地质工程专业常用英文词汇

论述expound(explain),state河流rivercourse引入introduceinto河床riverbed(channel)相应的corresponding冲沟gully,gulley,erosiongully,stream(brook)观点conception河漫滩floodplain(valleyflat)概论overview阶地terrace概率probability冲积平原alluvialplain观点化conceptualize三角洲delta宏观的macroscopic古河流fossilrivercourse,fossilstreamchannel增补complement冲积扇alluvialfan规划plan洪积扇diluvialfan证明demonstrate,certify,attest坡积裙talusapron证明confirmation分水岭divide赔偿compensate,makeup,imburse盆地basin算法algorithm岩溶地貌karstlandfeature,karstlandform鉴别式discriminant溶洞solutioncave,karstcave有限元方法finiteelementmethod(FEM)落水洞sinkhole样本单元法sampleelementmethod(SEM)土洞Karsticearthcave赤平投影法stereographicprojectionmethod(SPM)赤平投影stereographicprojection2地层岩性扰乱位移法interferencedisplacementmethod(IDM)地层geostrome(stratum,strata)扰乱能量法interferenceenergymethod(IEM)岩性lithologiccharacter,rockproperty条分法methodofslices岩体rockmass极限均衡法limitequilibriummethod岩层bedstratum界面元法boundaryelementmethod岩层layer,rockstratum模拟simulate母岩matrix,parentrock计算程序computerprogram相变facieschange数值剖析numericalanalysis硬质岩strongrock,film计算工作量calculationload软质岩weakrock解的独一性uniquenessofsolution硬质的competent多层结构模型laminatedmodel软质的incompetent非线性nonlinear基岩bedrock横观各向同性lateralisotropy岩组petrofabric各向同性isotropy覆盖层overburden各向异性anisotropy交织层理crossbedding非均质性heterogeneity层面beddingplane界限条件boundarycondition片理schistosity本构方程constitutiveequation层理bedding初始条件initialcondition板理（叶理）foliation初始状态restcondition波痕ripple-mark岩土工程geotechnicalengineering,泥痕mudcrack土木匠程civilengineering雨痕raindropimprints基础工程foundationengineering矿物rock-formingminerals最不利滑面themostdangerousslipsurface黏土矿物claymineral交替alternate高岭土kaolinite控制论cybernetics蒙脱石montmorillonite大批现场检查massfieldsurveys伊利石illite组合式combinedtype云母mica互相作用interaction白云母muscovite稳固性评论stabilityevaluation黑云母biotite均质性homogeneity石英quartz介质medium长石feldspar层layer,stratum正长石orthoclase组构fabric斜长石plagioclase辉石pyroxene,picrite1地形地貌geographicandgeomorphic角闪石hornblende工程地质条件engineeringgeologicalconditions方解石calcite地形地貌条件geographicandgeomorphicconditions结构structure地形landform结构texture地貌geomorphology,relief组构fabric(tissue)微地貌microrelief矿物构成mineralcomposition地貌单元landformunit,geomorphicunit结晶质crystalline坡度grade非晶质amorphous地形图reliefmap产状attitude河谷rivervalley火成岩igneous

岩浆岩magmaticrock粗粒coarsegrain火山岩（熔岩）lava中粒medium-grained火山volcano堆积物sediment(deposit)侵入岩intrusive(invade)rock漂石、顽石boulder喷出岩effusiverock卵石cobble深成岩plutonicrock砾石gravel浅成岩pypabysalrock砂sand酸性岩acidrock粉土silt中性岩inter-mediaterock黏土clay基性岩basicrock粘粒claygrain超基性岩ultrabasicrock砂质黏土sandyclay岩基rockbase(batholith)粘质砂土clayeysand岩脉（墙）dike壤土、亚黏土loam岩株rockstock砂壤土、亚砂土轻亚黏土sandyloam岩流rockflow浮土、表土regolith(topsoil)岩盖rocklaccolith(laccolite)黄土loess岩盆rocklopolith红土laterite岩墙rockdike泥灰peat岩床rocksill软泥ooze岩脉veindyke淤泥mire,oozedmud,sludge,warpclay花岗岩granite冲积物（层）alluvion斑岩porphyry冲积的alluvial玢岩porphyrite洪积物（层）proluvium,diluvium,diluvion流纹岩rhyolite洪积的diluvial正长岩syenite坡积物（层）deluvium粗面岩trachyte残积物（层）eluvium闪长岩diorite残积的eluvial安山岩andesite风积物（层）eoliandeposits辉长岩gabbro湖积物（层）lakedeposits玄武岩basalt海积物（层）marinedeposits细晶岩aplite冰川堆积物(层)glacier(drift)deposits伟晶岩pegmatite崩积物（层）colluvialdeposits,colluvium煌斑岩lamprophyre残积黏土residualclay辉绿岩diabase变质岩metamorphicrock橄榄岩dunite板岩slate黑曜岩obsidian千枚岩phyllite浮岩pumiceL_LLU片石schist火山角砾岩vulcanicbreccia片麻岩gneiss火山集块岩volcanicagglomerate石英岩quartzite凝灰岩tuff大理岩marble堆积岩sedimentaryrock糜棱岩mylonite碎屑岩clasticrock混淆岩migmatite黏土岩clayrock碎裂岩cataclasite粉砂质黏土岩siltyclaystone化学岩chemicalrock3地质结构生物岩biolith地质结构geologicstructure砾岩conglomerate结构结构structuraltexture角砾岩breccia大地结构geotectonic砂岩sandstone结构运动tectogenesis石英砂岩quartzsandstone造山运动orogeny粉砂岩siltstone起落运动verticalmovement钙质粉砂岩calcareoussiltstone水平运动horizontalmovement泥岩mudstone完好性perfection(integrity)页岩shale起伏度waviness盐岩saline尺寸效应sizeeffect石灰岩limestone围压效应confiningpressureeffect白云岩dolomite产状因素elementsofattitude泥灰岩marl产状attitude,orientation泥钙岩argillo-calcareous走向strike泥砂岩argillo-arenaceous偏向dip砂质arenaceous倾角dipangle,angleofdip泥质argillaceous褶皱fold硅质的siliceous褶曲fold有机质organicmatter单斜monocline

向斜syncline破裂crumble背斜anticline共轭节理conjugatedjoint穹隆dome散状loose挤压squeeze透镜状的lens-shapeda.上盘uppersection岩石碎片crag下盘bottomwall,footwall,lowerwall岩屑cuttings,debris断距separation薄膜membrane,film订交intersect层理stratification断层fault高角度highdipangle正断层normalfault缓倾角lowdipangle逆断层reversedfault反倾anti-dip平移断层parallelfault互层interbed v.层理bedding,stratificationInterbeddingn.微层理lightstratification起伏的unplanar地堑graben波状起伏的undulate,undulating地垒horst,faultridge粒径particlesize断层泥gouge,pug,selvage,faultgouge结构层tectonosphere擦痕stria,striation挤压compression断裂fracture均一的homogeneous破裂带fracturezone剪切错动面shearfaulted,beddingzone节理joint切割dissection节理组jointset切割的dissected裂隙fissure,crack致密close,compact微裂隙finefissure,microscopicfissure结构岩tectonite劈理cleavage糜棱岩mylonite原生裂隙originaljoint断层角砾岩faultbreccia次生裂隙epigeneticjoint方解石脉calcitevein张裂隙tensionjoint碎块岩clasticrock剪裂隙shearjoint角砾breccia卸荷裂隙reliefcrack岩粉rockpowder裂隙率fractureporosity岩屑debris,debry结构种类structuralpattern固结consolidation岩体结构rockmassstructure定向摆列orientedspread岩块blockmass结构应力tectonicstress结构体structuralelement剩余应力residualstress块度blockness结构面structuralplane4水文地质条件hydrogeologicalconditions脆弱结构面weakplane水文循环hydrologiccycle临空面freeface大气圈atmosphere碎裂结构cataclastictexture水圈hydrosphere板状结构platystructure岩石圈geosphere薄板状lamellose地表径流surfacerunoff块状的lumpy,massive地下径流subsurfacerunoff层状的laminated流域valley,drainagebasin巨厚层giantthick-laminated流域面积drainagearea,riverbasinarea薄层状的finelylaminated汇水面积catchmentarea脆弱夹层weakintercalatedlayer地下水groundwater,subsurfacewater夹层interbedding,地表水surfacewaterintercalatedbed,interlayer,intermediatelayer大气水atmosphericwater夹泥层clayeyintercalation气态水aqueous(vapour)water夹泥inter-clay液态水liquidwater连通性connectivity固态水solidwater切层insequent上层滞水perchedwater影响带affectingzone潜水phreaticwater完好性integrityn.承压水confinedwaterIntegratev.&a.吸着水hygroscopic(adsorptive)waterdegreeofintegrality介质medium破裂crumble缝隙void胶结cement孔隙水压力porewaterpressure泥化argillization浸透压力osmoticpressure,seepageforce尖灭taper-out扬压力upliftpressure错动diastrophism静水压力hydrostaticpressure错动层面faultedbeddingplane外静水压力externalhydrostaticpressure断续的intermittent动水压力hydrodynamicpressure浸透力seepagepressure外水压力externalwaterpressure内水压力internalwaterpressure水力联系hydraulicinterrelation水力折减系数hydraulicreductioncoefficient水头损失waterheadloss浸透门路filtrationpath,seepagepath浸透系数penetrationcoefficient潜水位watertablelevel水位waterlevel,stagelevel水头waterhead含水层aquifer弱含水层（弱透水层） aquitard滞水层aquiclude透水层permeablelayer,perviouslayer不透水层(隔水层) aquifuge,imperviouslayer,潜水含水层impermeablelayer,aquicludephreaticaquifer承压含水层confinedaquifer,artesianaquifer承压面bearingsurface潜水面phreaticsurface,watertable浸润线phreaticcurve不透水界限imperviousboundary地下分水岭groundwaterridge粘滞性viscosity富水性abundance透水性（浸透性）permeability淋滤（溶滤作用）lixiviation,leaching反滤层invertedgravelfilter水锈incrustation渗滴seep饱和saturation,saturated潜水位变化带zoneofvariablephreaticlevel气象因素meteorologicalfactor饱水带zoneofsaturation包气带aerationzone,zoneofaeration包气带水aerationzonewater上层滞水perchedwater孔隙水porewater裂隙水fissurewater岩溶水karsticwater联合水boundwater,combinedwater吸着水hydroscopicwater薄膜水pellicularwater毛细水capillarywater重力水gravitationalwater凝固水condensationwater地下水埋藏条件conditionofgroundwateroccurrence地下水埋藏深度depthofgroundwateroccurrence压水试验packerpermeabilitytest抽水试验pumpingtest5物理力学性质物理力学physicalmechanicsn.Physico-mechanicala.折服准则yieldcriteria米赛斯折服准则VonMisesyieldcriteria朗肯土压力理论Ranking?searthpressuretheory剑桥模型Cambridgemodel,Cam-model邓肯-张模型Duncan-changmodel本构方程constitutiveequation局部剪切损坏localshearfailure整体剪切损坏generalshearfailure岩体完好性指数intactnessindexofrockmass安全系数factorofsafety埋深embedmentdepth试件coupons挠度deflection里氏震级Richterscale设计烈度designintensity基本烈度basicintensity场所烈度siteintensity地震烈度seismicintensity,intensityscale优秀周期predominantperiod持力层sustainedyield超载surcharge围岩压力surroundingrockstress附带压力superimposedstress应力废弛stressrelaxation应力路迳stresspath卸荷unload浸透率specificpermeability饱和度degreeofsaturation含水量moisturecontent均匀粒径meandiameter颗粒grain,granule,particle颗粒级配distributionofgrain-size,graincomposition,sizedistribution级配graduation,grain-sizedistribution,gradation,grading粒度coarsenessgrainsize,granularity不均匀系数coefficientofnon-uniformity,variationcoefficient,variationfactor颗粒分级gradation,sizegrading孔隙水porewater孔隙比voidratio(ration)缝隙率airvoids孔隙率porosity裂隙率crackity溶隙率karstity密度density重度unitweight,bulkweight浮重度buoyantunitweight折减系数reductionfactor压力消失dissipationofpressure抗力系数coefficientofresistance融化系数softeningcoefficient含水量watercontent稠度consistency塑限plasticlimit液限liquidlimit塑性指数plasticityindex液性指数liquidityindex流变rheological蠕变creep塑性plastic脆性brittleness(fragility)粘性stickness刚性rigidity弹性的elastic粘弹性viso-elasticity弹塑性elasto-plasticity压缩性compressibility均质性homogeneity非均质性nonhomogeneity(heterogeneity)各向同性isotropy各向异性anisotropy总应力totalstress,lump有效应力effectivestress岩石抗力系数coefficientofrockresistance超孔隙水压力excessporepressure允许承载力allowablebearingcapacity孔隙水压力porewaterpressure临塑压力criticalpressure抗压强度compressivestrength接触压力contactpressure抗拉强度tensilestrength抗剪强度shearstrength6工程地责问题不排水抗剪强度undrainedshearstrenght工程地责问题engineeringgeologicalproblem峰值抗剪强度peaksharestrength定性评论qualitativeestimate长久抗剪强度long-termshearstrength定量评论quantitativeestimate剩余抗剪强度residualshearstrength极限均衡法limitequilibriummethod负摩擦力negativeskinfriction,dragdown不良地质现象unfavorablegeologicalcondition摩擦角angleoffriction风化weathering内摩擦角angleofinternalfriction变形deformation外摩擦角angleofexternalfriction位移displacement内聚力cohesion不均匀位移differentialmovement粘聚力cohesion相对位移relativedisplacement假凝集力pseudo-cohesion沉陷settlement粘着力adhesion山崩avalanche,toppling