商务合同中汉译准确性的研究

AbstractAstheinternationaltradeisincreasing,thecommercialcontractismoreandmoreimportanttothedevelopmentofworld’seconomy,becauseitensuresthesuccessofthebusiness.Faithfulnessisveryimportanttotranslation,especiallytothecommercialcontract,becausebothoftheChineseandEnglishcontractsshouldhavethesamelegaleffect.Thispaperpointsoutthatthecommercialcontracttranslationrequiresnotonlythecorrectnessoflogic,butalsothestylisticfaithfulnessthatisasimpotantasthecorrectnessoflogic.Byanalyzingthecommercialcontracttranslationanditsstylisticfeaturessuchaslongsentences,formality,dignityandsoon,thispaperdescribestheapproachesandmethodstoachievethefaithfulnessintranslation.Keywords:commercialcontract;faithfulness;translation;stylisticfeatures;formality

中文摘要随着国际贸易的增加，商务合同对全球经济的发展越来越重要，它保证了商务活动的顺利进行。“信”对于翻译来说，非常重要，尤其是商务合同的翻译。因为合同的中英两个版本应该具有相同法律效力.本文指出商务合同翻译不仅要做到逻辑准确，同时文体准确也是同样重要。通过分析商务合同具有的长句,正式，严谨等文体特点及其翻译，说明达到翻译准确性的途径和方法。关键词：商务合同；准确性；翻译：文体特征；正式1.IntroductionNowadays，astheworld’seconomyisglobalizing,thecommercialcontractbecomesmoreandmoreimportant.Thecontractthatstipulatesmutualrightsandobligationsisachievedbycertainlegalprocedure(杨芳,1998:7),thusithasgreatbindingforcetobothparties.Sequentially,thecontractensuresthebusinesstradegoessmoothly.AsEnglishcontract’stranslation,ithasthesamelegaleffectastheoriginaltext.Soitimposeshigherrequirementforthefaithfulnessofcontracttranslation.Faithfulnessrequiresthecontracttranslationtobesoofficial,rigorous,succinctandpalpableintranslatingthesentencesthatthepartiescancommunicateclearlyandfulfilltheirobligationcorrectly.Ontheonehand,itiseasytoachievethisfaithfulness，becausethecontracthasafixeddiscoursepattern.Forexample,acommercialcontractisgenerallydividedintothreeparts:preamble(head),bodyandfinalclauses(tail).Theymustbewritteninsuchanorder.Thesethreepartsincludesomerelativelyregularandessentialelements,withoutwhichacontractshallnotbeprotectedbylaw.Inaddition,sofarasthebasicformisconcerned,eachcontractiswrittenintheorderofheadings,articlesanddetailedrulesandregulations.Inordertoachievetheorderlylanguage,alltheheadingsandarticlesshouldhavethesamestructureandgenerallyspeaking,Nounphrasesareoftenpreferredinheadings.Ontheotherhand,toachievethefaithfulnessisverydifficult.EnglishandChinesehavegreatdifferencesinexpressionhabit,whichleadstothedifferentrequirementsforcontractwording.SohowtoachievethefaithfulnessinEnglishcommercialtranslation?2.LiteratureReview2.1DefinitionoffaithfulnessFaithfulnessisoneofcriteriaoftranslating.YanFuproposed“faithfulness,expressiveness

