全美国联邦刑事诉讼规则（中英文对照）

美国联邦刑事诉讼规则（中英文对照）TableofContents目录TitleI.Applicability第一章适用范围TitleII.PreliminaryProceedings第二章预备诉讼TitleIII.TheGrandJury,theIndictment,andtheInformation第三章大陪审团,起诉书和相关信息TitleIV.ArraignmentandPreparationforTrial第四章传讯和准备审判TitleV.Venue第五章审判地点TitleVI.Trial第六章审判TitleVII.Post-ConvictionProcedures第七章定罪后程序TitleVIII.SupplementaryandSpecialProceedings第8章补充诉讼和特别诉讼TitleIX.GeneralProvisions第九章一般规定部分章节示例如下：Rule5.InitialAppearance规则5.初次出庭(a)InGeneral.一般规定。(1)AppearanceUponanArrest.被捕时出庭。(A)ApersonmakinganarrestwithintheUnitedStatesmusttakethedefendantwithoutunnecessarydelaybeforeamagistratejudge,orbeforeastateorlocaljudicialofficerasRule5(c)provides,unlessastatuteprovidesotherwise.在美国境内实施逮捕的人应当按照规则5(c)条的规定，毫不拖延地将被告带见联邦治安法官，或州或地方司法官员，除非法规另有规定。(B)ApersonmakinganarrestoutsidetheUnitedStatesmusttakethedefendantwithoutunnecessarydelaybeforeamagistratejudge,unlessastatuteprovidesotherwise.在美国境外实施逮捕的人应当毫不拖延地将被告送交联邦治安法官，除非法规另有规定。(2)Exceptions.例外情况。(A)Anofficermakinganarrestunderawarrantissueduponacomplaintchargingsolelyaviolationof18U.S.C.§1073neednotcomplywiththisruleif:如果系下列情况，实施逮捕的人对仅仅违反美国法典第18章1073条而被指控所签发的逮捕证则不必依据本条规则：(i)thepersonarrestedistransferredwithoutunnecessarydelaytothecustodyofappropriatestateorlocalauthoritiesinthedistrictofarrest;and被逮捕的人立即被移送到有关州或地方当局的拘留所；和(ii)anattorneyforthegovernmentmovespromptly,inthedistrictwherethewarrantwasissued,todismissthecomplaint.联邦检察官在发出逮捕证的地区迅速采取行动，驳回控诉。(B)Ifadefendantisarrestedforviolatingprobationorsupervisedrelease,Rule32.1applies.如果被告因违反缓刑或监督释放而被捕，则适用第32.1条。(C)Ifadefendantisarrestedforfailingtoappearinan-otherdistrict,Rule40applies.如果被告因未在其他地区出庭而被捕，则适用第40条。(3)AppearanceUponaSummons.WhenadefendantappearsinresponsetoasummonsunderRule4,amagistratejudgemustproceedunderRule5(d)or(e),asapplicable.收到传票后出庭。当被告根据规则对传票做出回应时，再审法官应当根据规则5(D)或(E)酌情行事。(b)ArrestWithoutaWarrant.Ifadefendantisarrestedwithoutawarrant,acomplaintmeetingRule4(a)’srequirementofprobablecausemustbepromptlyfiledinthedistrictwheretheoffensewasallegedlycommitted.在没有逮捕证的情况下被捕。如果被告在没有逮捕证的情况下被逮捕，应当在据称犯罪的地区迅速提出符合第4条(a)款关于可能原因的控诉。(c)PlaceofInitialAppearance;TransfertoAnotherDistrict.首次出庭地点；转移到另一个地区。(1)ArrestintheDistrictWheretheOffenseWasAllegedlyCommitted.Ifthedefendantisarrestedinthedistrictwheretheoffensewasallegedlycommitted:在涉嫌犯罪的地区逮捕。如果被告人在据称犯罪的地区被捕：(A)theinitialappearancemustbeinthatdistrict;and初次出庭应当在该地区；和(B)ifamagistratejudgeisnotreasonablyavailable,theinitialappearancemaybebeforeastateorlocaljudicialofficer.如果联邦治安法官不能合理地到庭，最初的出庭可能是在州或地方司法官员面前。(2)ArrestinaDistrictOtherThanWheretheOffenseWasAllegedlyCommitted.Ifthedefendantwasarrestedinadistrictotherthanwheretheoffensewasallegedlycommitted,theinitialappearancemustbe:在非涉嫌违法的地区逮捕。