摩尔圆Mohr’scircle倒塌toppling,topplingcollapse包络线envelope滑坡、地滑creep,slide休止角angleofrepose,切层滑坡insequentlandslideangleoffriction(repose,rest),reposeangle深层滑坡deepslide峰值peak浅层滑坡shallowslide模量modulus顺层滑坡consequentlandslide弹性模量modulusofelasticity，滑动面Young’smodulus,elasticmodulusslidingsurface,slidingplane,slipsurface压缩模量modulusofcompressibility滑动带slidingzone变形模量modulusofdeformation滑床slidebed卸荷模量unloadingmodulus滑坡体slide(sliding)mass切线模量tangentmodulus古滑坡fossillandslide剪切模量shearmodulus推移式滑坡slumpingslide割线模量secantmodulus牵引式滑坡retrogressiveslide旁压模量pressurmetermodulus管涌piping,internalerosion泊松比poisson’sration渗漏leakage固结consolidation流砂quicksand固结系数coefficientofconsolidation渗流seepage固结度degreeofconsolidation液化liquefaction超固结比overconsolidationration应变strain7工程勘探engineeringinvestigation压缩比compressibilityratio工程地质勘探engineeringgeologyinvestigation压缩系数coefficientofcompressibility岩土工程勘探geotechnicalinvestigation压缩指数compressionindex工程地质条件engineeringgeologicalcondition初始曲线virgincurve工程地质评论engineeringgeologicalevaluation正常固结土normallyconsolidatedsoil勘察survey欠固结土under-consolidatedsoil岩芯米纳率（corerecovery,coreextraction超固结土over-consolidatedsoil岩芯获取率被动土压力passiveearthpressureRQD(岩石质量指标)rockqualitydesignation主动土压力activeearthpressure程序（步骤）procedure静止土压力earthpressureatrest勘探阶段investigationalstage覆盖压力overburdenpressure选点踏勘reconnaissance初始应力initialstress初步设计primarydesign地应力场ground(geostatic)stressfield初步规划preliminaryscheme有效应力effectivestress初步勘探preliminaryprospecting动应力dynamicstress初步踏勘groundreconnaissance动荷载dynamicload可行性研究阶段feasibilitystage偏爱荷载eccentricloads初步设计阶段preliminarystage循环荷载inclinedloads施工阶段constructionsage地应力groundstress,geostaticstress踏勘reconnaissance,inspection初始应力initialstress地质测绘geologicalsurvey应力场stressfield工程地质测绘engineeringgeologicalmapping纵波longitudinalwave钻探boreholeoperation,boring液化势liquefactionpotential物探geophysicalexploration液化指数liquefactionindex洞探exploratoryadits交角angular钎探rodsoundingdrillrod钻杆drillrod坑探 exploringmining槽探 trenching天然建材检查naturalmaterialssurveying(examination)岩土工程勘探报告 geotechnicalinvestigationreport判定 identification, appraisal判定书 expertisereport判定人 identifier,surveyor校核 verification总监 chiefinspector比率 proportion地形图 geographicmap地貌图 geomorphological map地质图 geologicalmap工程地质图engineeringgeologicalmap实测地质剖面图field-acquiredgeologicalprofile(section)结构地质图geologicalstructuremap第四纪地质图 quarternarygeologicalmap地质详图 detailmapofgeology地质柱状图geologiccolumnarsection,geologiclog钻孔柱状图logsofborehole纵剖面图 longitudinalsection横剖面图 crosssection展现图 revealdetailmap节理玫瑰图 roseofjoints基岩等高线 bedrockcontour层底等高线 contourofstratum bottom岩层界限 strataboundary岩面高程 elevationofbedrocksurface坐标 coordinate分层 bedseparation地质点 geologicalobservationpoint勘探点 exploratorypoint(spot)勘探线 exploratoryline勘探孔 explorationhole平洞 adit竖井 riser,shaft,verticalshaft探槽 exploratorytrench探井 exploratorypit钻孔 borehole,drillhole机钻孑L ordinarydrillhole套钻孑L sleevedrillhole管钻孔 pipedrillhole岩芯 core岩芯钻探 coredrilling展转钻探(进)rotarydrilling冲击钻探 churndrilling,percussiondrilling钢砂钻探 shotdrilling铁砂钻进 ironshotdrilling跟管钻进 follow-downdrilling振动钻进 vibro-boring,vibro-drilling泥浆钻探 mudflushdrilling金刚石钻进 diamonddrilling单动式 singleacting双层 doublelayer空气钻探 