古希腊神话故事研究毕业论文

湖北工业大学毕业设计（论文）PAGE18摘要希腊神话是希腊艺术的“武库”和“土壤”，也是欧美文艺取之不尽的艺术源泉。马克思曾说：“希腊神话不只是希腊艺术的武库，而且是它的土壤”。希腊神话凸显的是人的精神，回荡着昂扬、乐观、健康的现世气息。本研究通过古希腊神话故事背景及其故事的内容进行探究，将神话故事进行大致分类。再将各类神话故事进行细致分析并找出运用其中的英语俗语，了解并探究这些英语俗语的特点及其类型和运用等方面。本研究还对希腊神话中的俗语对后来的影响进行了探究，了解到它们对现代语言，文学，艺术等方面都有着重要的影响。关键词：希腊神话;俗语;文学AbstractGreekmythologyisthe"armory"and"soil"ofGreekart,isalsotheinexhaustiblesourceofartinEuropeanandAmericanliterary.Marxoncesaid:"GreekmythologyisnotonlythearmoryofGreekart,butalsoitssoil".Greekmythologyhighlightthehumanspirit,echoedwithgreatenthusiasm,optimisticandhealthylife.ThroughtheancientGreekmythstorybackgroundandcontentofthestory,thisresearchwillclassifythetalesandanalysisallkindsofmythsandfindouttheuseofit.TounderstandandexplorethecharacteristicsandthetypesoftheseEnglishproverbandetc,thisstudyalsoexplorestheGreekmythologyproverb,theinfluenceofmodernlanguage,literature,art,etc.Keywords:Greekmythology;literature;proverb

目录摘要 11Introduction 52Summaryofmyth 62.1AnoverviewofGreekmyths 63ResearchonclassificationofEnglishidiomsinancientGreekmythology 73.1SomeEnglishproverbsfromtheTwelve

OlympiansinGreekmythology 73.1.1HornofPlentyandAbundance 73.1.2AnAppleofDiscord 73.2SomeEnglishproverbsfromtheothergodsinGreekmythology 83.2.1Thewheeloffortune 83.2.2Weboflife 93.3.SomeEnglishproverbsfromthestoriesofherosinGreekmythology. 93.3.1Achilles'heel 93.3.2Cadmeanvictory 103.4SomeEnglishproverbsfromthestoriesofhalfdemigodsinGreekmythology. 103.4.1PilePeliononOssa 103.5.SomeEnglishproverbsfromthestoriesofmortalsinGreekmythology. 103.5.1Midastouch 104Today'sEnglishproverbsderivedfromGreekmythology 124.1ThedirectuseofproverbsinGreekmythology 124.2TheindirectuseofproverbsofGreekmythology 135TheinfluenceofGreekmythologyproverbsonthecurrentliterature 145.1GreekmythologyproverbsprovideasolidfoundationforthedevelopmentofBritishandAmericanliterature 145.2Greekmythologyprovidestheuniquewayofthinkingforliterary 145.3FortheBritishandAmericanliteratureworksprovidearichsourceofstory 156Conclusion 167Bibliography 178Acknowledgement 18

1IntroductionMythologyisthefirstpreciousspiritualwealthofhumancreation.Itisnotonlyakindofpureliterature,butalsoanintegratedmassofsocialideologywhichincludesreligion,philosophy,politics,art,customs,science,historyintheprimitivesociety.Everycountryandnationhasitsownmyths.AncientGreekplayedahugeroleinthedevelopmentofEuropeanliterature.It’snotonlythesourceofwesternculture,butalsoakeyofvitalityanddeeprootsineverylanguageandcultureinthewest.

