国际战略研究中心-新冠疫情背景下的绿色复苏（英文）-2021.5-18正式版

MAY2021AJUSTGREENRECOVERYFROMCOVID-19JustTransitionInitiative2AbouttheAuthorsThispublicationwasproducedbytheJustTransitionInitiativeteam,acollaborationbetweentheCenterforStrategicandInternationalStudies(CSIS)andClimateInvestmentFunds(CIF).LeadauthorsforthisstudyareBenCahill(CSIS),HughSearight(CIF),MaryMargaretAllen(CSIS),andRahulMadhusudanan(CIF).AcknowledgmentsThisstudyandframeworkweremadepossiblewithstrategicinputfromNikosTsafos(CSIS),MafaldaDuarte(CIF),NehaSharma(CIF),SandeepPai(CSIS),AaronAtteridge(CIF),MikeWard(CIF),JosephDickman(CIF),andAbhishekBhaskar(CIF).ThisreportisproducedbytheCenterforStrategicandInternationalStudies(CSIS).CSISisaprivate,tax-exemptinstitutionfocusingoninternationalpublicpolicyissues.Itsresearchisnonpartisanandnonproprietary.CSISdoesnottakespecificpolicypositions.Accordingly,allviews,positions,andconclusionsexpressedinthispublicationshouldbeunderstoodtobesolelythoseoftheauthor(s).ThisreportismadepossiblebysupportfromtheClimateInvestmentFunds;however,theviewsexpresseddonotnecessarilyrepresentthoseoftheCIFortheWorldBank.Whilerea-sonableeffortshavebeenmadetoensurethatthecontentsofthispublicationarefactuallycorrect,theCIFandtheWorldBankdonottakeresponsibilityfortheaccuracyorcomplete-nessofitscontents,andshallnotbeliableforlossordamagethatmaybeoccasioneddirect-lyorindirectlythroughtheuseof,orrelianceon,thecontentsofthispublication.©CSISandCIF2021.Allrightsreserved.|CIFencouragestheuse,reproductionanddisseminationofthistextforuseinnon-com-mercialproductsorservices,providedthatappropriateacknowledgmentofCSIS/CIFasthesourceandcopyrightholderisgiven.©CSISandCIF,2021.TheCaseforaJustGreenRecovery3Theworldisrespondingtoanunprecedentedhealth,social,andeconomicemergency.Atthetimeofpublication,overthreemillionliveshavebeenlostduetothecoronaviruspandem-ic.Societieshavebeenseverelydisrupted—bothfromthehealthimpactsandthepandem-1ic-inducedrecession.TheInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)estimatesthatglobaloutputdeclinedaboutthreetimesasmuchasinthe2007–08globalfinancialcrisis,inhalfthetime.2TheWorldBankestimatesthatCovid-19couldpushupto100millionpeopleintoextremepoverty.3Inresponse,governmentshaverolledoutemergencymeasurestobolsterhealthsystemsandcreatesupportiveconditionstomaintainlivelihoodsandjobsforthosehithardest.TheIMFre-portsthatasofMarch2021,governmentsaroundtheworldhadintroducedfiscalmeasuresandliquiditysupporttotalingmorethan$16trillion.4Themajorityofthesefiscalresponseshavebeenemergencymeasuresandstabilizationspending,asopposedtorecoveryspendingthathasalonger-termimpact.5However,theCovid-19recoverywindowoffersarareopportunitytostructurallytransformeconomiesandacceleratethegreentransition.Thereisrenewedopennesstolarge-scalepub-licinvestmentasgovernmentsseektorebuildtheireconomiesandboostlong-termgrowthpotential.Atthesametime,theCovid-19crisishasrevealedthedepthofinequalitywithinandamongcountries,suggestingtheneedforpoliciesthatcancreatenewsourcesofgrowthwhilealsoadvancingequityandjustice.Thereisariskthatifthelessonsfrompreviouscrisesarenotapplied,historywillrepeatitselfandrecoveryspendingwillneitheracceleratedecarbonizationnortackleinequality.Someestimatessuggestthataround16percentofglobalstimulusmeasuresfollowingthe2007–08financialcrisissupportedgreeninitiatives