环境工程课程介绍固体

PART4SOLIDWASTES

ANDDISPOSAL

SourcesandTypesofSolidWasteszonging分区，区域划分residential住宅旳，居住旳municipal市政旳facility环境；设备motel汽车旅馆fabrication生产，加工demolition拆除；推翻lot一块地皮orchard果园disposeof处理，处置inclusive涉及旳，涉及旳encompass围绕，包围；涉及refuse垃圾，废物arbitrary专制旳，任意旳garbage垃圾putrescible易腐烂旳offensive讨厌旳cafeteria自助食堂institutional慈善机关旳combustible轻易着火燃烧旳trimming装饰物crockery陶器，瓦罐ferrous含铁旳cinder煤渣，焦渣clinker渣滓，熔渣incinerator焚烧炉raze铲平，烧毁shingle屋顶板litter杂乱旳废物catch-basin雨水井incontrastto与相反anticipate预料，期望diverse种类不同旳slaughter屠宰feedlot牧场manure肥粪flammable易燃旳SourcesandTypesofSolidWastesKnowledgeofthesourcesandtypesofsolidwastes,alongwithdataonthecompositionandratesofgeneration,isbasictothedesignandoperationofthefunctionalelementsassociatedwiththemanagementofsolidwastes.SourcesofSolidWastes

Sourcesofsolidwastesare,ingeneral,relatedtolanduseandzoning.Althoughanynumberofsourceclassificationscanbedeveloped,thefollowingcategorieshavebeenfounduseful:(1)residential,(2)commercial,(3)municipal,(4)industrial,(5)openareas,(6)treatmentplants,and(7)agricultural.Typicalwastegenerationfacilities,activities,orlocationsassociatedwitheachofthesesourcesarepresentedinTable4-1.Thetypesofwastesgenerated,whicharediscussednext,arealsoidentified.

TypesofSolidWastes

Thetermsolidwastesisall-inclusiveandencompassesallsources,typesofclassifications,composition,andproperties.Wastesthataredischargedmaybeofsignificantvalueinanothersetting,buttheyareoflittleornovaluetothepossessorwhowantstodisposeofthem.Toavoidconfusion,thetermrefuse,oftenusedinterchangeablywiththetermsolidwastes,isnotusedinthistext.

Asabasisforsubsequentdiscussions,itwillbehelpfultodefinethevarioustypesofsolidwastesthataregenerated(seeTable4~1).Itisimportanttobeawarethatthedefinitionsofsolidwastetermsandtheclassificationsvarygreatlyintheliterature.Consequently,theuseofpublisheddatarequiresconsiderablecare,judgment,andcommonsense.Thefollowingdefinitionsareintendedtoserveasaguideandarenotmeanttobearbitraryorpreciseinascientificsense.

FoodWastesFoodwastesaretheanimal,fruit,orvegetableresiduesresultingfromthehandling,preparation,cooking,andeatingoffoods(alsocalledgarbage).Themostimportantcharacteristicofthesewastesisthattheyarehighlyputrescibleandwilldecomposerapidly,especiallyinwarmweather.Often,decompositionwillleadtothedevelopmentofoffensiveodors.Inmanylocations,theputresciblenatureofthesewasteswillsignificantlyinfluencethedesignandoperationofthesolidwastecollectionsystem.Inadditiontotheamountsoffoodwastesgeneratedatresidences,considerableamountsaregeneratedatcafeteriasandrestaurants,largeinstitutionalfacilitiessuchashospitalsandprisons,andfacilitiesassociatedwiththemarketingoffoods,includingwholesaleandretailstoresandmarkets.

RubbishRubbishconsistsofCombustibleandnoncombustiblesolidwastesofhousehold,institutions,commercialactivities,etc.,excludingfoodwastesorotherhighlyputresciblematerial.Typically,combustiblerubbishconsistsofmaterialssuchaspaper,cardboard,plastics,textiles,rubber,leather,wood,furniture,andgardentrimmings.Noncombustiblerubbishconsistsofitemssuchasglass,crockery,tincans,aluminumcans,ferrousandothernonferrousmetals,anddirt.

AshesandResiduesMaterialsremainingfromtheburningofwood,coal,coke,andothercombustiblewastesinhomes,stores,institutions,andindustrialandmunicipalfacilitiesforpurposesofheating,cooking,anddisposingofcombustiblewastesarecategorizedasashesandresidues.Residuesfrompowerplantsnormallyarenotincludedinthiscategory.Ashesandresiduesarenormallycomposedoffine,powderymaterials,cinders,clinkers,andsmallamountsofburnedandpartiallyburnedmaterials.Glass,crockery,andvariousmetalsarealsofoundintheresiduesfrommunicipalincinerators.DemolitionandConstructionWastesWastesfromrazedbuildingsandotherstructuresareclassifiedasdemolitionwastes.Wastesfromtheconstruction,remodeling,andrepairingofindividualresidences,commercialbuildings,andotherstructuresareclassifiedasconstructionwastes.Thesewastesareoftenclassifiedasrubbish.Thequantitiesproducedaredifficulttoestimateandvariableincomposition,butmayincludedirt,stones,concrete,bricks,plaster,lumber,shingles,andplumbing,heating,andelectricalparts.

SpecialWastesWastessuchasstreetsweepings,roadsidelitter,litterfrommunicipallittercontainers,catch-basindebris,deadanimals,andabandonedvehiclesareclassifiedasspecialwastes.Becauseitisimpossibletopredictwheredeadanimalsandabandonedautomobileswillbefound,thesewastesareoftenidentifiedasoriginatingfromnonspecificdiffusesources.Thisisincontrasttoresidentialsources,whicharealsodiffusebutspecificinthatthegenerationofthewastesisarecurringevent.

TreatmentPlantWastesThesolidandsemisolidwastesfromwater,wastewater,andindustrialwastetreatmentfacilitiesareincludedinthisclassification.Thespecificcharacteristicsofthesematerialsvary,dependingonthenatureofthetreatmentprocess.Atpresent,theircollectionisnotthechargeofmostmunicipalagenciesresponsibleforsolidwastemanagement.Inthefuture,however,itisanticipatedthattheirdisposalwillbecomeamajorfactorinanysolidwastemanagementplan.

AgriculturalWastesWastesandresiduesresultingfromdiverseagriculturalactivities--suchastheplantingandharvestingofrow,field,andtreeandvinecrops,theproductionofmilk,theproductionofanim