如果被告人在涉嫌犯罪的地方以外的其他地区被捕，则初次出庭应当是：(A)inthedistrictofarrest;or在逮捕区；或者(B)inanadjacentdistrictif:在邻近地区，如果：(i)theappearancecanoccurmorepromptlythere;or可以在该位置更迅速地出庭；或者(ii)theoffensewasallegedlycommittedthereandtheinitialappearancewilloccuronthedayofarrest.据称罪行是在那里犯下的，最初的出庭将安排在逮捕之日。(3)ProceduresinaDistrictOtherThanWheretheOffenseWasAllegedlyCommitted.Iftheinitialappearanceoccursinadistrictotherthanwheretheoffensewasallegedlycommitted,thefollowingproceduresapply:涉嫌犯罪以外的地区的程序。如果在罪行发生在涉嫌犯以外的地区的初次出庭，则下列程序适用：(A)themagistratejudgemustinformthedefendantabouttheprovisionsofRule20;联邦治安法官应当将第20条的规定告知被告人;(B)ifthedefendantwasarrestedwithoutawarrant,thedistrictcourtwheretheoffensewasallegedlycommittedmustfirstissueawarrantbeforethemagistratejudgetransfersthedefendanttothatdistrict;如果被告是在没有逮捕证的情况下被逮捕的，据称犯罪的地区法院应当首先发出逮捕证，然后由联邦治安法官将被告移交该地区；(C)themagistratejudgemustconductapreliminaryhearingifrequiredbyRule5.1;如果规则5.1要求，治安法官应当进行预审；(D)themagistratejudgemusttransferthedefendanttothedistrictwheretheoffensewasallegedlycommittedif:如果是以下情况，联邦治安法官应当将被告人转移到在据称犯罪的地区：(i)thegovernmentproducesthewarrant,acertifiedcopyofthewarrant,orareliableelectronicformofeither;and联邦出示逮捕证、经核证的逮捕证副本或其中任何一种的可靠电子形式；和(ii)thejudgefindsthatthedefendantisthesamepersonnamedintheindictment,information,orwarrant;and法官认定被告人是在起诉书、公诉书、或逮捕证为同一人姓名;和(E)whenadefendantistransferredanddischarged,theclerkmustpromptlytransmitthepapersandanybailtotheclerkinthedistrictwheretheoffensewasallegedlycommitted.当被告人被转移和释放时，书记官应当立即将文件和任何保释金转交据称犯罪的地区的书记官。(4)ProcedureforPersonsExtraditedtotheUnitedStates.IfthedefendantissurrenderedtotheUnitedStatesinaccordancewitharequestforthedefendant’sextradition,theinitialappearancemustbeinthedistrict(oroneofthedistricts)wheretheoffenseischarged.引渡至美国的程序。如果根据被告人的引渡请求将被告人移交给美国，则初次出庭应当在指控该罪行的地区（或其中一个地区）。(d)ProcedureinaFelonyCase.重罪案件中的程序。(1)Advice.Ifthedefendantischargedwithafelony,thejudgemustinformthedefendantofthefollowing:(A)thecomplaintagainstthedefendant,andanyaffidavitfiledwithit;通知。如果被告被控犯有重罪，法官应当将以下情况通知被告：(A)对被告的控诉，以及向其提交的任何宣誓口供；(B)thedefendant’srighttoretaincounselortorequestthatcounselbeappointedifthedefendantcannotobtaincounsel;如果被告人无法聘请律师，被告人有保留聘请律师或要求任命律师的权利；(C)thecircumstances,ifany,underwhichthedefendantmaysecurepretrialrelease;这种情况下，如有，在其下被告人可以确保审前释放;(D)anyrighttoapreliminaryhearing;and获得初步聆讯的任何权利；和(E)thedefendant’srightnottomakeastatement,andthatanystatementmademaybeusedagainstthedefendant;and被告有权不作陈述，任何陈述均可对被告使用；以及(F)thatadefendantwhoisnotaUnitedStatescitizenmayrequestthatanattorneyforthegovernmentorafederallawenforcementofficialnotifyaconsularofficerfromthedefendant’scountryofnationalitythatthedefendanthasbeenarrested—butthatevenwithoutthedefendant’srequest,atreatyorotherinternationalagreementmayrequireconsularnotification.