2023名校版高考英语阅读理解精读内测版含答案

2023年名校版高考英语阅读理解精读内测版含答案Ineedanewphone.LikemanyofuswitholdermodeliPhones,mybatterylifeisjustafewhoursandI’vestoppedupdatingtheoperatingsystemtoextendthephone’slife.ButI’mhavingatoughtimemakingthefinaldecision.It’snotthecost.It’snottheinconvenienceeither.It’stheenvironment.Makingsmartphones,laptops,andothertechproductstakesalotofresources.Thisispartlyduetothecarbonemissionsfromtheproducingprocess.Still,themostnegativeimpactcomesfromtheminingoftherareearthmetalsthatmakeyourphonework.Ifyou’rereadingthisonyourphonerightnow,you’reholdingabout0.034gramsofgold,0.34gramsofsilver,andsmalleramountsofotherrareelements.Thesearetinyamounts,butconsiderthedemandforsmartphonesaroundtheworld.AlloftheserareelementshavetobeminedfrominsidetheEarth,inplaceslikeChinaandsomeAfricancountries.Miningishugelyenvironmentallydestructive:forestsaredestroyed,thegroundisdisturbed,andwaterqualityintheareatakesadive.Nowtaketheseenvironmentalrisks,andcombinethemwiththefactthattheaveragelifespan(使用寿命)ofasmartphoneisjusttwoyears,thelengthofyourcontractwithyourcellphonecompany.Afterthat,ifyou’relucky,yougeta“free”upgrade.Awesome,right?Sure,ifyouignorethefactthattheenvironmentalimpactofanewphoneisaboutthesameasusingyouroldoneforadecade.It’snearlyimpossibletoliveinthe21stcenturywithoutcontributingtothedestructionoftheenvironmentandclimatechange.Iamguiltyaswell—eatmeatandoccasionallyfly.Butthatdoesn’tmeanthatweshouldstoptryingtodobetter,orignoretheconsequencesofouractions.IurgeyoutothinkcarefullyaboutyournextsmartphonepurchasenomatterwhatthoseBlackFridayadsmaybetryingtotellyou.28.Whatdoestheauthor’sfinaldecisionreferto?A.Goingaheadwithgettinganewphone.BTakingactiontohelpreducepollution.C.Updatingyourphone’soperatingsystem.D.Raisingmoneyforanewsmartphone.29.Whydoestheauthorlistspecificnumbersinparagraph2?A.Torevealtheconsequencesofmakingsmartphones.B.Toanalyzethecausesofmakingnewsmartphones.C.Toemphasizethehugedemandforsmartphones.D.Toprovidesolutionstocuttingsmartphoneuse.30.Whatmessagedoestheauthorconveyinparagraph4?A.Itiseconomicaltoupgradeyourdevice.B.Thelifespanofsmartphonesisnarrowed.C.Theupgradecomesattheexpenseoftheenvironment.D.Signingacontractsparesusersfromeconomicpressure.31.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassage?A.Topushforenvironmentallyfriendlysmartphones.B.Todiscouragebusinessesfrommakingsmartphones.C.Toadvisereadersnottochangesmartphonesoften.D.Todemonstratethenegativeeffectsofsmartphones.AACCCarspoweredbybatteriesmadefromseawaterandplanesfueledbyammonia(氨)willbecomecommonoverthenext10years,BillDavid,aprofessorofmaterialschemistryhaspredicted.Mostbatteriesforelectriccarsandsmartphonesarepoweredbylithium(锂),whichhastobemined,butDavidthinksthattheywillbeovertakenbybatteriesmadefromsodium(钠),whichcanbeobtainedfromseawaterandsalt.Thefutureofairtravelcouldalsobegreenerthankstobiofuels.Davidsaid:“Wearedevelopinganammonia-basedplane.Inprinciple,wecanimproveonanAirbusA320oraBoeing787andessentiallyreplacejetfuelwithammonia.”Davidsaidthatbatteriescould,atfirst,combinesodiumandlithium,assodiumwasnotquiteaspowerfulaslithiumbutismuchmoresufficient.“It'snotquiteperfectintermsofperformance,soweneedboth,”Davidsaid.“Sodiumisonthewayupandmostelectriccarshavehadacombinationoflithiumandsodiumbatteriesinthem.Myestimateisthatby2040Iwouldnotbesurprisedifthereweretentimesmoresodiumbatteriesthanlithiumones,maybeeven100times.”Thefirstgenerationofmass-producedsodiumbatterieshasbeenusedforanelectriccarforthefirsttime.Sodiumwillnotbethefinalanswertoeco-friendlyairtravel,however,whichiswhyDavid'steamislookingintotheuseofammonia.Somecompaniesarelookingintowhetherjetfuelcanbereplacedwithhydrogen,butDavidseesammoniaasmoresustainable.Hesaid:“Ifyoudothesums,thenat500mphyougetthesameamountofpowerasjetfuel,butjust40percentoftherange.However,evenwiththerangehit,a787couldstillgofromLondontoNewYork.”However,areportfromtheRoyalSocietyonnet-zeroaviation,whichDavidco-wrote,saysthatreplacingjetfuelwithbiofuelwouldrequirehalfoftheagriculturallandintheUK.1.Whatisanadvantageofsodiumbatteries?A.Theirperformanceiseasytoimprove.B.Theirrawmaterialiseasilyaccessible.C.Theyarewidelyappliedtovariousvehicles.D.Theyaremorepowerfulthanotherbatteries.2.AccordingtoDavid,whichisidealforfutureelectriccars?A.Lithiumbattery.B.Sodiumbattery.C.Hydrogenfuel.D.Ammoniafuel.3.Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?A.Hydrogencastsalightonjetfuelmarket.B.Electriccarmakersfavorsodiumbatteries.C.Ammoniafeaturessustainabilityandpracticability.D.Companieshavemass-producedrecycledbatteries.4.What'sDavid'sattitudetoreplacingjetfuelwithbiofuel?A.Tolerant.B.Unclear.C.Cautious.D.Doubtful.BBCC"Adolescentchimpanzees（黑猩猩）areinsomesensefacingthesamepsychologicalcharacteristicsthathumanteensare,"saidAlexandraRosati,aprofessorattheUniversityofMichigan."Ourfindingsshowthatseveralkeyfeaturesofhumanadolescentpsychologyarealsoseeninourclosestprimaterelatives."Theresearchersconductedtwotestsinvolvingfoodrewardswith40wild-bornchimpanzeesinRepublicofCongo.Thechimpanzeesvoluntarilyparticipatedinthegamestoreceivefoodtreats.Chimpanzeesexperienceadolescenceatabout8to15.Likehumans,chimpanzeesshowrapidchangesinhormonelevelsduringadolescence,startformingnewbondswithcompanions,showincreasesinaggressionandcompeteforsocialstatus.Inthefirsttest,adolescentandadultchimpanzeescouldchoosebetweentwocontainersina