and

elegance”asthestandardsoftranslation(from张培基，2006:8)Nida(from马会娟,2003:9)hasemployed“functionalequivalence”todescribehisviewoftranslationfaithfulness.Nidafurtherdevelops“functionalequivalence”bydividingitintotwolevels:theminimallevelandthemaximallevel.Theformerisdefinedas“thereadersofatranslatedtextshouldbeabletocomprehendittothepointthattheycanconceiveofhowtheoriginalreadersmusthaveunderstoodandappreciatedit”.Thelatterisdescribedas“thereadersofatranslatedtextshouldbeabletounderstandandappreciateitinessentiallythesamemannerastheoriginalreadersdid”.Themaximalleveloffunctionalequivalenceisanidealandisrarelyachievedexceptforthosetextsofroutineinformation,whichhavelittleornoaestheticvalue;whereastheminimallevelisrealisticandatranslationbelowthislevelisunacceptable.Agoodtranslationalwaysliesinbetweenthetwolevels.Asforfaithfulnessofcontracttranslation,LiuMiqing(刘宓庆,1998:10)stressesthatthemainaimofcontractsistorecordfactsandthatasaresult,whatispursuedinthetranslationofcontractsisnotfloridrhetoricbutfaithfulandaccuratetransmissionoftheoriginalsense.WangChunhui，ascholarandpracticinglawyerinforeignaffairs,holdsthatthetranslatedtextshouldconveyveraciouslyandthoroughlytheoriginalsense,withoutanydistortion,omissionoroverstatement(王春晖,2001:11).Tocomeuptothiscriterionintranslationofcontracts,twoimportantaspectsshoulddrawourattention.Oneisaccurateandexactchoiceofwordsinthetranslationoftechnicaltermsandsomekeywordsincontractsbecausethesewordshavestrictlegaldefinition.Forexample,Weoftenassociate“formalwith”“正式的”,but“正式批准”shouldbetranslatedinto“officialapproval”while“正式签署”shouldberenderedinto“dulysign”.(刘宓庆,1998:10)Thefaithfulnessistheprimarytranslationstandardtoobey.Sothesecondaspectforconcernistranslationshouldhavecomprehensivecarefortheoriginaltext,style,language.Thefollowingaretheexamples：(1)Thetermshallcountfromthetimethesuppliesorserviceshavebeeneffectedintheirentirelyandfromthereceiptofthedulyissuedinvoice.Discountshallalsobedeductibleifthepurchaseroffsetspaymentagainstreceivablesorbecauseofdeficiencieswithholdspaymentofareasonableamount,thetermshallcountfromthetimedeficienciesarecompletelycorrected.付款期限是从供货或服务全部完成并且收到正确开签的发票的时间开始计算。如果采购员要抵消应收款项或因不良品要扣留合理的金额，这些折扣都可以扣除，时间从产品的缺陷得到完全纠正的时间开始计算。The“deficiencies”abovereflectsthewriter’sdissatisfactionandview,Inordertoexpresstheoriginalcontent,thetranslatordoesn’ttranslateit“缺乏”，but“缺陷”byoriginalcontent.(2)Iftheorderconfirmationdiffersfromtheorder//(JIT)deliveryschedule,itshallbebindingonthepurchasedepartmentonifithasacceptedsuchconfirmationinwriting.如果订单或交货计划的确认与欧司朗要求的有差异,而欧司朗采购部书面接受这个订单确认,那么这个订单确认有约束力。TotranslateChinesetextfaithfultotheoriginal,thetranslatorshouldhaveagoodunderstandingofitatfirst,andsecondly,expresstheunderstandingcorrectlyinanotherlanguage.Thetranslationstandardofgoodunderstandingandcorrectexpressionarenotaneasything.However,faithfulnessshouldbeourpursuitandwhereweshouldmakeaneffortto.Aslongasthetranslatorhasintensiveconcentrationandceaselesseffort,anincreasinglylevelofpoliticalmind,language,cultureandspecialty,thestandardcanbeachievedbycontinuouspracticeandexperiences.2.2HowtoachievethefaithfulnessintranslationTherearetwostepstoachievethefaithfulness(杨芳,1998:7).Theyareillustratedasbelow.2.2.1A(i)Analyzethelogicofthesentencestructureanddividethesentenceinsensegroups.(ii)Identifytheimmediateconstituentsofthewholesentence--subject,predicateandobject,fromanoverallgraspofthestructureofthesentence.(iii)Identifyallsubordinate,clauses,modificationandelements.(iv)AnalyzethefunctionofclausesandphrasesExample:(3)(Theunionleaders)(declared)(thattheultimateaimoftheirstrugglewastoincreasepayandimprovedworkingconditionsfortheworkers.)Itisnotdifficulttofindoutthatthewordsinthebracketsaresubject,predicateandobject,ofthesentence.Wecantranslatethemainclauseofthesentence(“Theunionleaderdeclared+thatclause”)firstlyas“工会领导人宣称……”andthenanalyzeagain.Therearethreepredicateconfigurationsinthissentence.Theirpredicateverbsare“declared”,“wastoincreasepay”,and“improved”.Wecanhaveabetterunderstandingonthissentenceaftertheanalysis.2.2.2Theapplicationoft(i)LiteraltranslationWemusttranslatetheoriginalEnglishinaccordancewiththeChinese.Example:(4)Followingthehugefloodsof1998,(thegovernment)(prohibited)(logging)intheupperreachesoftheYangtzeRiverinordertoprotectforestsandreduceflooddangers.Thebracketinthesentenceisthemainclause.“followingthehugefloodsof1998”,“intheupperreachesoftheYangtzeRiver”—thesewordsarepartsoftheadverbialwhicharethecomplementsandmodifiesoftheentiresentence.WecanuseliteralandsequentialtranslationmethodafterweAnalyzethesentence.Thissentencecanbetranslatedinto例如，在1998年特大洪水过后，为了保护森林和减少水患，政府明令禁止在长江上游伐木”。(ii)ReversetranslationWiththedifferenthabitsandcustoms,EnglishandChineseareindifferentordersofexpression,andsometimesevencompletelyopposite.Sothetranslationmuststartfromthebackoftheoriginalsentence.Example:(5)Aluminumremainedunknownuntilthenineteenthcentury,becausenowhereinnatureisitfoundfree,owingtoitsalwaysbeingcombinedwithotherelements,mostcommonlywithoxygen,forwhichithasastrongaffinity.

