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TextTextHuntingforajoblatelastyear,lawyerGantRedmonstumbledacrossCareerBuilder,ajobdatabaseontheInternet.Hesearcheditwithnosuccessbutwasattractedbythesite’s“alsearchagent.”It’saninctivefeaturethatletsvisitorskeyinjobcriteriasuchaslocation,title,andsalary,thenE-mailsthemwhenamatchingpositionispostedinthedatabase.Redmonchosethe legal,ilectualproperty,andWashington,D.C.Threeweekslater,hegothisfirstnotificationofanopening.“Istruckgold,”saysRedmon,whoE-mailedhisresumetotheemployerandwonapositionasin-housecounselfora.Withthousandsofcareer-relatedsitesontheInternet,findingpromisingopeningscanbetime-consumingandinefficient.Searchagentsreducetheneedforrepeatedvisitstothedatabases.ButalthoughasearchagentworkedforRedmon,careerexpertsseedrawbacks.Narrowingyourcriteria,forexample,mayworkagainstyou:“Everytimeyouansweraquestionyoueliminateapossibility.”saysoneexpert.Foranyjobsearch,youshouldstartwithanarrowconcept—whatyouthinkyouwanttodo--thenbroadenit.“Noneoftheseprogramsdothat,”saysanotherexpert.“There’snocareercounselingimplicitinallofthis.”Instead,thebeststrategyistousetheagentasakindoftipservicetokeepabreastofjobsinaparticulardatabase;whenyougetE-mail,consideritaremindertocheckthedatabaseagain.“Iwouldnotrelyonagentsforfindingeverythingthatisaddedtoadatabasethatmightinterestme,”saystheauthorofajob-searchingguide.Somesitesdesigntheiragentstotemptjobhunterstoreturn.WhenCareerSite’sagentsendsoutmessagestothosewhohavesignedupforitsservice,forexample,itincludesonlythreepotentialjobs--thoseitconsidersthebestmatches.Theremaybemorematchesinthedatabase;jobhunterswillhavetovisitthesiteagaintofindthem--andtheydo.“Onthedayafterwesendourmessages,weseeasharpincreaseinourtraffic,”saysSethPeets,viceofmarketingforCareerSite.Eventhosewhoaren’thuntingforjobsmayfindsearchagentsworthwhile.Someusethemtokeepaclosewatchonthedemandfortheirlineofworkorgatherinformationoncompensationtoarmthemselveswhennegotiatingforaraise.Althoughhappilyemployed,RedmonmaintainshisagentatCareerBuilder.“Youalwayskeepyoureyesopen,”hesays.Workingwitha alsearchagentmeanshavinganothersetofeyeslookingoutforyou.Text1筑师的求职资料库他找来找去没有找到需要的工作但却被该上“个“知识”和“。过了三个星期后，曼接到了第一个职位空缺的到了一份驻公司的职务。由于网上的求职招聘数不胜数，因此寻找可能的空缺职位变得费时又费职建议。实际上，最佳策略是把“”当作一种提示性服务，来及时一查资料库的新信息了。一本求职指南的作者这样说到“我不愿意依赖‘它只是在数据库里逐一寻找可能让我感的新东西。一些在“”的程序设计上考虑让它诱使求职者回访。比如，当这些求职的“”向用户发送信息时，只提供三种它认为最匹配的工作。而实际上，数据库里可能还有的匹配项，于是，求职者只得再次这个来寻找。事实上，求职者真的这样做。求职网销售副塞思·说，。即使那些不找工作的人也会觉得“搜索”有用。一些人利用搜索密切关注职业市场对于自己行业的需求情况或者收集有关薪水的信息以便和协商加薪时有所准备曼虽然已经愉快地就业了，但他依然保持着与“职业建筑师”网“”的联系。他说“你要时刻睁大眼睛，关注这方面的信息。 。TextOverthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoëZysman.Englishnamesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.YetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.ThustheAmericanandvice-havesurnamesstartingwithBandCrespectively;and26ofGeorgeBush’spredecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheadsofernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,ChrétienandKoizumi).Theworld’sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,Duisenbergandi)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld’sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffett,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht).Canthismerelybecoincidence?Onetheory,dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantaged,isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheirfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareli llyhavingaZZZ.Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.Text2人们早就知道，当乘客翻薄叫出租车时，一家名为“AAAA汽车”的出Adam或Abbott的人在生活中要比名为ZoeZysman的人有优势。英杰出人物的姓氏字母却都排在了A到K之间。，因此的总统和副姓氏字母分别以B和C开头，而乔治·布什2616位排在了后半部分。更令人吃惊的是，七个富裕国的首脑中，六位具有字母排序的优势，他们分别是：、布莱尔、布什、、科利汀和。世界三大，名字分别是：盖茨、、艾伦、埃利森和阿尔布雷克特。