非美国公民的被告可要求检察官或联邦司法官员通知被告国籍国的领事官员被告已被逮捕是公诉书，但即使没有被告的要求，条约或其他国际协定也可能要求通知领事。(2)ConsultingwithCounsel.Thejudgemustallowthedefendantreasonableopportunitytoconsultwithcounsel.咨询律师。该法官应当允许被告人合理的机会向律师咨询。(3)DetentionorRelease.Thejudgemustdetainorreleasethedefendantasprovidedbystatuteortheserules.拘留或释放。该法官应当按照法律或本规则的规定拘留或释放被告人。(4)Plea.AdefendantmaybeaskedtopleadonlyunderRule10.（4）认罪。被告只能根据第10条进行辩护。(e)ProcedureinaMisdemeanorCase.Ifthedefendantischargedwithamisdemeanoronly,thejudgemustinformthedefendantinaccordancewithRule58(b)(2).轻罪案件的程序。如果被告仅被控犯有轻罪，法官应当根据规则58(B)（2)通知被告）。(f)ReminderofProsecutorialObligation.对起诉义务的提示。(1)Ingeneral.Inallcriminalproceedings,onthefirstscheduledcourtdatewhenbothprosecutoranddefensecounselarepresent,thejudgeshallissueanoralandwrittenordertoprosecutionanddefensecounselthatconfirmsthedisclosureobligationoftheprosecutorunderBradyv.Maryland,373U.S.83(1963)anditsprogeny,andthepossibleconsequencesofviolatingsuchorderunderapplicablelaw.(1)一般而言。在所有刑事诉讼中，在检察官和辩护律师出庭的第一个预定的法庭日期，法官应向检察官和辩护律师发出口头和书面法令，确认检察官根据Brady诉Marlandy，373U.S.83（1963）及其后果的披露义务，以及根据适用法律违反这一法令可能产生的后果。(2)Formationoforder.Eachjudicialcouncilinwhichadistrictcourtislocatedshallpromulgateamodelorderforthepurposeofparagraph(1)thatthecourtmayuseasitdeterminesisappropriate.法令的做出。地区法院所在的每个司法委员会应颁布一项示范法令，以便法院确定适当时使用第（1）款。(g)VideoTeleconferencing.Videoteleconferencingmaybeusedtoconductanappearanceunderthisruleifthedefendantconsents.视频电话会议。如果被告人同意，视频电话会议可用于根据此规则进行出庭。Rule5.1.PreliminaryHearing规则5.1初次聆讯(a)InGeneral.Ifadefendantischargedwithanoffenseotherthanapettyoffense,amagistratejudgemustconductapreliminaryhearingunless:一般规定。如果被告人被指控不是轻罪而是其他的罪行，联邦治安法官应当进行初步聆讯，除非：(1)thedefendantwaivesthehearing;被告人放弃聆讯；(2)thedefendantisindicted;被告人被起诉；(3)thegovernmentfilesaninformationunderRule7(b)chargingthedefendantwithafelony;在公诉人文件的公诉书根据第7（b）用重罪充电被告人;(4)thegovernmentfilesaninformationchargingthedefendantwithamisdemeanor;or公诉人根据第7条(b)项提交资料，指控被告犯有重罪；(5)thedefendantischargedwithamisdemeanorandconsentstotrialbeforeamagistratejudge.被告被控犯有轻罪，并同意由联邦治安法官审判。(b)SelectingaDistrict.Adefendantarrestedinadistrictotherthanwheretheoffensewasallegedlycommittedmayelecttohavethepreliminaryhearingconductedinthedistrictwheretheprosecutionispending.选择地区。在据称犯罪地点以外的地区被捕的被告可选择在有待起诉的地区举行预审。(c)Scheduling.Themagistratejudgemustholdthepreliminaryhearingwithinareasonabletime,butnolaterthan14daysaftertheinitialappearanceifthedefendantisincustodyandnolaterthan21daysifnotincustody.日程安排。联邦治安法官应当在合理的时间内举行预审，但不迟于被告人被拘留的初次出庭后14天，不迟于未被拘留的21天。