.6Whiletherewasa1.4percentdecreaseinglobalemissionsthatwas4observedin2009asaresultoftheeconomicdownturn,theglobalstimuluscontributedtoa5.1percentreboundinglobalemissionsin2010—morethanoffsettingtheoriginaldecrease.7Then-re-cordlevelsofpublicspendingalsofailedtoavertorremedypersistentstructuralinequalities.Recoveryspendingpatternsoverthepastyearraisesimilarconcerns,asmostrecoverypack-agesarefailingtosufficientlyemphasizedecarbonization.TheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgram(UNEP)estimatesthatofthespendingannouncedacrossthefiftylargestcountriesin2020,13percentofoverallspendingwasdirectedtowardlong-termrecoverytypemea-sures,ofwhichonly18percentwasdirectedtowardgreenrecoveryinitiatives,mostlyinasmallgroupofwealthycountries.8Thestakesarehigh,andtheopportunitiesaresignificantfordeliveringagreenrecoveryfromCovid-19thataddressesunderlyinginjusticesandbuildsresilienceamongstvulnerablegroupsforfuturetransitionsandshocks.Thereisamountingbodyofevidencethatsuggeststhatinvestmentsinclean,sustainableinfrastructurecanbeoneofthemosteffectivewaystoboostshort-termemploymentandsustainlong-termsocio-economicactivitieswhilecreatingqualityjobs.9Conversely,directingrecoveryfundstohigh-carbonbusinessesandfossilfuelsriskslockinginharmfulemissionsandwillinevitablymakesuchinvestmentsmoreexpensiveanddisruptivetoreverseandreplace.Thissentimentisencapsulatedingovernmentcommit-mentsto“GreenRecoveries”and“BuildingBackBetter.”Ashort-termfocusonpoliciesthatsupporthealthcarespendingandtargetedsupporttoaffectedhouseholdsandfirmsiscritical.Followingtheimmediateresponseeffort,itisim-perativethatfocusshiftstorebuildinginwaysthatdelivergreaterjusticeandsocialequityalongsideaccelerateddecarbonization.Someoftheoptionsavailabletogovernmentsincludeinvestingingreeninfrastructuretohelpmitigateclimatechange,strengtheningsocialassis-tanceandsocialinsurancetoarrestrisinginequality,introducinginitiativestoboostproduc-tivecapacity,andresolvingdebtoverhangs.10Thispaperfocusesonwhethergreenrecoverymeasuresarealsosupportingajusttransition,oratleasttheelementsofajusttransition.Weprovideananalyticalframeworktoexaminegreenstimulusmeasuresfromajusttransitionperspective.Weapplytheframeworktointer-ventionsindifferentcountriesandofferinitialinsightsonhowrecoverymeasurescanacceler-atedecarbonizationwhileenhancingequity.“Followingtheimmediateresponseeffort,itisimpera-tivethatfocusshiftstorebuildinginwaysthatdelivergreaterjusticeandsocialequityalongsideaccelerateddecarbonization.”5ElementsofaJustGreenRecoveryExamininggreenrecoveryinterventionsthroughthelensofajusttransitioncanhelpassesswhethersystemicinequalitiesarebeingaddressed,andwhichrecoverypoliciescanbestmiti-gatelossesanddistributegainsfairly.TheJustTransitionInitiativehasdevelopedaframeworktohelpanalyzethekeydimensionsofjusttransitionsandsupportmoretransformativeandinclusiveapproachestoaddressingclimatechange.11Theframeworkemphasizestheimportanceofdistributionalimpactsofclimateactionorthefairallocationofthebenefitsandharmsassociatedwithtransitions,aswellassocialinclusion,ortherecognitionofmarginalizedgroupsthroughtheirparticipationandinfluenceindecisionmakingprocesses.Adeepandcomplextransformationisrequiredtoachievebothdistributivejusticeandsocialinclusiongoalsinrespondingtotheurgentchallengesofclimatechange.Thismayrequirefundamentalchangestoexistingsocialandeconomicsystemsthatarepotentiallyincompati-blewithsustainabledevelopmentandsocialequity.Assuch,theframeworkalsoemphasizesacross-cuttingelementoftransformativeintent,ortheambitiontoaddressstructuralinequal-ityandreshapethesocialandeconomicstatusquotoachieveajusttransition.