2010-2021年考研英语一真题和答案合集

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2010年全国硕士研究生招生考试

英语（一）

（科目代码:201）

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2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark

A,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

In1924America'sNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineerstosupervisea

seriesofexperimentsatatelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnear

Chicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowshop-floorlighting]workers9

productivity.Instead,thestudiesended2givingtheirnametothe"Hawthorne

effect,theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery3ofbeingexperimented

uponchangedsubjects5behavior.

Theideaarosebecauseofthe4behaviorofthewomenintheplant.

Accordingto5oftheexperiments,theirhourlyoutputrosewhenlighting

wasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot6whatwasdoneinthe

experiment;7somethingwaschanged,productivityrose.A(n)8that

theywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe9toalterworkers9

behavior10itself

Afterseveraldecades,thesamedatawere11toeconometricanalysis.The

Hawthorneexperimentshadanothersurpriseinstore.12thedescriptionson

record,nosystematicL3wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedto

changesinlighting.

Itturnsoutthatthepeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmayhaveled

to14interpretationsofwhathappened.15,lightingwasalwayschanged

onaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output16rosecompared

withthepreviousSaturdayand17toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.18,

acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthat

outputalwayswentuponMondays.Workers19tobediligentforthefirstfew

daysoftheweekinanycase,before20aplateauandthenslackeningoff.This

suggeststhatthealleged“Hawthorneeffect55ishardtopindown.

英语（一）试题.1.（共14页）

1.[A]affected[B]achieved[C]extracted[D]restored

2.[A]at[B]up[C]with[D]off

3.[A]truth[B]sight[C]act[D]proof

4.[A]controversial[B]perplexing[C]mischievous[D]ambiguous

5.[A]requirements[B]explanations[C]accounts[D]assessments

6.[A]conclude[B]matter[C]indicate[D]work

7.[A]asfaras[B]forfearthat[C]incasethat[D]solongas

8.[A]awareness[B]expectation[C]sentiment[D]illusion

9.[A]suitable[B]excessive[C]enough[D]abundant

10.[A]about[B]for[C]on[D]by

11.[A]compared[B]shown[C]subjected[D]conveyed

12.[A]Contraryto[B]Consistentwith[C]Parallelwith[D]Peculiarto

13.[A]evidence[B]guidance[C]implication[D]source

14.[A]disputable[B]enlightening[C]reliable[D]misleading

15.[A]Incontrast[B]Forexample[C]Inconsequence[D]Asusual

16.[A]duly[B]accidentally[C]unpredictably[D]suddenly

17.[A]failed[B]ceased[C]started[D]continued

18.[A]Therefore[B]Furthermore[C]However[D]Meanwhile

19.[A]attempted[B]tended[C]chose[D]intended

2O.[A]breaking[B]climbing[C]surpassing[D]hitting

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,

B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

英语（一）试题.2.（共14页）

Text1

OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduring

thepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorable

declineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.

Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageof

fortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig­

citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsof

criticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.

Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereonce

deemedsuitablefbrpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.

Weareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublished

inEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatime

whennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornament

tothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenfbrgranted

thatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheevents

theycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheir

learninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,couldbetrustedto

knowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwere

proudtobepublishedinthedailypress."Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughor

literarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,Newmanwrote,uthatI

amtemptedtodefine'journalism'as匕termofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoare

notreadtowriterswhoare

Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowrotefbr

theManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnow

knownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,

hewasalsooneofEngland'sforemostclassical-musiccritics,andastylistsowidely

admiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967,

thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,and

hisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.

IsthereanychancethatCardus'scriticismwillenjoyarevival?Theprospect

seemsremote.Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodern

readershavelittleusefbrtherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhe

specialized.Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlong

retreat.

英语（一）试题.3.（共14页）

21.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that

[A]artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers.

[B]English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.

[C]high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.

[D]youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies.

22.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedby

[A]freethemes.

[B]casualstyle.

[C]elaboratelayout.

[D]radicalviewpoints.

23.WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?

[A]Itiswriters9dutytofulfilljournalisticgoals.

[B]Itiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.

[C]Writersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism.

[D]Notallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.

24.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?

[A]Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.

[B]Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.

[C]Hisstylecaterslargelytomodemspecialists.

[D]Hiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.