Analysis：Thissentenceconsistsofonemainsentence,twoReasonadverbialsandoneattributiveclause.“Aluminumremainedunknownuntilthenineteenthcentury”isthemainclause，andalsothecentralcontentofwholesentence,whichhasfourpredicateconfigurations.ForChinese,thecausesshouldusuallycomebeforetheresults.Thus,wecantranslatetheoriginaltextintoreverseorder:“铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起，最普遍的是跟氧结合；因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力，由于这个原因，在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以，铝直到19世纪才被人发现”。(iii)SensegrouptranslationInalongsentence，thesubjectorthemainclausedoesn’thaveacloserelationshiptothemodifyingcomponents.ThustranslationcanbedividedintomanyshortsentencesaccordingtotheChinesehabits,andthelongsentence’sclausesorphrasescanbetranslatedintoasentence.Sometimesitisnecessarytoaddtheappropriatewordstoensuresentencetranslation.

Example:(6)Alltheyhavetodoispressabutton,andtheycanseeplays,films,operas,andshowsofeverykind,nottomentionpoliticaldiscussionsandthelatestexcitingfootballmatch.

Translation：“他们所必须做的只是按一下开关。开关一开，就可以看到电视剧、电影、歌剧，以及其他各种各样的文艺节目。至于政治问题的辩论、最近激动人心的足球赛更是不在话下。”(iv)Combinationofparaphrasetranslationandliteraltranslation.Infact,intheprocessoftranslating,translatingalongEnglishsentencedoesn’tjustsimplyneedonetranslationmethod,butsometimeamixeduseofvariousmethodsisneeded.EspeciallywhensomelongEnglishsentencescannotbesimply,convenientlytranslatedbyanyoneofabovemethods,weneedacarefulanalysisinaccordancewiththesequenceoftime,orthelogicalorder.Withtheuseofparaphrasetranslationandliteraltranslation,wecanmaketheoriginaltexttranslationfaithfultoChinesecustomsandexpressinghabit.Example:(7)HesaidthathewasassuredbytheStateDepartmentthattheU.S.Translation：“他说，国务院向他担保美国愿意同他的国家恢复正常关系。”Inaddition,inEnglish,somefixedphrasescannotbeliterallytranslatedanddeservemoreattentionintranslation,suchasallbut(几乎，差不多),asanything(非常地)anythingbut：根本不apartfrom：除了butfor：要不是byfar：远不，……得多bynomeans：根本不byanymeans：无论如何dueto：由于exceptfor：除了farfrom：远非incontactwith：与……联系insteadof：而不是onaccountof：因为onthebasisof：根据onlyto.Totheabovestudiesonfaithfulnesstranslation,obviously,thereisaweakpointthatistheneglectofthestylisticfeatures,whichplaysamoreimportantroleinthebusinesscontracttranslation.3StylisticfaithfulnessinthetranslationofEnglishcommercialcontract3.1StylisticFeaturesofCommercialContractandTranslationLikeothervarietiesofEnglish,contractEnglishpresentssomestrikinganduniquestylisticfeatures.