gambling（投机）task.Onecontaineralwayscontainedpeanuts，afoodthatchimpanzeessomewhatlike.Hiddenintheotheronewaseitheran

unlined

food-acucumberslice-orafavoritefood-abananaslice.Thechimpanzeescould

playitsafe

andgetthepeanuts,ortakeachanceforsomegreatlydesiredbananaattheriskofendingupwith

unappetizing

cucumber.Thechimpanzees'emotionalreactionswererecorded,includingangers,screams,orstickingonthetable.Duringseveralroundsofthetest,adolescentchimpanzeestooktheriskyoptionmoreoftenthanadultchimpanzees,butadolescentsandadultshadsimilarnegativereactionswhentheyreceivedcucumber.Thesecondlest,modeledafterthefamous"marshmallowtest"withhumanchildren,examineddelayedsatisfactionwherechimpanzeescouldreceiveonebananasliceimmediatelyorwaitforoneminutetoreceivethreeslices.Bothadolescentandadultchimpanzeeschosethegreaterdelayedrewardatasimilarrate.Humanteenslendtobemoreimpulsive（冲动）thanadultssotheywouldbemorelikelytotaketheimmediatereward."Priorresearchindicatesthatchimpanzeesarequitepatient

comparedwith

otheranimals,andourstudyshowsthattheirabilitytodelaysatisfactionisalreadymatureatafairlyyoungage,unlikeinhumans,"Rosatisaid.Risk-takingbehaviorinbothadolescentchimpanzeesandhumansappearstobedeeplybiologicallyrooted,butincreasesinimpulsivebehaviormay