25.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[A]NewspapersoftheGoodOldDays

[B]TheLostHorizoninNewspapers

[C]MournfulDeclineofJournalism

[D]ProminentCriticsinMemory

英语（一）试题.4.（共14页）

Text2

Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalled

businessmethods.Areceivedoneforits“one-click“onlinepayment

system.MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.One

inventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.

Nowthenation'stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackon

business-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirst

authorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzz,the

U.S.CourtofAppealsfortheFederalCircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcaseto

conductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,

is“averybigdealJsaysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchoolof

Law.It"hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents/9

Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-fhce,becauseit

wastheFederalCircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithits1998decisionin

theso-calledStateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpooling

mutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatent

filings,initiallybyemergingInternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusiverightsto

specifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moreestablishedcompaniesracedtoadd

suchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeat

themtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmore

than300business-methodpatents,despitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisfor

grantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfirmsarmedthemselveswith

patentsfbrfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthe

practice.

TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskinthe

energymarket.TheFederalCircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecase

wouldbeheardbyall12ofthecouifsjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,and

thatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould“reconsider5'itsStateStreet

Bankruling.

TheFederalCircuit9sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsby

theSupremeCourtthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.Last

April,forexample,thejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor

“inventions“thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalCircuitare"reactingtothe

anti-patenttrendattheSupremeCourt,“saysHaroldC.Wegner,apatentattorneyand

professoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.

英语（一）试题.5.（共14页）

26.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof

[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusinesses.

[B]theirconnectionwithassetallocation.

[C]thepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting.

[D]thecontroversyovertheirauthorization.

27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?

[A]Itsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions.

[B]Itinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction.

[C]IthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit.

[D]ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.

28.Theword“about-fhce”(Line1,Para.3)mostprobablymeans

[A]lossofgoodwill.

[B]increaseofhostility.

[C]changeofattitude.

[D]enhancementofdignity.

29.Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatents

[A]areimmunetolegalchallenges.

[B]areoftenunnecessarilyissued.

[C]lowertheesteemforpatentholders.

[D]increasetheincidenceofrisks.

30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?

[A]Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatents.

[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders.

[C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents.

[D]Aprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodpatents.

英语（一）试题.6.（共14页）

Text3

InhisbookTheTippingPoint.MalcolmGladwellarguesthat“socialepidemics"

aredriveninlargepartbytheactionsofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,often

calledinfluentials,whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwellconnected.The

ideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesn'texplainhowideasactuallyspread.

Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausible-soundingbut

largelyuntestedtheorycalledthe“two-stepflowofcommunication^^:Information

flowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketers

haveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindand

influencetheinfluentials,thoseselectpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.The

theoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofcertainlooks,

brands,orneighborhoods.Inmanysuchcases,acursorysearchforcausesfindsthat

somesmallgroupofpeoplewaswearing,promoting,ordevelopingwhateveritis

beforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththe

ideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends.

Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefinding

thatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.

Infact,theydon'tseemtoberequiredatall.

Theresearchers9argumentstemsfromasimpleobservationaboutsocial

influence:WiththeexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey-whoseoutsize

presenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonal,influence-eventhemost

influentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon'tinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yet

itispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flow

theory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemics,byinfluencingtheirfriendsand

colleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachpersonsoaffected

musttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,

andsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachoftheseoeoplehaslittleto

dowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfrom

theinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexample,thecascadeofchangewon't

propagateveryfororaffectmanypeople.

Buildingonthisbasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudied

thedynamicsofsocialinfluencebyconductingthousandsofcomputersimulationsof

populations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople'sabilityto

influenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced.Theyfoundthattheprincipal

requirementforwhatiscalled“globalcascades^^-thewidespreadpropagationof

influencethroughnetworks-isthepresencenotofafewinfluentialsbut,rather,ofa

criticalmassofeasilyinfluencedpeople.

英语（一）试题.7.（共14页）

31.BycitingthebookTheTippingPoint,theauthorintendsto

[A]analyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemics.

[B]discussinfluentials9functioninspreadingideas.

[C]exemplifypeople'sintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemics.

[D]describetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials.

32.Theauthorsuggeststhatthe“two-step-flowtheory”

[A]servesasasolutiontomarketingproblems.

[B]hashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrends.

[C]haswonsupportfrominfluentials.

[D]requiressolidevidenceforitsvalidity.

33.Whattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthat

[A]thepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinteractions.

[B]interpersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthemedia.