WithregardtoEnglishlanguage,theprofoundinfluenceoftheGreekmythcanbeseeneverywhere.2Summaryofmyth2.1AnoverviewofGreekmythsGreekmythologyisthespiritoftheprimitiveclansociety,It’salsotheoriginalEuropeanfolkoralcreationwhichproducedinthe12thcenturyBCtothe8thcenturyBC.ItmergedthelegendsandstorieshappenedinAsiaminor,theAegeanregionandEgypt.Greekmythologyconsistsoftwopartsofthestoryofgodandthelegendofheroes.TheancientGreekpoetHomer'stwoepicpoemIliadandtheOdysseycontainsmostoftheGreekmythology.Zeusisthecenterof12godswhoareinchargeofnatureandallkindsofphenomenaandthingsinlife.Theheroofthelegendaremostlydescendantsofgodsandnormalpeople,theyarebrave,heroicandembodiestheperseverancethathumantrytoconquernature.ThemythicalgodandmanareisMorphyandhavethesametemperament.Inmanyfairytales,godshavethesameenvy,selfish,cruel,cunningandstrongrevengewithordinarypeople.ButtherearealsogreatgodslikePrometheuswhobenefitmankind.Thebasicdifferencebetweenthegodandmanisthegod’sspecialability,theycanforeverliveandhavealeisurelife.Humanwilldieandhaveahardlife.Greekmythologyofthegodsandheroesareuninhibited、publicizingindividualityandpayattentiontoindividualcharacterwhichisourfamiliarindividualismandit’salsothecoreofAmericanvaluesinlifenowadays.Besides,GreekMythologyhasimportantinfluenceonEnglishrootandidioms.3ResearchonclassificationofEnglishidiomsinancientGreekmythology3.1SomeEnglishproverbsfromtheTwelve

OlympiansinGreekmythology3.1.1HornofPlentyandAbundanceAfterZeuswasborn,hismotherRheawasafraidofhimbeingswallowedbyhisfatherCronus,soshehidhiminacaveofCreteandentrustedtothefairyAmaltheatoraiseZeus.Amaltheafedhimwithsupportmilk.(One

saying

was

thatAlmawasafemalegoat,sheusedherbreastmilktofeedZeus).Thegoathadonebrokenhorn,shegaveZeusthebrokenhornfullofflowersandfruit.Afteroverthrewtheruleofhisfather,Zeusbecamethekingofthegods,hebroughtAmaltheaandthehorntothesky.Theclawisatreasure,theownerwillgetwhattheywant.It’sviewedasasymbolofinfinitewealthandabundance.Peoplecallit"thecornucopia".HornofplentyandhornofabundancecanbeseenasAmalthea’shorn.Forexample:Nature,veryoddly,whenthehornofplentyisquiteempty,alwaysfillsitwithbabies.Itistheuseof“hornofplenty”.Itmeansthattherearemanybabiesbornwithapoorlife.Itcarriedthemythcolorandsomethinkingofthegodlike“Whythegodsdidthis,maybetheywantedtoexerciseastrongheart.”3.1.2AnAppleofDiscordAttheweddingpartyofPeleusandThetisallthegodswereinvitedwiththeexceptionofErisofdiscord.Enragedatherexclusion,Eristhrewagoldenapplewiththeinscriptionamongtheguests,"Forthefairest."ThereuponHera,Venus,andAthenaeachclaimedtheapple.TheycametoZeusforjudgment.Zeuswasnotwillingtodecideinsodelicateamatter,hesentthegoddessestoMountIdawherethebeautifulshepherdPariswastendinghisflocks,andtohimwascommittedthedecision.Thegoddessesaccordinglyappearedbeforehim.Herapromisedhimpowerandriches,Athenagloryandrenowninwar,andVenusthefairestofwomenforhiswife,eachattemptingtobiashisdecisioninherownfavor.ParisdecidedinfavorofVenusandgaveherthegoldenapple,thusmakingthetwoothergoddessesbecamehisenemies.UndertheprotectionofVenus,ParissailedtoGreece.ThewifeofMenelaus,Helen,wastheverywomanwhomVenushaddestinedforParis,thefairestofhersex.Shehadbeensoughtasabridebynumeroussuitors,andbeforeherdecisionwasmadeknown,theyall,atthesuggestionofUlysses,oneoftheirnumber,tookanoaththattheywoulddefendherfromallinjuryandavengehercauseifnecessary.ShechoseMenelaus,andwaslivingwithhimhappilywhenParisbecametheirguest.Paris,aidedbyVenus,persuadedhertoelopewithhimandcarriedhertoTroy,whencearosethefamousTrojanwar.Sotheappleofdiscordreferstothecauseofrightandwrong.TherearemanyotherEnglishproverbscomefromtheTwelve