3.1.1LongsentencesOneofthemoststrikinggrammaticalfeaturesofcontractEnglishisthetendencytouselongsentences,whicharecapableofexpressingcomplexideaswithaccuracyandprecisionbecausetheymaycontainmanymodifiers(丁往道,1994:4).Inacontract,sentenceswhichmayrunaslongas6-7linescanbefoundhereandthere,greatlyoutrunningtheaveragelengthofanEnglishsentence(王佐良,1987:5).Becausethecorrectnessofcontractclauseshascloselyrelationshipswiththeexerciseofrightsandperformanceofobligations,contract’ssentencesarenecessaryandessentialtoconveyallthesensesoastocoverallimaginablesituations,conditionsorrequirements.Thetranslationshouldleavenospaceformisunderstandingandmisinterpretationwhichmaycausedisputesandevenheavyeconomiclossesatlast.Asaresult,contract’ssentencesareinevitablylongandcomplex.Sentencesconsistsofmanysubordinatingdevicesasparticiples,participialphrases,prepositionalphrases,restrictiveattributiveclauses,non-restrictiveattributiveclausesandadverbialclausesinordertoconveyalltheinformationinalogicallypreciseway.Example:(8)AnyfailureordelayintheperformancebyeitherpartyheretoofitsobligationsunderthisAgreementshallnotconstituteabreachhereoforgiverisetoanyclaimsfordamagesifandtotheextentthatitiscausedbyoccurrencesbeyondthecontrolofthepartyaffected,including,butnotlimitingthegeneralityoftheforegoing,actsofgovernmentalauthority,actsofgod,strikesorconcertedactsofworkmen,fires,floods,explosions,wars,riots,storms,earthquakes,accidents,actsofapublicenemy,rebellion,insurrection,sabotage,epidemic,quarantinerestrictions,shortagesoflabor,materialsorsupplies,failuresbycontractorsorsubcontractors,transportationembargoes,failuresordelaysintransportation,rules,regulations,ordersordirectivesofanygovernmentoranystate,subdivision,agencyorinstrumentalitythereofortheorderofanycourtofcompetentjurisdiction.(袁振.2009:11)Translation：本协议任何一方未能履行其本协议下规定的义务或有所延误，如果是由于发生该方无法控制的事件所造成的，则在此范围内不构成对本协议的违反，也不得引起任何损害赔偿的要求。这类事件在不局限于上述一般概念的前提下包括：政府的行为、自然界的行为、工人罢工或联合行动、火灾、水灾、爆炸、战争、暴乱、风暴、地震、事故、社会公敌的行为、叛乱、暴动、破坏、传染病、隔离控制、劳动力、原材料或物质短缺、承包者或分承包者未履约、禁运、运输方面未能履约或延误、任何政府或国家、下属各部门、机构或组织的条例、规定、命令或指示、任何有管辖权的法院的法令。Thissentencewith133wordsincludesaprepositionalphrase“intheperformancebyeitherpartyheretoofitsobligationsunderthisAgreement”modifyingthesubjectofthissentence“anyfailureordelay,”anadverbialclauseintroducedby”ifandtotheextentthat“andaparticipialphrase”including,butnotlimiting“followedbyalonglistofpossibleeventsExample:.(9)Whereservants,agentsorsubcontractorsoftheCompanycarryoutworkunderthedirectionoftheClient,theClientshallbefullyresponsiblefor,andindemnifyandholdharmlesstheCompanyagainstanyclaim,lossordamageofanykind,whetherarisingincontract,innegligence,inequityorbystatuteorunderanylawconnectedinanywaywiththeServices,ProjectorrelationshipestablishedbythisAgreement.(袁振.2009:11)Translation：公司员工、代理人或分包商在客户指导下履行工作的，客户对因公司员工、代理人或分包商的作为或不作为而造成的任何索赔、灭失及损毁，无论是基于合同、过失、衡平法、制定法而发生还是基于与服务、项目或本协议确立的关系相关的法律规定而发生，也无论程度大小，均应承担全部责任，必须就此向公司赔偿，并保证公司免于损失。

Thisisacomplexsentencehavingaltogether69words,withtheadverbialclauseservants,agentsorsubcontractorsoftheCompanycarryoutworkunderthedirectionoftheClientintroducedbywhereasaconditionandthedifficultyinunderstandingliesinthemainclause,wherethereisanothershortenedadverbialclausewhetherarisingincontract,innegligence,inequityorbystatuteorunderanylawconnectedinanywaywiththeServices,ProjectorrelationshipestablishedbythisAgreementintroducedbywhether.