[C]influentialshavemorechannelstoreachthepublic.

[D]mostcelebritiesenjoywidemediaattention.

34.Theunderlinedphrase"thesepeople"inParagraph4referstotheoneswho

[A]stayoutsidethenetworkofsocialinfluence.

[B]havelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluence.

[C]areinfluencedandtheninfluenceothers.

[D]areinfluencedbytheinitialinfluential.

35.Whatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialinfluence?

[A]Theeagernesstobeaccepted.

[B]Theimpulsetoinfluenceothers.

[C]Thereadinesstobeinfluenced.

[D]Theinclinationtorelyonothers.

英语（一）试题.8.（共14页）

Text4

Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthe

scenes,theyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse:theaccountingstandard-setters.

Theirrules,moanthebanks,haveforcedthemtoreportenormouslosses,andit5sjust

notfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,

notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch.

Unfortunately,banks'lobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybe

unknowable,buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproper

functioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.And,unlessbankscanytoxic

assetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult.

AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,America'sFinancialAccounting

StandardsBoard(FASB)rushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksmorefreedom

tousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglosseson

long-termassetsintheirincomestatements.BobHerz,theFASB'schairman,cried

outagainstthosewho"questionourmotives.^^Yetbanksharesroseandthechanges

enhancewhatonelobbyinggrouppolitelycallsutheuseofjudgmentbymanagement.^^

EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccounting

StandardsBoard(IASB)dolikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithout

overallplanning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitsreconstructionofrules

laterthisyearisstrong.CharlieMcCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warnedthe

IASBthatitdid6<notliveinapoliticalvacuum^^but“intherealworld"andthatEurope

couldyetdevelopdifferentrules.

Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervalued

assets.Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausetheylargelyreflect

thetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwill

notbeknownforyears.Butbanks9sharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,suggestingthat

investorsareskeptical.Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhich

willnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposed

bargains.

Togetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith.

America'snewplantobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetsto

levelswhichbuyersfindattractive.Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandeven

combativestandard-setters.TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaningup

rulesonstockoptionsandpensions,forexample,againsthostilityfromspecialinterests.

Butbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemoreconcessions.

英语（一）试题.9.（共14页）

36.Bankerscomplainedthattheywereforcedto

[A]followunfavorableassetevaluationrules.

[B]collectpaymentsfromthirdparties.

[C]cooperatewiththepricemanagers.

[D]reevaluatesomeoftheirassets.

37.Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresultin

[A]thediminishingroleofmanagement.

[B]therevivalofthebankingsystem.

[C]thebanks'long-termassetlosses.

[D]theweakeningofitsindependence.

38.AccordingtoParagraph4,McCreevyobjectstotheIASB'Sattemptto

[A]keepawayfrompoliticalinfluences.

[B]evadethepressurefromtheirpeers.

[C]actontheirowninrule-setting.

[D]takegradualmeasuresinreform.

39.Theauthorthinksthebankswere“onthewrongplanet“inthatthey

[A]misinterpretedmarketpriceindicators.

[B]exaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirassets.

[C]neglectedthelikelyexistenceofbaddebts.

[D]deniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofassets.

40.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsstandard-settersisoneof

[A]satisfaction.

[B]skepticism.

[C]objectiveness.

[D]sympathy.

英语（一）试题.10.（共14页）

PartB

Directions:

Forquestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthelistA-Gandfill

themintothenumberedboxestoformacoherenttext.ParagraphEhasbeen

correctlyplaced.Thereisoneparagraphwhichdoesnotfitinwiththetext.Mark

youranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

[A]Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer'sgrowingpreferenceforeatingout:

theconsumptionoffoodanddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisenfrom

about32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35percentin2000andis

expectedtoapproach38percentby2005.Thisdevelopmentisboostingwholesale

demandfromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayearacrossEurope,

comparedwithgrowthinretaildemandof1to2percent.Meanwhile,asthe

recessionisloominglarge,peoplearegettinganxious.Theytendtokeepatighter

holdontheirpurseandconsidereatingathomearealisticalternative.

[B]RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope'slargestmarketsareatastandstill,

leavingEuropeangroceryretailershungryforopportunitiestogrow.Mostleading

retailershavealreadytriede-commerce,withlimitedsuccess,andexpansion

abroad.Butalmostallhaveignoredthebig,profitableopportunityintheirown

backyard:thewholesalefoodanddrinktrade,whichappearstobejustthekindof

marketretailersneed.

