinfluencescausedbymanyextraneousfactorssuchasmemory,ordesiretopresentthemselvesinthebestpossiblelight.(So),questionnairesaresomewhatunreliable.(But)youcannotneglectthementirely.(Imean),questionnairesandothertraditionalmethodsare(still)relevant(有意义的)today.Yes,Paula?SI:ButfromwhatIread,fMRlsstudyseemedreallygoodontheamygdala?P:(4)Well,Yes,let'stalkaboutthat.TheamygdalastudydonewithfMRlshaditsconclusionwellsupported.Theamygdala,sonamedbecauseitresemblesanalmond,isasetofnucleiinthebrainandit，sresponsibleforregulatingtheemotionsoffearandanxiety.Inthisstudy,Ihopeyourecall,subjectswereshownpicturesofangry,andfearfulfaces,andtheresearchersexaminedhowtheirbrainrespondedtoit.Well,insomeofthesubjects,t