OlympiansinGreekmythology.Suchasolivebranch、Hercules’choice、undertheaegisof、restonone’slaurelsandsoon.3.2SomeEnglishproverbsfromtheothergodsinGreekmythology3.2.1ThewheeloffortuneDerivedfromancientGreekandRomanmythology,theimageonthemonumentorinthepaintingofdestinygoddessFortunawithonehandholdingclawisasymbolicofgivenabundance;theimageofthegoddesswithanotherhandholdingthewheelisthesymboloffate.Inlegend,it’softenunpredictablebecauseofthewheel'srotationandconstantlychanging.InGreekmythology,thegoddessoffateisTyche.It’scommonlyusedinEnglishthatFortuneisrepresentedasFortuneandFortunawhichalsocomesfromtheLatinFortuna.Therefore,thewheelofFortune’sliteralmeaningis"wheelofdestinygoddess"or"thewheelofFortune",afterthereferenceto"fate"or"thevicissitudesoflife".Thesewordscanalsosay"roulette(arotatingon-screen)".Forexample:Thewheeloffortunedealthimanotherblowwhenhisbusinessfailed;Bewarethewheeloffortune’tisagin,you’llloseadozentimesforonceyouwin.Thissentenceisathinkandexploreaboutdestiny.Thereistruthinit.“You’llloseadozentimesforonceyouwin.”3.2.2WeboflifeAccordingtoGreekandRomanmythology,thefateofpeoplearearrangedanddecidedbytheFatesi.e.Moirae.Oneofthemisresponsibleforthespinninglineoflife(weboflife),anotherdecidedtheshortlengthsofthelineoflife,anotherisresponsibleforcuttingoffthelineoflife.Sopeopleintheweboflife(lifeline)refersto"fate",especially"complex"oflife.TheEnglishproverbscomefromtheother

godsinGreekmythologyisnotasmuchastheTwelve

Olympians.Butitalsohasaprofoundinfluenceonpeople.3.3.SomeEnglishproverbsfromthestoriesofherosinGreekmythology.3.3.1Achilles'heelIn

Greekmythology,when

Achilles

wasababy,itwasforetoldthathewoulddieyoung.

Topreventhisdeath,hismother

Thetis

took

Achilles

tothe

RiverStyx,whichwassupposedtoofferpowersofinvulnerability,anddippedhisbodyintothewater.

ButasThetisheldAchillesbytheheel,hisheelwasnotwashedoverbythewaterofthemagicalriver.Afterafewyears,Achillesgrewuptobeamanofwarwhosurvivedmanygreatbattles.Achilleswasbrave,courageousandinvincible