难道这仅仅只是巧合吗？有一种理论是那些在字母排序中处于劣势的人闲暇之余臆造出来的它认为这种不待遇早就存在了在的第一学期里，得到，而轮到那些姓氏字母靠后的人时，大多数参加者差不多都在打鼾了。在求职面试的最后里，在投票单上，在与会发言人和参加者中……往往都是按照字母先后顺序的排列，等到拿着这些的人费劲地从头看到尾 TextWhenitcomestotheslowingeconomy,EllenSperoisn’tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn’tcutting,fillingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe’dliketo,either.Mostofhersspend$12to$50weekly,butlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy.“I’magoodeconomicindicator,”shesays.“Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey’reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars.”SoSperoisdownscaling,shopatmiddle-browDillard’sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhome,insteadofNeimanMarcus.“Idon’tknowifothersaregoingtoabandonme,too.”shesays.EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’sadmissionthatAmerica’sred-hoteconomyiscooling,lotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutlets,saleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailers,wholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmas,thecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Already,expertssay,holidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear’space.Butdon’tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcerned,notpanicked,andmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy’slong-termprospects,evenastheydosomemodestbelt-Consumerssaythey’renotindespairbecause,despitethedreadfulheadlines,theirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattan,“there’sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe$4millionto$10millionrange,predominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonuses,”saysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFrancisco,pricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets.“Insteadof20to30offers,nowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthree,”saysJohnTealdi,aBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob.Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn’tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswings,whichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupside,too.GettingatableatManhattan’shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.Forthat,Greenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting.Text3当经济发展减缓时，艾伦·斯珀若还没有处于绝望的状态。然而47虑时就不需要了”因此，斯珀若也在节约开支。她改去克利兰德郊区她甚至在艾伦·格林斯潘承认过热的经济开始降温之前，众多的工人自己已经看到了经济的迹象。随着消费者削减开支，从汽车销售商到Gap名牌节期间的收入为全年收入的百分之二十四，对他们来讲，顾客的这种谨慎态度分之七。不过，目前还不必拉响警报。消费者好像仅仅是中度关注，没有，街红利注入”经纪人芭芭拉·可考恩说。在旧金山，高价抢购现象TextAmericanstodaydon’tceaveryhighvalueoninlect.Ourheroesareathletes,entertainers,andentrepreneurs,notscholars.Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrentogetapracticaleducation--nottopursueknowledgeforthesakeofknowledge.Symptomsofpervasiveanti-inlectualisminourschoolsaren’tdifficulttofind.“Schoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthaninlectual,”sayseducationwriterDianeRavitch.“Schoolscouldbeacounterbalance.”Ravitch’slatestbook,LeftBack:ACenturyofFailedSchoolReforms,tracestherootsofanti-inlectualisminourschools,concludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistasteforinlectualButtheycouldandshouldbe.Encouragingkidstorejectthelifeofthemindleavesthemvulnerabletoexploitationandcontrol.Withouttheabilitytothinkcritically,todefendtheirideasandunderstandtheideasofothers,theycannotfullyparticipateinourdemocracy.Continuingalongthispath,sayswriterEarlShorris,“Wewilleasecond-ratecountry.Wewillhavealesscivilsociety.”