3.1.2FormalityanddObviously,contractsarestipulatedbyimposingofobligationsandconferringofrights;moreover,contractsbecomeakindoflegaldocumentsbindinguponthepartiesconcernedandanevidenceforthesolutionofdisputesifthecontractisvalidinlaw.Therefore,contractEnglishisveryformal,evendignified.Sofarasstyleisconcerned,contractsfallintothefrozenstyleaccordingtoJoosMartin,who,inhisbookTheFiveClocks,describestherangeofformalityashavingfivelevels:frozen,formal,consultative,casualandintimate.InJoos’analysis,thefrozenlevelisusedforwrittenlegaldocuments,whichsurelyincludecontracts,orhighlysolemnspeech(JoosMartin,1961:9).ItcanbeusuallyseenthattheformalityanddignityofcontractEnglisharebestshownintheuseofarchaicwords,loanwordsandtechnicaltermsattheleveloflexis.(i)FrequentemploymentofarchaicwordsUnlikeothervarietiesofEnglishwhereoldvocabularyisnotoftenused,contractEnglishisfullofsomanyarchaicwords,suchashereby,hereof,hereto,hereunder,hereinafter,hereafter,thereby,therefrom,thereunder,thereof,therefore,wherebyandwhereof.Thesearchaicwordsnotonlymakecontractshighlyformalanddignifiedbutalsoshortenthecontractuallanguagesothatcontractsaregivenastrongformalfeatureandapartfromlanguagerepetitionandambiguity.Thesearchaicwordsaremainlyformedbyhereorthereorwhereplusapreposition,mostofwhichareregardedasadverbs,generallyactingasattributivemodifiersoradverbialmodifiersinsentences.Thefollowingshowsthemeaningsofthesearchaicwords.herebymeansbythismeansorbyreasonofthis;hereofmeansofthis;heretomeanstothiscontract;hereinmeansinthis;hereundermeansunderthis;hereinaftermeanslaterinthiscontract;therefrommeansfromthat;thereofmeansofthat;thereundermeansunderthat;…Archaicwordsinsentences:(10)TheSellerherebywarrantsthatthegoodsmeetthequalitystandardandarefreefromalldefects.Translation:卖方在此保证：货物符合质量标准无瑕疵。

(11)ThedepositpaidbytheBuyersshallnotberefundediftheBuyersfailtomakefullpaymentwithinthetimehereinspecified.Translation:如果买方在本合同中规定的时间内未付清贷款，买方的保证金就不能退还。(12)Beforecommencingtheconstruction,theContractorshallsubmittheplansandspecificationsthereforetotheOwnerforapproval.Translation：在开始施工之前，承包商应将为此编制的施工计划和详细说明交房产主批准。