inbattleoftheTrojanWar.However,thesungodApolloknewofAchilles'weakspot,anddisclosedittotheTrojanprinceParis.Parisusedapoisonousarrowwhichshotathimwaslodgedinhisheel,killinghimshortlyafter.Forexample:Thegirlisagoodstudent,butpronunciationisherAchilles’heel;HisAchilles’heelwashispride—hewouldgetveryangryifanyonecriticizedhiswork.Inthosetwosentences,wecanseetwodifferentwaysofusingtheproverb.Achilles’heelcouldbeyourweaknessoryourspecialadvantage.3.3.2CadmeanvictoryInGreekmythology,Phoenicia’sprinceCadmushadtokilladragon,andburiedthedensintheground,theresultgavebirthtoagroupoffiercewarriors,inanattempttokillhim.HefollowedAthena’sadviceandthrewastonetoletthemcompeteforandkilleachother.Intheendtherewereonlyfivepeopleleft.ThefivemenwouldhelphimbuildthecityofThebes,andintroducedthetext.PeoplecallthisvictoryofCadmeanvictorytocompare"costlyvictory".MostEnglishproverbscomefromthestoriesofherosinGreekmythologypromotehuman'sheroiccourage,fearless.3.4SomeEnglishproverbsfromthestoriesofhalfdemigodsinGreekmythology.3.4.1PilePeliononOssaInGreekmythology,Poseidonhadtwograndchildrentwinsons,namedOtusandEphialthes,calledAloidea.Theyareverytallandstrong.InordertoboardtheheaventowoothequeenHeraandthegoddessofhuntingArtemis,theytriedtoputthePelionbasetothemountOssa.Butbeforetheybegan,theyhadbeenkilledbythesungodApollo,planunrealized.LatergenerationsusepilePeliononOssatoexpress"harder"or"higherandhigher."Thesewordsarealsocalled“heapPeliononOssa.3.5.SomeEnglishproverbsfromthestoriesofmortalsinGreekmythology.3.5.1MidastouchThisoldsayingcomesfromGreekmythology.MidaswasthekingofPhrygia.Midashadagift–everythinghetouchedturnedintogold.Buthesoonlearnsthatanexcessiveloveofrichessqueezesthetrulyvaluablethingsoutoflife.Oneday,whilewalkinginhisgarden,hesawanelderlysatyr(forestgod,halfmanhalfbeast)asleepintheflowers.Takingpityontheoldfellow,KingMidastreatedhimgreatcourtesyandlethimgowithoutpunishment.WhenthegodDionysusheardaboutit,herewardedKingMidasbygrantinghimonewish.Thekingthoughtforonlyasecondandthensaid“IwishforeverythingItouchtoturntogold."Andsoitwas.Thebeautifulflowersinhisgardenturnedtowardthesunforlight,butwhenMidasapproachedandtouchedthem,theystoodrigidandgold.Thekinggrewhungryandthin,foreachtimehetriedtoeat,hefoundthathismealhadturnedtogold.Hislovelydaughter,athislovingtouch,turnedhardandfasttogoldHiswater,hisbed,hisclothes,hisfriends,andeventuallythewholepalacebecamegold.KingMidassawthatsoonhiswholekingdomwouldturntogoldunlesshedidsomethingrightaway.HeaskedDionysustoturneverythingbacktothewayithadbeenandtakebackhisgoldentouch.Becausethekingwasashamedandverysad,Dionysustookpityonhimandgrantedhisrequest.Instantly,KingMidaswaspoorerthanhehadbeen,butricher,hefelt,inthethingsthatreallycounted.Andaslongashelived,herejoicedinallthatwassimpleandnatural.Accordingtothisstory,theMidastouchreferstotheabilitytomakealotofmoney,"Theabilityofmakingmoneyofeverythingandeverywhere".Thephraseisoftenusedwithverbs“have”.4Today'sEnglishproverbsderivedfromGreekmythologyEnglishidiomsarethequintessenceofthelanguage.

IthelpsEnglishvocabulariesbecomemoreandmoreabundantandvigor.

ThroughstudythedefinitionandcharacteristicsofEnglishidiom,andtheEnglishidiomsfrommythsofGreekandRoman.

WegetthebetterunderstandinginEnglishidiomsandculture.

EnglishidiomsisanimportantpartoftheEnglishlanguage,itistheepitomeofthelanguage.

ItincludesthespecialandfixedphraseandshortsentencesthatonlytheEnglishlanguagehas.

ThestructureofEnglishidiomsisflexible,itcanbelongorshort,anditiscompendious.

There’smuch

influenceoftheMythsofGreekonEnglish.

TheGreekmythologyisanimportantpartoftheancientculturethathasvastanddeepinfluenceonthewholewesternculture.

SomanyexpressionsfrommythsofGreek,speciallysomeidioms,aregettingintothesocietylifeofBritainandAmerica,throughtheworksofliteratureandart.

ItisnotonlyenrichingtheEnglishvocabularies,butalsoenhancingthesenseofexpress.4.1ThedirectuseofproverbsinGreekmythology Englishidiomsareconcise,comprehensiveandvivid,andaregenerallyusedfiguratively.

Themeaningsofidiomsareoftenimpliedintheimagesandfigurestheycontain.

Therefore,duringthecourseofstudy,oneshouldnotignoretheidioms;theirstrongnationalandculturalcharacteristicsshouldbetakenintoconsiderationforthepurposeofbettercross-culturalcommunication.ManyidiomsofGreekmythologyarestillbeingusedinthesameway.Theyarewidelyusednowandhaveafar-reachinginfluence.Forexample:“appleofdiscord”Thesewordsareoftenusedtoreferto"disputearises"or"curse".Like“Hislawyertriedtopersuadehimtomakeamoreequitabledisposalofhisproperty.‘Whatyouhavehere.’Hesaid,‘isnotsomuchawillasanappleofdiscord.”4.2TheindirectuseofproverbsofGreekmythologyThoseproverbsandstoriesbecomethetreasureandliterarycreationsourceofwesterncultureandart,wasfavoredbynumerousliteraryartist.ShakespeareandMilton,Tennyson,Yeats,Keats'sliteraryworksallgetinspirationfrommythology,alargenumberofreferencesofallusions.Theastronomersusetheirpentowritearticles.Intheirarticles,proverbsofGreekmythologybecomemoreimaginableandfantastic.