airflushdrilling钻机 drillingrig钻头 drillbit,drilling bit螺旋钻头 auger勺钻 spoonbit冲击钻头 percussionbit, choppingbit桶式钻头 bucketauger99岩土体加固掌子面顶拱底拱洞室开挖超挖风钻开挖断面塌落细骨料混凝土细骨料套管casing岩心官corebarrel冲刷掖flushfluid正循环冲刷directcirculation反循环冲刷reversecirculation泥浆mud,slurry泥皮mudcake护壁dado止水seal,waterseal扫孔cleaningbottomofhole钻进drilling平硐adit竖井shaft钻探drillingboring8工程地质试验击实试验 compactiontest压缩试验 compressiontest固结试验 consolidationtest单轴试验 uniaxialcompressiontest现场剪切试验 in-situsheartest单剪试验 simplesheartest直剪试验 directsheartest慢剪试验 slowtest单剪试验 simplesheartest快剪试验 quicktest三轴剪切试验 triaxialsheartest三轴压缩试验 triaxialcompressiontest动三轴试验 dynamictriaxialtest不固结不排水剪试验unconsolidatedundrainedtest(quicktest)固结不排水剪试验consolidatedundrainedtest(consolidatedquicktest)固结排水试验consolidateddrainedtest(slowtest)原位测试 in-situtest现场监测 on-site(in-site)monitoring现场检测 on-site(in-site)inspection观察孑L observationborehole静力触探试验 conepenetrationtest,staticpenetrationtest,staticconetest标贯试验 standardpenetrationtest十字板剪切试验vanesheartest,vanetest检层法 up-holemethod,boreholemethod旁压试验 pressuremetertest动力触探试验dynamicpenetrationtest,dynamicsounding点荷载试验 pointloadtest岩石试验 rocktest应力排除法 stressreliefmethod应力恢复法 stressrecoverymethod套孔法 over-coringmethodbreast,drivingface,headingface,tunnelfacevaultinvertexcavationoverbreakpneumaticdrillexcavatedsectionslumpconcretemadewithfineaggregatefineaggregate,fineadjustment料场stockground冻结法freezingmethod土料earthmaterial超载overbreak矿渣cinder,mineralwaterresidue,scoria,slag衬砌lining性能function,performance,property,nature围堰cofferdam凝固coagulate,congeal,congealment,coagulation堤dike合格qualified,ontest,uptostandard近坝岸坡abutments初凝initialset施工（缩短）:缝constructionjoint初凝时间initialsettingtime心墙core终凝finalset截水墙cutoffwall配合比mixproportion防渗墙diaphragmwall塌落度slump排水井drainagewells水化热heatofhydration,排水幕drainagecurtainhydrationheat,settingheat减压井reliefwells水灰比water-cementratio反滤层filterzone粉煤灰flyash灌浆资料grout梅花状quincuncialpattern水力劈裂hydraulicfracturing发射shotcrete帷幔线curtainline浇注pouring上游围堰upstreamcofferdam钢筋网coiremesh混凝土防渗墙concretecutoffwall加固reinforce截流interimcompletion锚杆anchoredbar,rockbolt导水墙channeltrainingwall锚索anchoredcable正常溢洪道渠首工程servicespillwayheadwork锚紧端anchorstation消力塘linedplungepool锚桩anchoredpeg隔墙dividerwalls米石场rockquarry混凝土护坦concreteapron开挖excavation副厂房auxiliarypowerhouse清基cleanupfoundation闸门室gatechamber明挖open-cut中闸室midgatechamber爆破explosion开关站switchyard光面爆破smoothblasting电梯井elevatorshaft预裂法presplitting尾沟渠tailrace特别溢洪道emergencyspillway10水工概论坝址toeofdam11桥梁及基础工程坝踵heel江阴大桥JiangyinBridge坝段monolith悬索桥suspensionbridge坝顶crest锚碇anchorage坝肩shoulders重力式嵌岩锚gravitysocketedanchorage左坝肩leftdamabutment北锚碇前（后）锚面副坝saddledamfront(back)surfaceofnorthernanchorage三坝址thethirddamsite塔墩tower标高heightmark墩pier上游水位headwater散索鞍splaysaddle正常库水位normalreservoirlevel猫道footbridge地下洞室undergroundopening(tunnel)主缆maincable压力隧洞pressuretunnel索股cablestrand无压隧洞gravitytunnel主鞍mainsaddle,towersaddle交通洞accesstunnel主跨mainspan灌浆洞groutingtunnel边跨sidespan明流洞free-flowtunnel引桥approach孔板洞orificetunnel钢箱梁steelboxmaingirder排砂洞sedimenttunnel埋深embedmentdepth尾水洞tailracetunnel北塔墩基础northtowerbase排水洞drainagetunnel基础foundation,footing导流洞diversiontunnel浅基础shallowfoundation地道tunnel深基础deepfoundation围岩surroundingrock,ambientrock联合基础combinedfooting围岩应力secondarystressstatic筏形基础raft(mat)foundation应力集中stressconcentrate钢模steelform覆盖层overburden桩pile冒顶cavein,rooffall基桩foundationpile底鼓bottomheave群桩pilegroups回弹rebound桩基础pilefoundation岩爆rockburst桩承台pilecap高桩承台低桩承台摩擦桩端承桩嵌岩桩板桩旋喷桩灌输桩高桩承台低桩承台摩擦桩端承桩嵌岩桩板桩旋喷桩灌输桩沉管灌输桩支护桩刚性桩柔性桩侧向受荷桩轴向受荷桩预制桩振动打桩振动钻进沉箱沉井（沉箱）地下连续墙支撑超载接触应力井点降水桩极限承载力承载力阻力桩端阻力表面摩擦力粘着系数负摩擦力安全系数压缩层附带应力持力层地基土临塑压力剪切损坏地基无效冲剪损坏渐进损坏允许荷载极限承载力沉降沉降差尾部倾斜倾斜坑底隆起静止土压力稳固数路堤地基办理垫层加固注浆灌浆帷幕挡土墙锚固喷浆锚杆盲沟振冲法12监测仪器观察孔仪器观察读数装置传感器探头压力盒振弦式应变计伸长计、变位计板式沉降仪测斜仪测压计，渗压计垂线垂直度observationbore/holeinstrumentationreadoutdevicetransducerprobepressurecellvibratingwirestraingaugeextensionmeterfoundationbase/pateinclinometerpiezometerplumbplumbness13安全监控靠谱性检查监控模型监测资料靠谱性稳固性安全评估评定评论准则灾祸确立性方法论应急行动计划事故紧迫状态紧迫检查灾情等级灾祸评论风险评估reliabilitycheckingmonitoringandpredictionmodelmonitoringdatum,datareliabilitystabilitysafetyevaluation,appraiseassessment,assess,ratecriterionhazard,calamityDeterministicmethodologyEAP(emergencyactionplan)accidentemergencyemergencyinspectionhazardclassificationhazardevaluationriskassessment静力(StaticAnalysis)动力(DynamicAnalysis)蠕变(CreepMaterialModel)渗流(Fluid-mechanicalInteraction)热力学(ThermalOption)headwarderosion溯源侵害scouringofleveeorbank淘刷stronglyweatheredsiliceousrockmasswithquasi-lamellarweaklyweatheredsiliceousrockmasswithquasi-lamellarofcontinuallyaftershocksof7or8-degreeintensityEvidently显然的Correspondinglyadv.相应地；有关地；同样地thehangingwalloftriggeringseismicfaultoblique-beddingbankslope专业外语（为方便记忆，跟上边稍有重复）综合类high-risepilecapburiedpilecapfrictionpileendbearingpilesocketedpilesheetpilejet-groutedpilecast-in-placepiledrivencast-in-placepilesoldierpiles,tangentpilesrigidpileflexiblepilelaterallyloadedpileaxiallyloadedpileprecastconcretepilevibratorypiledrivingvibratorydrillingcaisson(open)caissondiaphragmwall,slurrywallbracingsurchargecontactpressurewell-pointdewateringultimatebearingcapacityofpilebearingcapacityresistanceendresistanceskinfrictionadhesionfactornegativeskinfrictionfactorofsafetycompressedlayeradditionalstress,superimposedstressbearinglayer,sustaininglayerfoundationsoil,subsoilcriticalpressureshearfailurefoundationfailurepunchingfailureprogressivefailureallowableloadultimatebearingcapacitysettlementdifferentialsettlementangulardistortiontiltingbottomheaveearthpressureatreststabilitynumberembankmentgroundtreatmentsoilimprovementcushionstabilizationinjectiongunitingcurtainretainingwallanchoringgunitingearthanchorFrenchdrainvibrojet1.2.3.4.51.2.3.4.5.6.1.2.groundwaterlevel12.13.14.and‘ando’12geotechnicalengineering岩土工程foundationengineering基础工程soil,earth土soilmechanics土力学.cyclicloading周期荷载unloading卸载reloading再加载Jviscoelasticfound粘弹性地基viscousdamping粘滞阻尼shearmodulus剪切模量soildynamics土动力学stresspath应力路径土的分类residualsoil残积土地下水位groundwater地下水groundwatertable地下水位clayminerals黏土矿物secondaryminerals次生矿物landslides滑坡boreholecolumnarsection钻孔柱状图engineeringgeologicinvestigation工程地质勘探boulder漂石cobble卵石gravel砂石gravellysand砾砂coarsesand粗砂mediumsand中砂finesand细砂siltysand粉土clayeysoil粘性土clay黏土siltyclay粉质黏土silt粉土sandysilt砂质粉土clayeysilt粘质粉土saturatedsoil饱和土unsaturatedsoil非饱和土fill(soil)填土土的基本物理力学性质cc Compressionindexcu undrainedshearstrengthcu/p0ratioofundrainedstrengthcutoeffectiveoverburdenstressp0(cu/p0)NC,(cu/p0)ocsubscriptsNCandOCdesignatednormallyconsolidatedandoverconsolidated,respectivelycvane cohesivestrengthfromvaneteste0 naturalvoidratioplasticityindex!pk0 coefficient“at-rest”pressure,fortotalstresseso1ando2K0’ domainforeffectivestresseso1‘an。’K0n K0fornormallyconsolidatedstateK0u K0 coefficient underrapidcontinuous loading ,simulatinginstantaneous loading oranundrainedconditionKocoefficientundercyclicloading(frequencylessthan1Hz),asapseudo-dynamictestforK0coefficientkk permeability inhorizontalh,vverticaldirections,respectivelyN blowcount,standardpenetrationtestOCR over-consolidationratiopc preconsolidationpressure,fromoedemetertesteffectiveoverburdenpressurep0ps specificconepenetration18 resistance,fromstaticconetestq unconfinedcompressivestrengtu hU,Um degree ofconsolidation,subscriptmdenotesmeanvalueofaspecimenu,ub,um porepressure,subscriptsbandmdenotebottomofspecimenandmeanvalue,respectivelynaturalwatercontent,liquidandwww0Lp22plasticlimits,respectivelyo,o principalstresses,o12denoteeffectiveprincipalstresses四. 浸透性和渗流Darcy’slaw达西定律piping管涌flowingsoil流土sandboiling砂沸flownet流网seepage浸透(流)leakage渗流seepage(force)pressure浸透压力permeability浸透性hydraulicgradient水力梯度coefficientofpermeability浸透系数五.地基应力和变形softsoil软土(negative)skinfrictionofdrivenpile打入桩(负)摩阻力effectivestress有效应力totalstress总应力fieldvaneshearstrength十字板抗剪强度lowactivity低活性sensitivity敏捷度triaxialtest三轴试验foundationdesign基础设计recompaction再压缩bearingcapacity承载力soilmass土体contactpressure接触应力concentratedload集中荷载asemi-infiniteelasticsolid半无穷弹性体homogeneous均质isotropic各向同性17fstripfooting条基squarespreadfooting方形独立基础underlyingsoil(stratum,strata)下卧层(土)deadload=sustainedload恒载连续荷载liveload活载short-termtransientload短期刹时荷载long-termtransientload长久荷载reducedload折算荷载settlement沉降deformation变形casing套管dike=dyke堤(防)clayfraction粘粒粒组physicalproperties物理性质subgrade路基well-gradedsoil级配优秀土poorly-gradedsoil级配不良土sieve筛子Mohr-Coulombfailurecondition摩尔-库仑损坏条件 一FEM=finiteelementmethod有限元法limitequilibriummethod极限均衡法porewaterpressure孑L隙水压力preconsolidationpressure先期固结压力modulusofcompressibility压缩模量coefficentofcompressibility 压缩系数compressionindex压缩指数swellingindex回弹指数geostaticstress自重应力additionalstress附带应力totalstress总应力finalsettlement最后沉降slipline滑动线六・基坑开挖与降水excavation开挖(挖方)dewatering(基坑)降水failureoffoundation基坑失稳bracingoffoundationpit基坑围护bottomheave=basalheave(基坑)底隆起retainingwall挡土墙pore-pressuredistribution孑L压散布dewateringmethod降低地下水位法wellpointsystem井点系统(轻型)deepwellpoint深井点vacuumwellpoint真空井点bracedcuts支撑围护bracedexcavation支撑开挖bracedsheeting支撑挡板七・深基础deepfoundationpilefoundation桩基础cast-in-place灌输桩广divingcastingcast-in-placepile沉管灌注桩boredpile钻孔桩Aspecial-shapedcast-in-placepile机控异型灌输桩pilessetintorock嵌岩灌输桩rammedbulbpile夯扩桩belledpierfoundation钻孔墩基础[drilled-pierfoundation钻孔扩底墩under-reamedboredpierprecastconcretepile预制混凝土桩steelpile钢桩一steelpipepile钢管桩steelsheetpile钢板桩prestressedconcretepile预应力混凝土桩prestressedconcretepipepile预应力混凝土管桩caissonfoundation沉井(箱)diaphragmwall地下连续墙截水墙frictionpile摩擦桩end-bearingpile端承桩(pile)shaft桩身waveequationanalysis颠簸方程剖析pilecaps承台(桩帽)bearingcapacityofsinglepile