(ii)LoanwordsMostofFrenchandLatinwordsexpressthemselvesclearlyincontracts,whichischaracteristicofcontractEnglish. BecausecontractEnglishisextensivelyborrowedfromFrenchlegalterminologyaftertheNormanConquest,FrenchelementhasagreateffortinEnglishandtherearemanyoriginalFrenchwordslikeverdict,warrant,statute,etc.SinceChristianitywasintroducedintoEngland,LatinlegaltermshavegraduallybeenintroducedintoEnglishandwordssuchasbasis,declaration,registerwhichcomesfromtheoriginofLatin.WordsofGreek,FrenchandLatinoriginsaremostlyformalorlearnedwords(丁往道,1994:5).Thus,theformalityandsolemnityofcontractsareenhancedbytheseFrenchandLatinwords.TheuseofFrenchandLatinlegalterms,whichhavekepttheiroriginalforms,isthemostdistinctivepointincontractEnglish.Forinstance,forcemajeure(不可抗力),bonafideholder(善意持票人),proratataxrate(比例税率),defactoagreement(事实上的协定),etc.(iii)TechnicaltermsLiuMiqing(刘宓庆,1998:10)haspointedoutthataspecializedandtechnicalvocabularyisthefirstandmostobviouswaytoregulateadomainofsocialexperienceoractivity,theemploymentoftechnicaltermsisanothermarkedfeatureofcontracts.Generally,thetechnicaltermsininternationalbusinesscontractscanbedividedintothreecategories:legalterms,businesstermsandcommonwordsforspecialpurpose.AccordingtoModernEnglishStylistics,(徐有志,1992:10)contractsfallintothevarietyoflegaldocuments,whichcoversawiderange:statutes,decrees,legalprovisions,economiccontracts,commoditywarranty,deedsoftrust,insurancepolicies,willsandtestaments,leasesandinstallmentplans,etc.Therefore,itiscertainthat,incontracts,therearesometechnicalwordsusedonlyinlegaldocumentslikesubstantivelaw(实体法),infringement(侵权),inthepresenceof(见证人),covenants(契约)，etc.Suchlegaltermsareuniquetothisvarietyandraisetheauthorityofcontracts(徐有志,1992:10)Moreover,becausecontractsarerelatedtovariousfieldsofbusiness,mostofbusinesstermscanbeeasilyfoundincontracts,suchasequityjointventure(合资经营企业),articlesofassociation(公司章程),letterofintent(意向书),sublicense(分许可证),know-how(专有技术),andnegotiableinstruments(可流通票据).Appositebusinesstermscanconciselyandaccuratelyconveytheintendedcontent.Atlast,commonwordsareusuallyconvertedintotechnicalwordswithonlyoneoftheirmeaningsincontractssuchasaction(诉讼),negligence(过失),limitation(时效),counterpart(文件副本),prejudice(损害),execution(签订)andparty(当事人).Usingcommonwordsinsuchaspecialwayhelpsmarkoutatextbelongingtothefieldoflegaldocuments.Inconclusion,technicaltermsaregenerallymoreconciseandcomprehensive,andalsoindispensableinsuccinctandclearcommunication,notonlyapartfromanydisputableunderstandingbutalsoshowadegreeofformality.3.2Translationanalysis(13)Theengineershallbeatlibertytoobjecttoandrequirethecontractortoremoverfromtheworkanypersonemployedbythecontractorsinorabouttheexecutionormaintenanceoftheworkswho，intheopinionoftheengineer，misconductshimself，orisincompetentornegligentintheproperperformanceofhisduties，orwhoseemploymentisotherwiseconsideredbytheengineertobeundesirableandsuchpersonshallnotbeagainemployedupontheworkswithoutthewrittenpermissionoftheengineer。Wrongtranslation：工程师有权要求承包商立即解雇用来执行合同的人员，这些人员在工程师看来未履行职责或不称职。被解雇的人员未经工程师的书面同意，不得再被雇用。Correcttranslation:工程师有权反对，并要求承包商立即从工程中解雇由承包商雇用的参加或有关工程施工或维护有任何人员，只要工程师认为其行为不轨，或不能或疏于准确履行其职责，或因其它原因被工程师视为雇用不当，未经工程师书面同意，此种人员不得再雇用于工程。(14)Thebargainershallbeableatalltimetoaccountforallcopiesoftheproprietarysoftwarewhicharerequiredtobemadetopermititsefficientuseinitsindentedfunction。Wrongtranslation：卖方可以随时取得所需专用软件拷贝的说明，以便更有效地用于指定的用途。Correcttranslation：卖方须随时能对专利软件拷贝做出解释，拷贝的目的只在于提高其预期功能的使用效力。(15)Thiscontractismadebyandbetweenthebuyerandthesellerswherebythebuyersagreetobuyandthesellersagreetoselltheundermentionedcommodityaccordingtothetermsandconditionsstipulatedbelow：Thesentenceshouldbetranslatedinto:兹经买卖双方同意，由买方购进卖方出售下列货物，并按下列条款从严签订本合约。(16)TheL/Gshallbecomevalidfromtheissuingdateandshallbecomenullandvoidafterthesellerhascompletedthedeliveryofthecommoditiesunderthecontract。Translation:本担保函自开立之日起生效，并将在卖方按合同完成送货之日自动失效。4.ConclusionIntermsofEnglishcontracttranslation,stylisticfeaturesareveryimportantandplayacriticalroleintranslation.Theyarethelongsentence,formalityanddignity,whichareintegralandcomplementary.Inordertoachievethefaithfulnessoftranslation,firstly,wemustsortoutthebackboneofthesentences,themodifiedcomponents,multi-layeredstructureofthesentence,andthefunctionsofphrases.Secondly,weshouldclarifythelogicrelationofsentenceconstitutesandtheorderoftranslation.Atthesametime,weshouldpayattentiontotheexactwordingofthetranslation,whichrequiresnotonlytobefaithfultotheoriginaltext,butalsotoensurethefluencyandseverityofstylisticfaithfulness.目录第一章 总论 31.1项目名称 31.2项目建设单位及建设单位简介 31.3项目可行性研究报告编制单位 41.4项目可行性研究报告编制的依据 41.5项目建设地点 41.6建设目标、改造模式和建设内容 41.7项目总投资及资金筹措 51.8结论及建议 5第二章项目背景和建设的必要性 72.1项目提出的背景 72.2项目建设的必要性 13拆迁目标、建设规模和内容 173.1总体目标 173.2拆迁模式 173.3建设规模和内容