[C]Willsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthefoodand

drinkmarket?Definitelynot.Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexible

trendsdominatedbypotentialbuyers.Inotherwords,itisuptothebuyer,rather

thantheseller,todecidewhattobuy.Atanyrate,thischangewillultimatelybe

acclaimedbyanever-growingnumberofbothdomesticandinternational

consumers,regardlessofhowlongthecurrentconsumerpatternwilltakehold.

[D]Allinall,thisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbigretailerscouldprofitably

applytheirgiganticscale,existinginfrastructure,andprovenskillsinthe

managementofproductranges,logistics,andmarketingintelligence.Retailers

thatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakein

substantialprofitsthereby.Atleast,thatishowitlooksasawhole.Closer

inspectionrevealsimportantdifferencesamongthebiggestnationalmarkets,

英语（一）试题.11.（共14页）

especiallyintheircustomersegmentsandwholesalestructures,aswellasthe

competitivedynamicsofindividualfoodanddrinkcategories.Bigretailersmust

understandthesedifferencesbeforetheycanidentifythesegmentsofEuropean

wholesalinginwhichtheirparticularabilitiesmightunseatsmallerbutentrenched

competitors.Newskillsandunfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo.

[E]Despitevariationsindetail,wholesalemarketsinthecountriesthathavebeen

closelyexamined-France,Germany,ItalyandSpain-aremadeoutofthesame

buildingblocks.Demandcomesmainlyfromtwosources:independent

mom-and-popgrocerystoreswhich,unlikelargeretailchains,aretoosmallto

buystraightfromproducers,andfoodserviceoperatorsthatcatertoconsumers

whentheydon'teatathome.Suchfoodserviceoperatorsrangefromsnack

machinestolargeinstitutionalcateringventures,butmostofthesebusinessesare

knowninthetradeas“horeca"：hotels,restaurants,andcafes.Overall,Europe's

wholesalemarketforfoodanddrinkisgrowingatthesamesluggishpaceasthe

retailmarket,butthefigures,whenaddedtogether,masktwoopposingtrends.

\F]Forexample,wholesalefoodanddrinksalescameto$268billioninFrance,

Germany,Italy,Spain,andtheUnitedKingdomin2000-morethan40percent

ofretailsales.Moreover,averageoverallmarginsarehigherinwholesalethanin

retail;wholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesectorisgrowingquicklyasmore

Europeanseatoutmoreoften;andchangesinthecompetitivedynamicsofthis

fragmentedindustryareatlastmakingitfeasiblefbrwholesalerstoconsolidate.

[GJHowever,noneoftheserequirementsshoulddeterlargeretailers(andevensome

largefoodproducersandexistingwholesalers)fromtryingtheirhand,forthose

thatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropestandtoreapconsiderable

gams.

|41.-142.-143.|T|TIE—

英语（一）试题.12.（共14页）

PartC

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto

Chinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)

Onebasicweaknessinaconservationsystembasedwhollyoneconomic

motivesisthatmostmembersofthelandcommunityhavenoeconomicvalue.Yet

thesecreaturesaremembersofthebioticcommunityand,ifitsstabilitydependson

itsintegrity,theyareentitledtocontinuance.

Whenoneofthesenoneconomiccategoriesisthreatenedand,ifwehappento

loveit,weinventexcusestogiveiteconomicimportance.Atthebeginningofthe

centurysongbirdsweresupposedtobedisappearing.(46)Scientistsjumpedtothe

rescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffectthatinsectswouldeatusupif

birdsfhiledtocontrolthem.Theevidencehadtobeeconomicinordertobevalid.

Itispainfultoreadtheseroundaboutaccountstoday.Wehavenolandethicyet,

(47)butwehaveatleastdrawnnearerthepointofadmittingthatbirdsshould

continueasamatterofintrinsicright,regardlessofthepresenceorabsenceof

economicadvantagetous.

Aparallelsituationexistsinrespectofpredatorymammalsandfish-eatingbirds.

(48)Timewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverworkedtheevidencethatthese

creaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweak,orthattheyprey

onlyon“worthless“species.Hereagain,theevidencehadtobeeconomicinorderto

bevalid.Itisonlyinrecentyearsthatwehearthemorehonestargumentthat

predatorsaremembersofthecommunity,andthatnospecia