“Inlectisresentedasaformofpowerorprivilege,”writeshistorianandprofessorRichardHofstadterinAnti-IlectualisminAmericanLife,aPulitzer-Prizewinningbookontherootsofanti-inlectualisminUSpolitics,religion,andeducation.Fromthebeginningofourhistory,saysHofstadter,ourdemocraticandpopulisturgeshavedrivenustorejectanythingthatsmellsofelitism.Practicality,commonsense,andnativeinligencehavebeenconsideredmorenoblequalitiesthananythingyoucouldlearnfromabook.RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschoolingandrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren:“Weareshutupinschoolsandcollegerecitationroomsfor10or15yearsandcomeoutatlastwithabellyfulofwordsanddonotknowathing.”MarkTwain’scivilized--goingtoschoolandlearningtoread--sohecanpreservehisinnategoodness.Inlect,accordingtoHofstadter,isdifferentfromnativeinligence,aqualitywereluctantlyadmire.Inlectisthecritical,creative,andcontemtivesideofthemind.Inligenceseekstograsp,manipulate,re-order,andadjust,whileinlectexamines,ponders,wonders,theorizes,criticizesandimagines.Schoolremainsacewhereinlectismistrusted.Hofstadtersaysourcountry’seducationalsystemisinthegripsofpeoplewho“joyfullyandmilitantlyproclaimtheirhostilitytoinlectandtheireagernesstoidentifywithchildrenwhoshowtheleastinlectualpromise.”Text4今天的人对才智并不。我们心目中的不是学者，而是运动员、演艺界和企业家。即使我们的学校也只是我们送孩子去接受实用教育，：革》追溯了学校里反才智主义的根由，并得出结论学校绝没有逆转人：会使他们很容易被利用和控制。如果缺乏地思考、捍卫自己的思想和理解他人观点的能力，他们就不能够完全参与到我们的当中去。作家厄尔·绍利斯、、、“才智被看作一种权利和而遭到厌弃”历史学家理查德·霍夫斯坦了政治和教育领域中反才智主义的根源。霍夫斯坦特说，在我们历史的一开始我们对于和平义的渴望驱使我们任何带有精英优越论味道的东西。实用的智力被认为是比书本中学到的东西更加高尚的素、、、学习不自然地禁锢了孩子合和调节，而才智是审视、思考、怀疑、形成理论、和想象。2003PartA(409.60.TextWildBillDonovanwouldhavelovedtheInternet.TheAmericanspymasterwhobuilttheOfficeofStrategicServicesintheWorldWarIIandlaterlaidtherootsfortheCIAwasfascinatedwithinformation.Donovanbelievedinusingwhatevertoolscametohandinthe“greatgame”ofespionage--spyingasa“profession.”ThesedaystheNet,whichhasalreadyre-madesucheverydaypastimesasbuyingbooksandsendingmail,isreshaDonovan’svocationasThelatestrevolutionisn’tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen’se-mail.Thatkindofelectronicspyinghasbeengoingonfordecades.Inthepastthreeorfouryears,theWorldWideWebhasgivenbirthtoawholeindustryofpoint-and-clickspying.Thespookscallit“open-sourceinligence,”andastheNetgrows,itisingincreasinglyinfluential.In1995theCIAheldacontesttoseewhocouldcompilethemostdataaboutBurundi.Thewinner,byalargemargin,wasatinyVirginiacalledOpenSourceSolutions,whoseclearadvantagewasitsmasteryoftheelectronicAmongthefirmsmakingthebiggestsshinthisnewworldisStraitford,Inc.,aprivateinligence-ysisfirmbasedinAustin,Texas.Straitfordmakesmoneybysellingtheresultsofspying(coveringnationsfromChiletoRussia)tocorporationslikeenergy-servicesfirmMcDermottInternational.ManyofitspredictionsareavailableonlineatStraitfordGeorgeFriedmansaysheseestheonlineworldasakindofmutuallyreinforcingtoolforbothinformationcollectionanddistribution,aspymaster’sdream.Lastweekhisfirmwasbusyvacuumingupdatabitsfromthefarcornersoftheworldandpredictingacrisisin.“Assoonasthatreportruns,we’llsuddenlyget500newInternetsign-upsfrom,”saysFriedman,aformerpoliticalscienceprofessor.“Andwe’llhearbackfromsomeofthem.”Open-sourcespyingdoeshaveitsrisks,ofcourse,sinceitcanbedifficulttolgoodinformationfrombad.That’swhereStraitfordearnsitskeep.Friedmanreliesonaleanstaffof20inAustin.Severalofhisstaffmembershavemilitary-inligencebackgrounds.Heseesthefirm’soutsiderstatusasthekeytoitssuccess.Straitford’sbriefsdon’tsoundliketheusualWashingtonback-and-forthing,wherebyagenciesavoiddramaticdeclarationsonthechancetheymightbewrong.Straitford,saysFriedman,takesprideinitsindependentvoice.Text1狂热的比尔·多诺汶（要是活着的话）肯定会喜欢网络。这位大王对着迷，他曾经在第二次时建立了战略事务，后来又为最近的这次性的改变不仅仅是一个人偷看别人的电子邮件的问题，这样一个可称为点击的完整的产业。们把它称为“公开来源。随着互联网的发展它变得越来越有1995年局举办了一个竞赛，的许多预测都可以从它的上 该公司的乔治·弗莱德曼说，他把网络世界视为收集和发布两角落里收集零散的信息并预测在将发生一场“一旦这个发布，从突然新增500个用户登陆发布的信息”弗莱德曼，一位前政治“报听上去不像常常提供的躲闪的言辞这些机构往往以此来避免独立而感到自豪。