(d)ExtendingtheTime.Withthedefendant’sconsentanduponashowingofgoodcause—takingintoaccountthepublicinterestinthepromptdispositionofcriminalcases—amagistratejudgemayextendthetimelimitsinRule5.1(c)oneormoretimes.Ifthedefendantdoesnotconsent,themagistratejudgemayextendthetimelimitsonlyonashowingthatextraordinarycircumstancesexistandjusticerequiresthedelay.延长时间。在被告人同意下，并在证明有正当理由的情况下----考虑到对迅速处理刑事案件的公共利益----联邦治安法官可将规则第5.1(c)条的时限延长一次或多次。如果被告人不同意，治安法官只能在证明存在特殊情况和司法需要延展的情况下延长时限。(e)HearingandFinding.Atthepreliminaryhearing,thedefendantmaycross-examineadversewitnessesandmayintroduceevidencebutmaynotobjecttoevidenceonthegroundthatitwasunlawfullyacquired.Ifthemagistratejudgefindsprobablecausetobelieveanoffensehasbeencommittedandthedefendantcommittedit,themagistratejudgemustpromptlyrequirethedefendanttoappearforfurtherproceedings.聆听和认定。在初步聆讯中，被告可询问对方证人，并可提出证据，但不得以证据是非法取得为由质疑证据。如果联邦治安法官认为有可能的理由相信已经犯下了罪行，而被告犯下了罪行，法官应当立即要求被告出庭接受进一步的诉讼。(f)DischargingtheDefendant.Ifthemagistratejudgefindsnoprobablecausetobelieveanoffensehasbeencommittedorthedefendantcommittedit,themagistratejudgemustdismissthecomplaintanddischargethedefendant.Adischargedoesnotprecludethegovernmentfromlaterprosecutingthedefendantforthesameoffense.如果证据表明不存在合理根据相信犯罪已经发生或者由被告人所为，联邦治安法官应驳回控告，撤消对被告人的指控。撤消指控并不排除公诉人对同一犯罪再次提出指控。(g)RecordingtheProceedings.Thepreliminaryhearingmustberecordedbyacourtreporterorbyasuitablerecordingdevice.Arecordingoftheproceedingmaybemadeavailabletoanypartyuponrequest.AcopyoftherecordingandatranscriptmaybeprovidedtoanypartyuponrequestanduponanypaymentrequiredbyapplicableJudicialConferenceregulations.审理程序记录。预审应当由法院书记员或适当的记录装置记录。程序记录可应任何一方的要求提供。记录副本和抄本可根据任何一方的要求和适用的司法会议条例要求的任何付款提供给任何一方。(h)ProducingaStatement.做出陈述。(1)InGeneral.Rule26.2(a)–(d)and(f)appliesatanyhearingunderthisrule,unlessthemagistratejudgeforgoodcauserulesotherwiseinaparticularcase.一般规定。规则26.2(a)-(d)和(f)条适用于根据本规则举行的任何听讯，除非法官有正当理由在特定案件中做出其他规定。(2)SanctionsforNotProducingaStatement.IfapartydisobeysaRule26.2ordertodeliverastatementtothemovingparty,themagistratejudgemustnotconsiderthetestimonyofawitnesswhosestatementiswithheld.对不提出陈述的制裁。如果一方违反规则26.2责令向提出申请方提交陈述，治安法官不得考虑其陈述被拒绝的证人的证词。TitleIII–TheGrandJury,theIndictment,andtheInformation第三章大陪审团，起诉书和信息Rule6.TheGrandJury第六条大陪审团(a)SummoningaGrandJury.召集大陪审团。(1)InGeneral.Whenthepublicinterestsorequires,thecourtmustorderthatoneormoregrandjuriesbesummoned.Agrandjurymusthave16to23members,andthecourtmustorderthatenoughlegallyqualifiedpersonsbesummonedtomeetthisrequirement.一般规定当公共利益需要时，法院应召集一个或数个大陪审团。大陪审团由１６至２３人组成。法院应指示召集充分的合格候选人以供选任陪审团成员。(2)AlternateJurors.Whenagrandjuryisselected,thecourtmayalsoselectalternatejurors.Alternatejurorsmusthavethesamequalificationsandbeselectedinthesamemannerasanyotherjuror.Alternatejurorsreplacejurorsinthesamesequenceinwhichthea