ꢀFrameworkforJustTransitionsꢃꢄꢅoꢆerꢄentIntention:TransformationIIꢈꢉarroꢆTransitionInclusivebutfocusedapproachIꢈꢀꢏsteꢄsꢐꢑanꢒeInclusiveprocessandbroadimpactSocialꢀnclusionꢁrecognizes,includes,andempowersadiverseSocialꢀnclusionꢁrecognizes,includes,andempowersadiverserangeofstakeholdersthroughouttransitionprocesses.rangeofstakeholdersthroughouttransitionprocesses.ꢂistributionalꢀmpactsꢁconsidersanarrowrangeofimpactsforꢂistributionalꢀmpactsꢁconsidersabroadrangeofimpactsspecificsectorsandstakeholders.acrosssectorsandstakeholders.ꢀntentionꢁseekstransformationthroughinclusiveandꢀntentionꢁseekstransformationthroughtheoverhaulofsystemsempoweringprocesses.incompatiblewithsustainabledevelopmentandsocialequity.ꢀoꢁiaꢂInꢁꢂusionIIIꢈInꢁreꢄentaꢂꢓeꢔorꢄIꢕꢈToꢅꢖꢊoꢆnTransitionLessinclusiveandfocusedapproachLessinclusiveprocessbutbroadimpactSocialꢀnclusionꢁrecognizesandincludesselectstakeholdersinSocialꢀnclusionꢁrecognizesandincludesselectstakeholdersinaspectsofthetransitionprocess.aspectsofthetransitionprocess.ꢂistributionalꢀmpactsꢁconsidersanarrowrangeofimpactsforꢂistributionalꢀmpactsꢁconsidersabroadrangeofimpactsspecificsectorsandstakeholders.acrosssectorsandstakeholders.ꢀntentionꢁseeksreformviachangeswithinexistingsocialandꢀntentionꢁseekstransformationthroughconsiderationofabroadeconomicsystems.rangeofdistributionalimpacts.ꢇartiꢁiꢅationIntention:ReformꢃꢎꢅansiveꢌoꢁuseꢍIntention:ReformꢊistriꢋutionaꢂIꢄꢅaꢁtsIntention:Transformation6Thetwodimensionsintheframework,namelydistributionalimpactsandsocialinclusion,alongwiththecross-cuttingelementoftransformativeintent,canguidethepolicymakingprocesstoadvanceajustgreenrecoveryfromCovid-19.Forexample,speedisoftheessencewhendesigningrecoveryplans.Butwhenpolicymakershaveasingularfocusonrapidaction,thereisariskthatrecoveryplanswillcreateunevenbenefitsandcosts,excludeimportantvoicesfromthedecisionmakingprocess,orlackatransformativeapproachandambitions.WehighlightsomeexamplesofhowthethreeprinciplesofajusttransitionpresentedinourframeworkareevidentinglobalCovid-19greenrecoveryspending.“Whenpolicymakershaveasingularfocusonrapidaction,thereisariskthatrecoveryplanswillcreateunevenbenefitsandcosts,excludeimportantvoicesfromthedecisionmakingprocess,orlackatransfor-mativeapproachandambitions.”DistributionalImpactsWhilethegainsfromthetransitiontoagreeneconomymaybewidelydistributed,acutelossesfromthetransitioncansometimesbeconcentratedgeographically.Inthesesituations,place-basedinvestment—orinvestmentinregionsasopposedtopeopleorindividualbusi-nessestopromoteeconomicgrowth—hasanimportantroletoplayasameansofchannelingcapitaltoareasimpactedthemost.Somecountriesareprioritizingplace-basedinvestmentintheirgreenrecoveryefforts,suchastheUnitedKingdom(Table1),whichischannelingfundstowardcertainregionstoboostman-ufacturingcapacityandtyingtheseplanstoitsrenewableenergytargets.ItsTenPointPlanforaGreenIndustrialRevolution,announcedinNovember2020,aimstochannelgreenrecoveryspendingtowardareasthathaveexperiencedde-industrializationandemploymentchallengesfordecades.12Itwillofferdirectinvestmentsandincentivestoexpandcleanenergymanufactur-ingandbatteryproduction,prioritizingregionssuchasScotland,theNorthEast,andTeesside.TheseregionsaretheUnitedKingdom’straditionaloilandgasandindustrialheartlandsandhavebeenineconomicdeclinefordecades.Thegovernmentplans£160million($194million)ininvestmentinportsandinfrastructureinnortherncommunitiestosupportitsoffshorewindproductiontargetandtoenablealocalcontentrequirementof60percentinfutureoffshorewindprojects.13Itplanstoinvestupto£1billion($1.2billion)toestablishcarboncapture,utiliza-tion,andstorage(CCUS)inindustrialclustersintargetedareas.147Generatingemploymenthasbeenamajorfocusofrecoveryandstimulustodateasitisclearthatgreenrecoverymeasuresalsoneedtoprioritizejobs.However,thesemeasureswillneedtocarefullyconsiderdistributionalimpacts,includingthepotentialoutsizedimpactsoncertainindustriesandregionsofaccelerateddecarbonization,skillstransferability,genderdynamicsinthelabormarket,andqualityofjobs(underpinnedbyprovisionsforsafework,fairwages,respectforworkers’rights,andsocialprotection).15Thereareexamplesofgreenrecoverymeasureswithafocusonjobsinvarioussectors,includinginterventionsthatprovideenvironmental,social,andeconomicbenefitssuchascarbonsequestrationandecosystemresilience.Pakistan’ssuccessfulBillionTreeTsunamicampaign,whichwasoriginallylaunchedin2014todevelopsustainableforestry,generategreenjobs,andadvancegenderempowerment,wasexpandedasthe10BillionTreeTsuna-miin2018,withatotaloutlayofRs125billion(approximately$760million).Pakistan’sprimeministerexemptedtheprogramfromlockdownmeasuresinApril2020andusedthisprogramasashort-termemploymentresponsetothepandemic.Giventhelargeruralmigrationofunemployedworkersfromlocked-downcities,manyofthenewjobsarebeingcreatedinruralareas,withafocusonhiringwomenandmigrantdailyworkers.Theprogramisexpectedtocreateatleast63,000jobs,includingforsettingupnurseries,plantingsaplings,andservingasforestprotectionguardsorforestfirefighters.16About30millionindigenoussaplingshavebeenplantedintheprovinceofPunjabsincetheprogramexpansion,andthefive-yearpro-gramisexpectedtohit50milliontreesplantedthisyear.17Theprogrameffectivelyabsorbsashort-termlaborsurplusinsettingswithrelativelylimiteddiseasetransmission,addressesmigrationcausedbyurbanjoblosses,andshouldenhanceclimateresilience.However,itwillnotnecessarilyaddresslonger-termemploymentprospectsfortheworkerswhotakeonthesetypicallylow-skill,low-wagejobs.Inadequateaccesstoenergyservicesisanareaofgreatinequityglobally.Accesstosustain-ableenergyservicesiscriticaltohealth,education,povertyreduction,buildingresiliencetoclimatechange,andgeneratinggrowth.Recoveryeffortsareanopportunitytoboostinvest-mentincleanenergyaccessinitiatives.Nigeria,whereanestimated85millionpeoplelackelectricityaccessand176milliondonothaveaccesstocleancookingfuelsortechnologies,isincreasingequitableaccessaspartofitsrecoveryplan.18InJuly2020,Nigeriaapprovedthe23trillionNaira($5.9billion)NigerianEconomicSustainabilityPlan,whichincludesoneofthelargestrenewableenergycompo-nentsinstimuluspackagesfrommiddle-orlow-incomecountries.19Thisinvolvesacommit-mentof$619milliontoitsSolarHomesSystemsProjecttoconnectuptofivemillionhouse-holdsand25millionNigerianswholackaccesstothenationalgrid.20Aspartofthisplan,theLagosStategovernmentdevelopedadata-drivenprocesstotargetcertainhouseholdsforfreehomesolarunits.Beneficiarieswereselectedbasedonhouseholdwealth,populationdensity,8andtheproportionofhouseholdsinthearealivingoff-grid.Tohelpidentifyhouseholds,thegovernmentworkedwithcommunityleaders,churchofficials,imams,andlocalpharmacists.21SocialInclusionAnexpansiveapproachtosocialinclusionrecognizes,includes,andempowersadiverserangeofstakeholdersthroughoutrecoveryortransitionprocesses.Thisimplies,atamini-mum,thattheinterestsandvaluesofgroupsvulnerabletoimpactsarerecognizedandthatsuchgroupsareallowedmeaningfulparticipationinthedecisionmakingprocess.Whiletherearesomeexamplesofinclusivestrategies,particularlyindevelopedcountrieswherethejusttransitiondiscourseisrelativelywelldeveloped,thereislimitedevidenceoverallthatpoli-cymakersdesignedgreenrecoveryplanswithaneyetowardgreaterinclusiveness.Thisisunderstandable,giventheurgencyofemergencyresponsesandstimulusspending.Still,thereareusefulexamplesofinclusiveprocessesandprinciplesthatarehelpingtoshaperecoveryplanswithaslightlylongertimehorizon.Canadaplanstoengageinstakeholderconsultationsasitimplementsitsrecoveryplansandhasemphasizedtheimportanceofco-developmentwithIndigenouspeoplesontheinfrastruc-ture-andhealth-relatedprojectsoutlinedinitsFallEconomicStatement.22Whilethedetailssurroundingtheseprocessesarestilltakingshape,Canadahasbeguntooutlineitscommit-mentforstakeholderengagementinitsfirst-evernationalinfrastructureassessment,ꢀBuildingtheCanadaWeWantfor2050.ꢀTheassessmentaimstoidentifyneedsandprioritiesofthebuiltenvironmentforanet-zeroemissionsfutureandislargelybasedoninputfromthepublic,Indigenouspeoples,provinces,territories,municipalities,andotherstakeholders.Thegovern-mentisseekinginputonthefollowingthreeprioritiesbeforedeterminingnextsteps:Canada’sinfrastructureneedsandlong-termvision;coordinationamonginfrastructureownersandfunders;andbestwaystofundandfinanceinfrastructure.Thereareotherexamplesofinitiativeswithstrongelementsofsocialinclusionthatsupporttherecoveryprocess.TheEuropeanGreenDeal,togetherwithNextGenerationEUrecoveryfund,hasastrongfocusonsocialinclusionaspartofagreenrecovery.TheClimatePactintheEuropeanGreenDeallookstobuildonexistingcitizens’dialoguesandcitizens’assem-bliesacrosstheEUwhilesupportingmembercountries’worktoempowerregionalandlocalcommunities,includingenergycommunities.23Similarly,promisingstepshavebeentakenintheUnitedStates,whichisemphasizinganinclusiverecoveryandalow-carbontransition.AJanuary27WhiteHouseexecutiveorderonclimatepolicyestablishedataskforcetosupportconsultationswithabroadstakeholderbaseonclimaterelatedmatters.24Thecurrentadmin-istrationalsoaimstosupporttherevitalizationoffossilfuelreliantcommunitiesinaconsul-tativemannerbyseekingthe“viewsofState,local,andTribalofficials;unions;environmentaljusticeorganizations;communitygroups”andothers.25TheInteragencyWorkingGroupon9CoalandPowerPlantCommunitiesandEconomicRevitalizationhasalsopromisedtoholdaseriesoftownhallmeetingstoimprovecommunityengagementandgatherlocalideasforeconomicdevelopmentandplanning.26Whileitwilltaketimetoreflectonhoweffectivethesepoliciesandprogramswereinincorpo-ratinginputinaninclusivemanner,wesuggestthatawell-executedprogramtosolicitcitizeninputcouldgathervaluableadvicefromworkersandcommunitiesinvulnerableareasandgarnermoresupportforambitiousclimatepoliciesdowntheline.TransformativeIntentWefindlimitedevidenceoftransformativerecoveryapproachesoreffortstoacceleratedecar-bonizationthroughdeepandfundamentalsystemicchangewhilesupportingsociallyinclu-siveandfairoutcomesthataddresspreexistingstructuralinequalities.Theimpulseto“buildbackbetter”fromCovid-19hasyettocatalyzethelarge-scaleresponsesneededtomeettheclimatechallengeandaddresstheobjectivesoutlinedabove.Byandlarge,policymakersaremissinganopportunitytomakeprogresstowardfundamentallyreshapingclimateprioritiesandinclusivesocialdevelopment.“Awell-executedprogramtosolicitcitizeninputcouldgathervaluableadvicefromworkersandcommunitiesinvulnerableareasandgarnermoresupportforambi-tiousclimatepoliciesdowntheline.”Itis,however,importanttonotethatdefininga“transformativejusttransition”ishighlyde-pendentoneachcountry’srespectiveenvironmental,social,andeconomiccontext—includingthelow-carbontransitioncontext.AcomparisonofthejusttransitionelementsintheUnitedKingdomandSouthKorearecoverypackagesshowshowdifferingcontextsshapethenatureofresponses(Tables1and2).Asahighlyurbanizedstatewithastrongindustrialbase,SouthKorea’snotionofgreenrecoverycentersaroundpreparingitsworkforceforgreenanddigitaljobsofthefutureandexpandingsocialprotectionstopreemptivelyaddresschallengesofachanginglabormarket.SouthKoreaishighlydependentonfossilfuelsbuthaslimiteddomesticpro-ductionandemployment,andtherearefewerworkersandcommunitiesatriskinacleanenergytransitioncomparedwiththeUnitedKingdom.27ThejusttransitionchallengesintheUnitedKingdomaremultifaceted.Thedeindustrializationthathasbeenunderwayfor10decadeshasleftmanyregionsofthecountrystrugglingwithlaggingeconomiesandun-deremployment,andtheshiftawayfromfossilfuelsalsohasthepotentialtoharmcertainregionsandindustries.ThesocialimplicationsofthetransitionarehigherfortheUnitedKingdom’sCovid-19recoveryplans.Assessmentsofajustgreenrecoverymustrecognizethewidevariationincapacityamongcountriescopingwiththepandemic.Governmentsvaryintheirmacroeconomicconditions,fiscalspace,andcapacitytoincorporateclimateconsiderationsinfiscalstim-ulusortoadjustpreexistingstimuluspackages.Theirclimateambitionsandotherpolicyobjectivesalsovary.28Inthenextsection,weexaminehowsomeoftheseconstraintsincreasethecomplexityoftheresponseindevelopingcountries.Table1.UnitedKingdom:JustRecoverySpendingTheUnitedKingdomhasrecordedoneoftheworld’slargestfiscalresponsestoCovid-19,andinNovem-ber2020,itannouncedasignificantpackageofgreenrecoveryfunds.TheTenPointPlanforaGreenIndustrialRevolutionincludes£12billion($16.5billion)indirectgovernmentinvestmentmeanttounlock£36billion($49.6billion)inprivateinvestment.Thegovernmentbelievestheplancouldhelptocreateupto250,000jobsandwillpositionthecountrytomeetits2050net-zerotarget.TheUnitedKingdomisbeginningtoimplementplace-basedinvestmentstrategiesalongsideitsgreenrecoverytargets,includingeffortstobuildmanufacturingcapacityinrenewableenergyandbatteriesineconomicallystrugglingregions,suchasformerindustrialorfossilfuelheartlands.Itplans£160million($225million)ininvestmentinportsandinfrastructureinnortherncommunitiestosupportoffshorewindexpansion,enablingupto60percentlocalcontentrequirementforoffshorewind.ThegovernmentisalsolaunchingaGreenJobsTaskforcetoworkwithlaborunions,universities,andotheractorstodeveloptrainingandskillsdevelopmentplans.Toencouragedecarbonization,theIndustrialDecarbonizationfundisallocating£171million($241million)todecarbonizeindustryinareasincludingScotland,theNorthWest,andtheHumberandTeessideregions(includingtheH2HSaltendscheme,partoftheZeroCarbonHumberplans).Intermsofmobilizingclimatefinance,thegovernmentplanstoissueitsfirstsovereigngreenbondin2021.TheGreenFinanceInstituteconvenesexpertroundtablesanddialoguetopromotesector-specificsolutionsandfinancialinnovations.TheUnitedKingdomhasalsomadesomeinnovativemovesinstakeholderengagement,suchas“citi-zens’climatejuries”togarnerviewsonclimatepriorities,jobsandfairness,andnatureandlanduse.Atleastninesmallercitizens’assemblieshavebeenheldacrossthecountry,althoughthedirectlinkbe-tweencitizeninputandgovernmentstrategiesisdebatableinsomecases.Thereisaclearefforttodomorestakeholderengagementandpublicoutreachonclimatepolicyandlocallytargetedgreenrecoveryprograms.Inlanduse,theNatureRecoveryNetworkisanefforttobringtogetherconservationists,govern-mentagencies,andbusinessestorestoreprotectedsitestofavorableconditionsandcreateorrestorenewwildlifehabitatsandwoodlands.11Table2.SouthKorea:JustRecoverySpendingTheKoreanNewDeal:NationalStrategyforaGreatTransformation,introducedinJuly2020,aimstosup-portSouthKorea’srecoveryfromthepandemicandꢀitsꢀtransitiontowardadigitalandgreeneconomy,aswellasits2050carbonneutralitypledge.ItincludesaDigitalNewDealꢀtoleverageSouthKorea’scompet-itiveedgeininformationandcommunicationtechnology,aswellasaGreenNewDealꢀtoꢀ“green”infra-structureandrestoreecosystems,promotelow-carbonanddecentralizedenergy,andfosterinnovationingreenindustries.Koreaalsoaimstoenhanceꢀsocialsafetysystems,with$20.1billionfromthetreasurytoprovideprotectionagainsteconomicshocksandchangesresultingfromthetransitiontoadigitalandgreeneconomy.Theseinvestmentswillꢀexpandꢀemploymentinsuranceandworker’scompensation,ꢀaswellasꢀbasiclivelihoodsecuritybenefits.ThereisasignificantemphasisoncapacitybuildingandskillsdevelopmentacrossKorea’sthree-prongedstrategy.Thetreasurywillinvest$3.6ꢀbillioninhumanresourcestonurtureꢀtalent,ꢀprovideꢀemploymentꢀop-portunitiesꢀinthedigitalandgreeneconomy,andꢀreducetheꢀ“digitalgap”insociety.Thegovernmentwillꢀestablishꢀaꢀ“future-orientedjobtrainingsystem,”ꢀsupportinstitutionsthatprovideꢀprofessionalꢀtrainingwithinrelevantfields,andꢀimprovetheJobSearchPromotionSchemetobetterhelpꢀthoseꢀnotcoveredbyꢀemploymentinsuranceꢀastheyseeknewopportunities.ꢀVariousinvestmentsundertheDigitalNewDealwillstrengthenꢀtheꢀonlineeducationꢀcapacityꢀofꢀuniversitiesandꢀjobtraininginstitutions,aswellasthedig-italcapacityofSMEsandmicrobusiness,manyofwhicharestrugglingwiththeacceleratedtransitiontoadigitaleconomy.Whilesomeconsiderationisgiventotheaccessibilityoftheseservicesandinvestments,thesemeasuresdonotappearespeciallytargeted.Inrecognitionoftheimportanceofajusttransition,theKoreanNewDealbrieflystatesthat“afairtransi-tionwillbeensuredforthoseregionsthatforeseedifficultiescomingfromareduceduseofcoalpowerandothertraditionalsourcesofenergybysupportingtheiradjustmenttotherenewableenergysector(e.g.,greenmobility,digitalmanagementofrenewableenergy,platformforoffshorewindfarm).”Thereisabriefmentionoffeasibilitystudiesforoffshorewindfarmlocations,butitisnotapparentwhethertheselocationsarebeingstrategicallytargetedforreasonsbe