bespecificto

humanteens.12.Whatdoesthefirsttestaimtofindoutaboutchimpanzees?A.Theirproblemsofemotions.B.Thesignsofaggression.C.Theirsenseofadventure.D.Thechangeinhormonelevels.13.Whatdoestheunderlinedexpression“playitsafe”inparagraph4mean？A.Giveitatry.B.Takeaction.C.Playwithfire.D.Avoidtakingrisks.14.Howmightchimpanzeesfeelaftergettingthecucumberintheexperiment?A.Puzzled.B.Delighted.C.Disappointed.D.Surprised.15.Whatisthefindingofthesecondtest?A.Thechimpanzeespreferbananastoanyotherreward.B.Humanadolescentstendtoenjoytheinstantsatisfaction.C.Humanteens'abilitytodelaysatisfactiondevelopsbetter.D.Thechimpanzeesareimpatienttowaitfordelayedrewards.CDCBSeveralresearchgroupshavepreviouslygeneratedimagesfrombrainsignalsusingAImodelsthatrequirenumerousdataanalysis.Now,ShinjiNishimotoandYuTakagiatOsakaUniversityinJapanhavedevelopedamuchsimplerapproachbyslightlyadjustingStableDiffusion,apopulartext-to-imagegenerator,allowingittoturnbrainsignalsdirectlyintopictures.ShinjiNishimotoandYuTakagibuilttwoadditionalmodelstohelpmakeStableDiffusionworkwithbrainsignals.Thepairuseddatafromfourpeopleobtainedbyusingfunctionalmagneticresonanceimaging(fMRI)(功能磁共振成像技术)toscantheirbrainswhilethefourwereviewing10,000pictures.Usingaround90percentofthebrain-imagingdata,thepairthentrainedonemodeltomakelinksbetweenfMRIdatafromabrainregionthatprocessesvisualsignalsandtheimagesthatpeoplewereviewing.TheyusedthesamedatasettotraintheothermodeltoformlinksbetweentextdescriptionsoftheimagesandfMRIdatafromabrainregionthatprocessesthemeaningofimages.Aftertraining,thesetwomodelscouldtranslatebrain-imagingdataintoformsthatweredirectlyfedintotheStableDiffusionmodel.Itcouldthenreconstructaround1000oftheimagespeopleviewedwithabout80%accuracy.Thislevelofaccuracyissimilartothatpreviouslyachievedinastudythatanalysedthesamedatausingamuchmore

tedious

approach,whichinvolvedmoretimeandefforts.However,thestudyonlytestedtheapproachonfourpeople.“ThisapproachrequireshugefMRImachines”,saysSikunLinattheUniversityofCalifornia.“Infuture,morepracticalversionsoftheapproachcouldallowpeopletomakeartorchangeimageswiththeirimagination,oraddnewelementstogameplay,butitisstillalongwayfromdailyuse,”shesays.12WhatdoweknowaboutStableDiffusion?A.Itcallsformoredataanalysis.B.Itwascreatedtoreadbrainsignals.C.ItwaslaunchedbyJapanesescientists.D.Ithelpschangebrainsignalsintopictures.13.Whatarethetwomodelsintendedtodoaftertraining?A.Toprocessdata.B.Toredrawimages.C.Toscanhumanbrains.D.Tomatchtextdescriptions.14.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“tedious”meaninparagraph3?A.Simple.B.Complicated.C.Effective.D.Convenient.15.WhatdoesSikunLinsayaboutthisapproach?AItispracticalfordailyuse.B.Ithasbeenwidelyusedinart.C.Itwillenrichpeople’simagination.D.Itwillbeappliedinabroadrange.DABDIntroducedspecieshaveabadreputation.Ithasbeenbelievedthatthespeciesmixinaparticularplaceshouldremainasunchangedaspossible.Butthisisjustanopinion.Otheropinionsarepossible.AstudypublishedrecentlybyDovSaxofBrownUniversity,thusaskshowthebenefitsofintroducedspeciesmightbebetterassessed,sothatopinionscanbemoreinformed.Specifically,heidentifiesseveralaspectsforthat.Initially,whetherintroducedspeciesprovidedirecthumanadvantageistakenintoaccount.Dr.Saxandhiscolleaguesignoredcrops,sincetheirbenefitsareobvious.Buttheyincludedtransplantedgrassspeciesthathavegonewild，yetprovidegrazing(牧草)fordomesticanimals,andintroducedforesttreesthatproducewoodforconstruction.Anotherfactoristheirpossiblebenefittotheecosystemintowhichtheintroductionhashappened.Suchintroductionissometimesmadetoreducetheriskofalocalisedspeciesbecomingextinct.Pyne’sgroundplum(李子)，nativetoahandfulofsitesinthecentralbasinsofTennesseebutnowtransplantedtoothers,fallsintothiscategory.Thelastvalueisexperiencedonanemotionalratherthanapracticallevel.Lotsofpeoplefeelgoodaboutnativewildlife,whichisgenerallythemainmotiveforitsconservation.Butthatfeel-goodfactorcanextendtointroducedspeciesaswell.Suchvaluecancutbothways,however.Forexample,ring-neckedparakeets,anAsianandAfricanspecies,havebeenspreadingthroughBritainforseveraldecades.Somefindthemacolourfuladditio