TextToparaphrase18th-centurystatesmanEdmundBurke,“allthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeopledonothing.”Onesuchcausenowseekstoendbiomedicalresearchbecauseofthetheorythatanimalshaverightsrulingouttheiruseinresearch.Scientistsneedtorespondfullytoanimalrightsadvocates,whoseargumentsareconfusingthepublicandtherebythreateningadvancesinhealthknowledgeandcare.Leadersoftheanimalrightsmovementtargetbiomedicalresearchbecauseitdependsonpublicfunding,andfewpeopleunderstandtheprocessofhealthcareresearch.Hearingallegationsofcrueltytoanimalsinresearchsettings,manyareperplexedthatanyonewoulddeliberayharmananimal.Forexample,agrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedinanimals—nomeat,nofur,nomedicines.Askedifsheopposedimmunizations,shewantedtoknowifvaccinescomefromanimalresearch.Whenassuredthattheydo,shereplied,“ThenIwouldhavetosayyes.”Askedwhatwillhappenwhenepidemicsreturn,shesaid,“Don’tworry,scientistswillfindsomewayofusingcomputers.”Suchwell-meaningpeoplejustdon’tunderstand.Scientistsmustcommunicatetheirmessagetothepublicinacompassionate,understandableway--inhumanterms,notinthelanguageofmolecularbiology.Weneedtomakecleartheconnectionbetweenanimalresearchandagrandmother’shiprecement,afather’sbypassoperation,ababy’svaccinations,andevenapet’sshots.Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatments,aswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccines,animalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst.Muchcanbedone.Scientistscould“adopt”middleschoolclassesandpresenttheirownresearch.Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditor,lestanimalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.Researchinstitutionscouldbeopenedtotours,toshowthatlaboratoryanimalsreceivehumanecare.Finally,becausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatients,thehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywell-knownalitiessuchasStephenCooper,whohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearch,butallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.Ifgoodpeopledonothing,thereisarealpossibilitythatanuninformedcitizenrywillextinguishthepreciousembersofmedicalText2世纪埃德蒙柏克曾类似这样的话“一个被误导的事业如果要得 科学家应该对动物权利者做出强有力的回应因为他们的 视听，从而到卫生知识和医疗的进步。动物权利运动的者将矛头指向生物医学研究，原因在于它依赖公共的资助，并且很少有人懂得卫生医疗研究的过程。当人们听到医学实验动物的指控时，许多人都不明白为什么有人会故意动物。例如在近期的一次集市上一位老站在动物权利宣传点前散发小册子，到她是否免疫接种时，她问是否来自动物实验。当知的确如此，她回答道“那么我不得不说是的我接种当被问到传染病爆发怎么办时，她说“不用担心，科学家会找到法，用计算机来解决问题。看,这样好心剂都密切相关对于那些不明白获得这些新的治疗方法和都必须进行动物实验的人来说，动物实验说得好是浪费，说得不好是。应该对报的读者来信及时做出反应以防止动物权利的误导在毫无质疑的人们展示里的动物获得了人道的对待。最后，因为最有发言权的是，验的价值地进行了肯定——而且应该争取所有接受治疗的的支持如果 TextInrecentyears,railroadshavebeencombiningwitheachother,mergingintosupersystems,causingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.Asrecentlyas1995,thetopfourrailroadsaccountedforunder70percentofthetotalton-movedbyrails.Nextyear,afteraseriesofmergersiscompleted,justfourrailroadswillcontrolwellover90percentofallthefreightmovedbymajorrailcarriers.Supportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowforsubstantialcostreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.Anythreatofmonopoly,theyargue,isremovedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.Butmanyshipperscominthatforheavybulkcommoditiestravelinglongdistances,suchascoal,chemicals,andgrain,truckingistoocostlyandtherailroadsthereforehavethembythethroat.Thevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersareservedbyonlyonerail.Railroadstypicallychargesuch“captive”shippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.Shipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalernment’sSurfaceTransportationBoardforraterelief,buttheprocessisexpensive,time-consuming,andwillworkonlyintrulyextremeRailroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainstcaptiveshippersonthegroundsthatinthelongrunitreduceseveryone’scost.Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaveragerate,theyargue,shipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddoso,leavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeeuptheline.It’satheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribe,butinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail.“Dowereallywantrailroadstobethearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthemarketce?”asksMartinBercovici,aWashingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshippers.Manycaptiveshippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehitwitharoundofhugerateincreases.Therailroadindustryasawhole,despiteitsbrighteningfortunes,stilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.Yetrailroadscontinuetoborrowbillionstoacquireoneanother,withWallStreetcheeringthemon.Consider$10.2billionbidbyNorfolkSouthernandCSXtoacquireConrailthisyear.Conrail’snetrailwayoperatingein1996wasjust$427million,lessthanhalfofthecarryingcostsofthetransaction.Who’sgoingtopayfortherestofthebill?Manycaptiveshippersfearthattheywill,asNorfolkSouthernandCSXincreasetheirgriponthemarket.Text3列合并活动完成之后，四家铁路公司将控制90%以上的铁路市场。，支持组建超大型铁路的认为，合并将导致成本的大幅降低，铁路公司更协调地提供服务。他们认为，在公路的激烈竞争面前的已经不复存在。但许多客户却抱怨说，对于长途的大宗货物来说，如煤炭，化学制品和粮食，公路成本太高，因此铁路公司就会掐他们的脖子。，铁路业的大规模联合意味着多数客户将会依赖一家公司的服务。通常，铁路公司对这些“被控制”客户的要比存在其它铁路公司的竞争时高出20%-30%。如果客户感到他们被多，他们有权上诉到的“陆路运输局”以争取价格下调，但这个过程既耗财又耗时，并且只有在真正特殊的对“被控制”客户进行的价格，铁路公司理由是，从长远来看，平均价格的话，那么，可以使用公路或其它交通工具的客户将会转移，使剩下的客户来承担铁路正常运作的开销。这种理论得到了多数的认同，但铁路公司成为在市场上决定谁败谁荣的裁决者？”马丁•贝问道。他是一许“被控制客户还担心他们很快将一轮新的大幅涨价从整体来说，需要而进行的固定资产投资然而铁路公司仍然继续数十亿来进行相互合并，而华尔街也鼓励它们这样做。请想今年公司和CSX公司兼并公司所花的102亿吧。公司1996年铁路运营纯收入为4.27亿,这还不足这宗运作成本的一半。支付其余的费用呢？许“被控制”，随着和CSX公司增加对市场的控制，他们得负担这部TextItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressing,inCanadainevitableandinCaliforniaoptional.Smallwonder.Americans’lifeexpectancyhasnearlydoubledoverthepastcentury.Failinghipscanbereced,clinicaldepressioncontrolled,cataractsremovedina30-minutesurgicalprocedure.SuchadvancesoffertheagingpopulationaqualityoflifethatwasunimaginablewhenIenteredmedicine50yearsago.Butnotevenagreathealth-caresystemcancuredeath-andourfailuretoconfrontthatrealitynowthreatensthisgreatnessofDeathisnormal;wearegeneticallyprogrammedtodisintegrateandperish,evenunderidealconditions.Weallunderstandthatatsomelevel,yetasmedicalconsumerswetreatdeathasaproblemtobesolved.Shieldedbythird-partypayersfromthecostofourcare,wedemandeverythingthatcanpossiblybedoneforus,evenifit’suseless.Themostobviousexampleislate-stagecancercare.Physicians--frustratedbytheirinabilitytocurethediseaseandfearinglossofhopeinthepatient--toooftenofferaggressivetreatmentfarbeyondwhatisscientificallyjustified.In1950,theU.S.spent$12.7billiononhealthcare.In2002,thecostwillbe$1,540billion.Anyonecanseethistrendisunsustainable.Yetfewseemwillingtotrytoreverseit.Somescholarsconcludethataernmentwithfiniteresourcesshouldsimplystoppayingformedicalcarethatsustainslifebeyondacertainage--say83orso.FormerColoradoernorRichardLammhasbeenquotedassayingthattheoldandinfirm“haveadutytodieandgetoutoftheway,”sothatyounger,healthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential.Iwouldnotgothatfar.Energeticpeoplenowroutinelyworkthroughtheir60sandbeyond,andremaindazzlinglyproductive.At78,chairmanSumnerRedstonejokinglyclaimstobe53.SupremeCourtJusticeSandraDayO’Connorisinher70s,andformersurgeongeneralC.EverettKoopchairsanInternetstart-upinhis80s.Theseleadersarelivingproofthatpreventionworksandthatwecanmanagethehealthproblemsthatcomenaturallywithage.Asamere68-year-old,Iwishtoageasproductivelyastheyhave.Yettherearelimitstowhatasocietycanspendinthispursuit.Asaphysician,Iknowthemostcostlyanddramaticmeasuresmaybeineffectiveandpainful.IalsoknowthatpeopleinJapanandSweden,countriesthatspendfarlessonmedicalcare,haveachievedlonger,healthierlivesthanwehave.Asanation,wemaybeoverfundingthequestforunlikelycureswhileunderfundingresearchonhumblertherapiesthatcouldimprovepeople’slives.Text4，，以选择。这种说法并不奇怪。在过去的一个世纪里人的几乎延长了一倍。髋骨可以更换，临床的忧郁症得到了控制，白内障在30分钟手术中便可以切除。这些进步给老年人口带来的高质量50年前我刚从事医学时是不可。但是即使有一个伟大的医疗卫生体系也是无法战胜的——，，是正常现象；我们的决定我们即使在最理想的环境里也会和灭1950年,在医疗卫生方面的开支是127亿。2002年这项开支将达15400亿。任何人都明白这个趋势下去，但是很少有人愿意去扭转它。有些学者总结说有限的应该停止支付医疗费用来延缓某一个以上人群的——比如83岁左右据说科罗拉多州前州长曾经说，我不会说得这么绝对,60岁，甚至更久，并仍然具有惊人的创造力。78岁的公司·开玩笑说他只有53岁70有余前卫生局医务C·普80来岁还出任了一个互联网公司的。这些就是活生生的，证年仅68岁的人，我希望像他们一样在阶段保持创造力。我深知最昂贵和最激进的也可能是无效的和痛苦的我也深知在医疗开销少得多的和瑞典,人们获得了比我们更长的更健康的作为一个国家我2002PartA(409.60.TextIfyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoples,youmustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.Dependingonwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupofmanagers,youmayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretaries,youmaywanttocommentontheirdisorganizedbosses.Hereisanexample,whichIheardatanurses’convention,ofastorywhichworkswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.AmanarrivesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderfulmodations,beautifulgardens,sunnyweather,andsoon.Everyoneisverypeaceful,politeandfriendlyuntil,waitinginalineforlunch,thenewarrivalissuddenlypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoat,whorushestotheheadoftheline,grabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself.“Whoisthat?”thenewarrivalaskedSt.Peter.“Oh,that’sGod,”camethereply,“buthethinkshe’saIfyouarepartofthegroup,whichyouareaddressing,youwillbeinapositiontoknowtheexperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandit’llbeappropriateforyoutomakeapassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodorthechairman’snotoriousbadtasteinties.Withotheraudiencesyoumustn’tattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparagingremarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.YouwillbeonsafergroundifyousticktoscapegoatslikethePostOfficeortheephoneIfyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorous,youmustpracticesothatitesmorenatural.Includeafewcasualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarkswhichyoucandeliverinarelaxedandundmanner.Oftenit’sthedeliverywhichcausestheaudiencetos,sospeakslowlyandrememberthataraisedeyebroworanunbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakingalight-heartedLookforthehumor.Itoftencomesfromtheunexpected.Atwistonafamiliarquote“Ifatfirstyoudon’tsucceed,giveup”orayonwordsoronasituation.Searchforexaggerationandunderstatements.LookatyourtalkandpickoutafewwordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandinjectwithText1在和一群谈话，你就可以评论他们毫无章法的。为听众对医生都有同样的看法。一个人到了，由圣彼得带着他参观。他看到问题你就可对餐厅极难吃的食物或者在选择领带方面差劲的品味进行评头外人对他们的餐厅或有如此微词但如果你选择去评论邮局或局这样的TextSincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustinnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics--thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyinligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedlerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy--fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves--goalsthatposearealchallenge.“Whileweknowhowtolarobottohandleaspecificerror,”saysDaveLavery,managerofaroboticsprogramatNASA,“wecan’tyetgivearobotenough‘commonsense’toreliablyinctwithadynamicworld.”Indeedthequestfortrueartificialinligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010,researcherslayhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain’sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented--andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated--thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediaydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthe