【高血压英文课件】-The-Dead-Body-and-Remains

TheDeadBodyandRemainsCoachWhitaker“Adeadmantellsnotalesbuthisbodydoes”VocabularyRigorMortis—astiffnessinthemusclesthatoccursshortlyafterdeathOssificationsites—placewheregrowthtakesplaceonthebonesTrauma—anythingthathurtsorleavesamarkonthebodyIncisedorcutwounds—causedwhenasharpobjectisdrawnacrosstheskinVocabularyBluntForceTrauma—occurswheneveryoumakecontactwithahard,dullobjectScrapingorscuffing—AbrasionsareinjuriesthatresultintheremovalofthesuperficiallayersoftheskinSlidingabrasions—occurswhenanobjectscrapesorbrushesawaytheskin—RoadrashisacommonexampleandnoosescauseabrasionsStampabrasions—occurwhenabluntobjectstrikestheskin,crushingitandleavingarawareaPatternedabrasions—areatypeofstampabrasionthatleavesthepatternbehindwhenthereisabarrierVocabularyMedicalExaminer—isamedicaldoctortrainedtoperformautopsiesAGGuideCausesofDeathintheUSin20081.Diseasesoftheheart 28.52.Malignanttumors 22.83.Cerebrovasculardiseases 6.74.Chroniclowerrespiratorydiseases 5.15.Accidents(unintentionalinjuries) 4.46.Diabetesmellitus 3.07.Influenzaandpneumonia 2.78.Alzheimer'sdisease 2.49.Nephritis,nephroticsyndrome,andnephrosis 1.710.Septicemia(bloodpoisoning) 1.411.Suicide 1.312.Chronicliverdiseaseandcirrhosis 1.113.Primaryhypertensionandhypertensiverenaldisease0.814.Parkinson'sdisease(tied) 0.7.15.Homicide(tied) 0.7WhatisDeath?Peoplelivingpriortothe19thcenturyhadgoodreasontoworryaboutbeingburiedaliveStethoscopeshadn’tbeeninventedanddeterminationsofdeathwereaguessinggameDeterminationofdeathneverhasbeenstraightforwardWhatisDeath?AdeathpronouncementrequiresnoheartbeatorrhythmandnobrainactivitywhichismeasuredbyanEEGAdeathpronouncementisstillcontroversialtodayandtherearedifferentdefinitionsforbraindeathMethodsofDeathsTraumaisanythingthathurtsorleavesamarkCrimesthatresultintraumaleaveawealthofinformationforinvestigatorsGunshotsThesuddenexplosiveforceandwhatitdoestoabodyisshockingGunshotareacommoncauseofdeathinaccidental,suicidal,andhomicidalshootingsInorderforagunshottobeimmediatelyfatal,extensivetraumatothebrain,heart,orupperspinalcordmustoccurOtherwisedeathissloweranddependsonbleedingtodeathSlicing,Dicing,andStabbingTherearethreegeneraltypesofstabbing:StabwoundsmostoftenhomicidalMoredeepthanwideWoundsaremorelikelytobedistortedbytwistingandturningDeterminingtheexactweaponistrickyIfapieceortipoftheweaponbreaksoffIfthevictim’sbloodcanbeDNAmatchedSlicing,Dicing,andStabbingIncisedorcutwounds—causedwhenasharpobjectisdrawnacrosstheskinSuicidalwoundsaretypicallyfoundonwristwithhesitationmarksHomicidalwoundsarefoundontheneckDefensivewoundsmaybeincisedinnatureAccidentalcutsusuallyinvolvethehandsSlicing,Dicing,andStabbingChopwounds—thesewoundsaredeepandwedgeshapedMajortraumaisassociatedwiththistypeofwoundAccidentalorhomicidalActivityForeachcategory,youwillfindatotalofsixunusualdeathsthathaveoccurredinthepastTwogunshots,twostabwoundsorcutwounds,andtwocrushwoundsYouwillcreateabookofmethodsofdeaththathaseachcategory/wiki/List_of_unusual_deathsBluntForceTraumaBluntForceTraumaoccurswheneveryoumakecontactwithahard,dullobjectinawayithurtsyouItcancomefromanassault,afall,ancarwreck,oranumberofthingsthatcanscrapeorbruiseyourskin,breakyourbones,orevendamageyourinternalorgansBluntForceTraumaScrapingorscuffing—AbrasionsareinjuriesthatresultintheremovalofthesuperficiallayersoftheskinSlidingabrasions—occurswhenanobjectscrapesorbrushesawaytheskin—RoadrashisacommonexampleandnoosescauseabrasionsStampabrasions—occurwhenabluntobjectstrikestheskin,crushingitandleavingarawareaPatternedabrasions—areatypeofstampabrasionthatleavesthepatternbehindwhenthereisabarrierBluntForceTraumaBruisingandBattering—resultfromdamagetosmallbloodvesselsintissuesatthesiteofBFTThetissueleakbloodwhichimpartsablue-blackcolortotissuesNoteverytraumaleavesabruiseInternalorganscanbecontusedBluntForceTraumaBreakingbones—fracturesarebreaksinbonesthatresultfromtraumaSimplefractureisasinglebreakComminutedfractureiswherethebonebreaksintwoormoreplacesCompoundfractureiswherethebonebreakstheskinBluntForceTraumaDirecttraumacausesasingleortransversefractureorafracturethatoccursacrossthelongaxisoftheboneCrushfractureisonethatiscomposedofseveralfracturelinesAcrushfractureoftenproducesacompressionwedgethatshowsthedirectionoftheblowBluntForceTraumaMostBLTtotheheadresultsininjury,howeveraBLTtotheheadisthemostdangerouslocationThebrainiseasilyinjuredandcausepermanentdamageBLTtotheheadmayresultinanythingfromaheadcontusiontodeathFordeathtooccur,BLTwouldmostlikelyhavetocauseintracranialbleedingElectrocutionElectricityflowsalongtheshortestpathfromthepointofentrytothepointwhereitisgroundedDeathdependsonitsamperageanddurationofthecontactThegreaterdangeristheireffectontheheartAsphyxiaAsphyxiaiswhenthebodycannotgetenoughoxygen—fourwaysare:Suffocation—theairmayhavelittleornoO2Strangulation—ablockageorobstructionpreventsairfromenteringtheairwaysDrowning—thelungsfillwithwaterInhalationoftoxicchemicalsActivityYouwillcompletethemethodofdeathbookwiththreenewcategories—bluntforcetrauma,electrocution,andasphyxiation4BFT,2electrocution,andtwoasphyxiationEachpagewillhaveapicturesandatextboxthatincludes:StorysummaryandyearForeachcategory,youwillfindatotalofsixunusualdeathsthathaveoccurredinthepastTwogunshots,twostabwoundsorcutwounds,andtwocrushwoundsYouwillcreateabookofmethodsofdeaththathaseachcategory/wiki/List_of_unusual_deathsProcessofDecompositionAfterdeathbodiesstarttodecomposeinregularpatternAtimeofdeathcanbemoreaccuratelydeterminedifthebodyisfoundin24hoursusingindicatorsofAlgorMortis,LivorMortis,andRigorMortisIfthattimehaspassedtheFIhastouseothermethodsdiscussedAlgorMortisReferstothecoolingrateofthebodyafterdeathAfterdeaththebodycannotkeepitstemperatureat98.6degreesThetemperaturebeginstodroptotheairtempTheGlaisterFormulacanbeusedtogiveanestimateofhoursafterdeathGlaisterFormulah=98.4F–internaltemperature/1.5IfthetemperaturereachesambienttemperatureallbetsareoffLivorMortisLMreferstothepoolingofbloodinthebodyaftertheheartstops,causedbygravityItappearsontheskinasapurplishreddiscolorationandcanindicatepositionofthebodyatthetimeofdeathTherearenolivormortisinareasthattouchthegroundbecausethevesselsarecompressedLMbeginsinahalfhourafterdeathandismorevisible12hoursafterdeathLMdoesnotmoveafterdeathRigorMortisRMreferstotherigidityoftheskeletalmusclesafterdeathAfterdeath,themusclesrelaxandchemicalsinthemusclesbreakdownandthemusclebecomesrigidItstartsinthesmallermuscles(neckandjaw)Occurstwohoursafterdeathandisgoneafter30hours,leavingthebodylimp(reverseshowitstarts)RatedependsonenvironmentalconditionsDeterminingRateofDecayThedecompositionprocessofthebodyinvolvetwothings:Autolysis—isaprocessofself-digestionPutrefaction—moredestructiveprocess,causedbebacteriathatdestroythebody’stissues—comesfrombacteriainternallyandexternallyPutrefactionProcesssequenceAfter36hours,theabdomentakesagreenishcolorandspreadstotheupperbodyBloatingiscausedbygasproducedbybacteriaTheskindevelopsblisterswhichisfilledwithliquidorserumTheskinbeginstomarblewhichmeansitrevealstheweblikepatternofbloodvesselsAsgasaccumulate,theabdomenswells,andtheskincontinuestoblister.SkinandhairbegintoslipfromthebodyThebodytakesonagreen-blackcolorandfluidofdecompositionbegintodrainThebodyblistersswellsandburstreleasingfluidsBugsandBlowfliesWhenananimalsdies—blowfliesknowitAfterthetimeofdeathblowflies:LayeggsindecayingfleshEggshatchintolarvaeandfeedofffleshuntiltheybecomefliesAtimeofdeathcanbeestablishedbydeterminingwhatstagetheblowflylarvaeareinEntomologiststudytheinsectslifeActivityForensicEntomology—Makeadrawnposterofablowflythatincludesthelifecycleandhowthetimeofdeathisdeterminedingreatdetail.Intheposter,fivefactsaboutblowfliesandhowtheyfeedondecayingbodies.StagesofHumanDecayMakeadrawnposteroflividity,algorMortis,andRigorMortis.Giveingreatdetailwhathappenstothephysicalbodyasitdecays.AutopsyMedicalExaminerisamedicaldoctortrainedtoperformautopsy(ForensicPathologists)AutopsyisconductedtodeterminethemedicalfactorsrelatingtodeathandsearchforillnessesthedeceasedsufferedAforensicautopsymayfindtimeandmannerofdeathCauseofdeath—reasonapersondiesMechanismofdeath—actualphysiologicalchangethatcausedthecessationoflife/autopsy.htmFourMannersofDeathNatural—deaththatoccursfromanaturaldiseaseprocess(largestgroup)Accidental—resultfromanunplannedandunforeseeablesequenceofeventsSuicidal—aredeathscausedbythedeadperson’sownhandHomicidal—aredeathsthatoccurbythehandofsomeoneelseForensicAutopsyAMEtypicallyinvestigatesanydeaththatis:Traumatic—occurringfromaninjurythatcoldbeaccidental,homicidal,orself-inflictedUnusual—occurringincircumstancesthatappeartobeunnaturalorsuspiciousSudden—takingplacewithinafewhoursoftheonsetofsymptomsUnexpected—occurringinsomeonewhowasn’tthoughttobeillPerformingtheAutopsyThereseveralstepstoanautopsyIdentifyingthebody—theidentifyofabodycannotbeleftindoubtConductinganexternalexamination—theMEconductsthisatthescene—MEiscarefulnottotouchthebodyormoveit—atthemorgue,theMEsearchesfortraceevidenceMeasuringandweighing—determinesHandWPerformingtheAutopsyPhotographingthebody—photographclothedandunclothed—MElooksformarksandinjuriesCheckingoutclothing—damageandtraceevidenceEstablishestimeofdeath—lookingatstagesofdecompositionTakesX-rays—extentofinjuriesTraceevidence—arecollected—bodyfluidsarecollectedExaminesinjuries(threecommononesarelacerationsandcontusions,stabwounds,andgunshots)HowtheAutopsyisDoneDissectingthebodyMakingtheincision—theMEmakesaY-shapedincisiontothefrontofthebody—ribsandbonesarecutwithsawsandbreastplateisremovedRemovingheartandlungs—removedinoneunitforbloodtyping,DNA,andtoxicologyExaminingtheabdomen—organsareweighedandexamineandtissuesamplesaretakenHowtheAutopsyisDoneCollectingsamples—contentsofstomacharetaken—lastmealcandetermineTOD—otherorgansamplesaretakenAssessingtheheadandbrain—Melooksforevidenceofheadtraumaorskullfractures—nexttheMEopenstheskullandremovesthebrainReturningtheorgansandsuturingthebody—afterexaminationtheorgansarereturnedandthebodyissuturedandreleasetothefamilyAutopsyReportThereportincludesDescriptionofbodyVisibleinjuriesIllnessesorinjuriestothebrainandspinalcordInternalexaminationToxicologyreportsLabtestresultsPathologistopinionthatincludescause,mechanism,andmannerofdeathAutopsyActivityAutopsyofaDillPickleTheSkeletonTheAdulthumanhas206bonesTheskeletonperformsmanyvitalfunctionsincluding:StructureandrigidityforthebodySheltersandprotectssofttissueandinternalorgansSurroundsandprotectsthebrainProvidessitesfortheattachmentofmuscles,tendons,ligamentstoallowmovementStoresmineralsandformsredbloodcells(immune)TheSkeletonThebodymovesthroughtheinteractionofmusclesandtheskeletonMusclesareconnectedtothebonesbytendonsBonesareconnectedtobonesbyligamentsJointsarepointswhereamuscleisconnectedtotwodifferentboneswhichallowsmovementTheSkeletonBonesareclassifiedaslong,short,flat,andirregular:Longbones—arelongerthanwideex.Arms,legsShortbones—areaslongastheyarewideex.WristandankleFlatbones—areflatandenclosesofttissueex.SternumIrregularbones—areirregularlyshapedex.vertebraeIdentifyingBonesEstimatingHeightUsingLongBonesForensicscientistscanestimateheightbyexaminingoneormoreofthelongbones(femur,tibia,humerus,orradius)ThefollowingareformulasfordeterminingheightformenandwomenHeightFormulasinCMMenFemur—H=lengthX2.21+61.41Tibia—H=lengthX2.53+72.57Humerus—H=lengthX3.14+64.97Radius—H=lengthX3.87+73.50FemaleFemur—H=lengthX2.23+69.08Tibia—H=lengthX2.39+81.68Humerus—H=lengthX2.97+73.57Radius—H=lengthX3.65+80.40EstimatingHeightActivityCSInoBonesAboutitIdentifyingtheBodyDeadbodiesaresubjecttointernaldigestion,bacterialaction,extremeweather,insects,andpredators(oneweekintheopenistwoweeksinthewateroreightweeksintheground)ThemoredecomposedthebodyisthegreaterchallengetoIDDiggingtheArtifactsItemsfoundnearthebodyoronthebodymaybehelpfulsuchas:Jewelry—inscribedwithnames,dates,orinitialsclothing—styleormanufacturerburialshroud—coffinsandblanketsprovideinfofrommarkings,ormaterials.PlasticbagscanhavefingerprintsUsescars,birthmark,surgicalscarring,andtattoosFingerprintingtheDeadUnlessacorpseisseverelydeteriorated,fingerprintscanbeobtainedandmatchedSalineissometimesinjectedintothetipsinthefingerstoshowridgesThefingerprintscanbecarefullyslicedawayCheckingOuttheChoppersDentalrecordscanidentifyhumanremainsbecauseeveryone’steetharedifferentby:Lengths,widths,andshapes