单桩承载力lateralpileloadtest单桩横向载荷试验ultimatelateralresistanceofsinglepile单桩横向极限承载力staticloadtestofpile单桩竖向静荷载试验verticalallowableloadcapacity单桩竖向允许承载力lowpilecap低桩承台high-risepilecap高桩承台verticalultimateupliftresistanceofsinglepile单桩抗拔极限承载力silentpiling静力压桩upliftpile抗拔桩anti-slidepile抗滑桩pilegroups群桩efficiencyfactorofpilegroups群桩效率系数(n)efficiencyofpilegroups群桩效应dynamicpiletesting桩基动测技术finalset最后贯入度dynamicloadtestofpile桩动荷载试验pileintegritytest桩的完好性试验pilehead=butt桩头piletip=pilepoint=piletoe桩端(头)pilespacing桩距pileplan桩位部署图arrangementofpiles=pilelayout桩的部署groupaction群桩作用endbearing=tipresistance桩端阻skin(side)friction=shaftresistance 桩侧阻pilecushion桩垫piledriving(byvibration)打桩(振动)pilepullingtest拔桩试验pileshoe桩靴pilenoise打桩噪音pilerig打桩机八.地基办理(groundtreatment)technicalcodeforgroundtreatmentofbuilding建筑地基办理技术规范cushion垫层法preloading预压法dynamiccompaction强夯法dynamiccompactionreplacement强夯置换法vibroflotationmethod振冲法sand-gravelpile砂石桩pile-stonecolumn砂石桩cement-flyash-gravelpile(CFG)水泥粉煤灰碎石桩cementmixingmethod水泥土搅拌桩cementcolumn水泥桩limepile(limecolumn)石灰桩jetgrouting高压发射注浆法rammed-cement-soilpile夯实水泥土桩法lime-soilcompactionpile灰土挤密桩lime-soilcompactedcolumn灰土挤密桩limesoilpile灰土挤密桩chemicalstabilization化学加固法surfacecompaction 表层压实法surchargepreloading超载预压法vacuumpreloading真空预压法sandwick袋装砂井geofabric,geotextile土工织物compositefoundation复合地基reinforcementmethod加筋法dewateringmethod降低地下水固结法freezingandheating冷热办理法

expansivegroundtreatment膨胀土地基办理groundtreatmentinmountainarea山区地基办理collapsibleloesstreatment湿陷性黄土地基办理artificialfoundation人工地基naturalfoundation天然地基pillow褥垫softclayground软土地基sanddrain砂井rootpile树根桩plasticdrain塑料排水带stonecolumn碎石桩gravelpile碎石桩replacementratio(复合地基)置换率九•固结consolidationTerzzaghi’sconsolidationtheory太沙基固结理论Barraon’sconsolidationtheory巴隆固结理论Biot’sconsolidationtheory比奥固结理论overconsolidationration(OCR)超固结比overconsolidationsoil超固结土excessporewaterpressure超孔压力multi-dimensionalconsolidation多维固结one-dimensionalconsolidation一维固结primaryconsolidation主固结secondaryconsolidation次固结degreeofconsolidation固结度consolidationtest固结试验consolidationcurve固结曲线timefactorTv时间因子coefficientofconsolidation固结系数preconsolidationpressure先期固结压力principleofeffectivestress有效应力原理consolidationunderK0conditionK0固结十.抗剪强度shearstrengthundrainedshearstrength不排水抗剪强度residualstrength剩余强度long-termstrength长久强度peakstrength峰值强度shearstrainrate剪切应变强度dilatation剪胀effectivestressapproachofshearstrength剪胀抗剪强度有效应力法totalstressapproachofshearstrength抗剪强度总应力法Mohr-Coulombtheory莫尔一库仑理论angleofinternalfriction内摩擦角cohesion粘聚力failurecriterion损坏准则vanestrength十字板抗剪强度unconfinedcompression无侧限抗压强度effectivestressfailureenvelop有效应力损坏包线effectivestressstrengthparameter本构模型constitutivemethodelasticmodel弹性模型本构模型constitutivemethodnonlinearelasticmodel非线性弹性模型elastoplasticmodel弹塑性模型viscoelasticmodel粘弹性模型boundarysurfacemodel界限面模型Duncan-Changmodel邓肯一张模型rigidplasticmodel刚塑性模型capmodel盖帽模型worksoftening加工融化workhardening加工硬化Cambridgemodel剑桥模型idealelastoplasticmodel理想弹塑性模型Mohr-Coulombyieldcriterion莫尔一库仑折服准则yieldsurface折服面elastichalf-spacefoundationmodel弹性半空间地基模型elasticmodulus弹性模量Winklerfoundationmodel文克尔地基模型十一.地基承载力 bearingcapacityoffoundationsoilpunchingshearfailure冲剪损坏generalshearfailure整体剪切破化localshearfai