5TheinfluenceofGreekmythologyproverbsonthecurrentliteratureTheGreekcultureisthecradleofwesternculture,andGreekmythologyisthecradleofGreekculture.Inthelongdevelopmentofthehistoryofliterature,BrilliantancientGreek'sartisticstyleislikebrightscenery.Itcanbesaidlikethis:Greekmythologyisoneoftheoriginsofhuman’sliteraturedevelopment.EspeciallythebasisforthedevelopmentofEuropeanliteraturehadagreatinfluenceonthedevelopmentandprogressofliterary.5.1GreekmythologyproverbsprovideasolidfoundationforthedevelopmentofBritishandAmericanliteratureGreekmythologyisoneoftheoriginsofhumanliterarydevelopmentandit’salsooneofthefoundationsofthedevelopmentofliterary.GreekmythologystoryappearrepeatedlyinHomerandlatertheRomanpoetVirgil,threeancientGreektragedywriterAeschylus,Sophocles,Euripides,anddramawriterAristophanes,themedievalpoetDante.AlargenumberofworksoffamouswritersofmodernEuropean;Hesiod's“Theogony”describesGreekmythologyintheformofpoemistheinitialattempt;PoetPindarRoss,etcandthehistorianHerodotusalsodescribesthemythsintheirworks.IntherevolutionofMarx,EngelsandothergreatworksalsocanbeseentheinfluenceofGreekmythology.5.2GreekmythologyprovidestheuniquewayofthinkingforliteraryIndividualcharacterofthegodsisadoredinGreekmythology,.Thecreatedgodorheroimageoftencontainsprofoundphilosophy,flashingthegloryofthought.SuchasJuliusslipintotheTrojanarmyandkilledtheThracianking,hemakeAchillesandAgamemnontobereconciled.ThencomewithTheTrojanHorse,inparticular,maketheGreekarmywonthevictoryoftheTrojanWar.Inthestory,it’severyimportantbehaviorcontainsprofoundphilosophy.Everyproverbhasastory.Those

legendarystories

still

spread

abroad

amongthe

people.ThewaytheypayattentiontothestyleofindividualityhasaverydeepinfluencetoBritishandAmericannowadays.PeopleinEuropeanlovethereallife,thepositivepursuitofnatureandhumanity,people-oriented,emphasisonthepowerofthepeoplesuchasideas,andconstantlyenterprisingspiritofoptimism,promotingpeople'sperceptualexperienceandrationalthinking,payattentiontopersonalgiving.5.3FortheBritishandAmericanliteratureworksprovidearichsourceofstoryInGreekmythology,storieseulogizinglove,kindnessandthestrugglewithevil,thestoriesalsopraisethebeautyofhumanisticspirit.Inpraisingofheroism,inscribingpersonalpainandstruggle,ithasattractedalotofreaders,AmericanandBritishliteratureandartcreationprovidearichsourceofmaterials.EvenmanyAmericanandBritishastronomersusefairytalesforthesubjectmattersoftheirspaceexperiments.TherearemanyshipnamedafterthegodsinGreekmythology.Peoplewanttousethiswaytoshowtheirrespecttothegods.Ithinkthegodswillblessthemandgivethemprotection.

6ConclusionGreekmythologyistheproductofsocialdevelopmentintheearlystages,becauseofthelimitsofsocialhistoricalconditionatthattime,whichcannotformthetextofakindoforalliteratureandart.SincetheRenaissance,theGreekmythologywasconcernedbyBritishandAmericanwriters,thegodsandheroesandallusionsofGreekmythologyareoftenappearedintheirworks.Besides,theGreekmythologyhadimpactmoretosomewriters’mindandinspiredtheirinitiatives,cultivatedtheirfreewillandself-awareness.Aswe