环境工程专业英语

环境工程专业英语

ProfessionalEnglishforEnvironmentalEngineeringHanXiaogang

CollegeofResourcesandEnvironmentFujianAgricultureandForestryUniversityTel:，QQ:103475685EnglishProverbImperfectionisbeauty,madness(疯狂)isgenius(天才，天赋)

，andit’sbettertobeabsolutelyridiculous(荒唐的)thanabsolutelyboring.

不完美也是一种美丽，疯狂也是一种天赋，不靠谱总好过超无聊。2环境工程专业英语ReviewoftheLastLesson3环境工程专业英语AppreciationofmoviesThe11thHourChinesename（中文名称）第十一个小时DirectorCastleberry，LeonardoDiCaprio

Informationaboutthemove（相关信息）莱昂纳多.迪卡普里奥本片是以一种访谈的形式，向观众说明了我们所面临环境问题。访谈对象包括前苏联总统戈尔巴乔夫、著名科学家史蒂芬·霍金、前中情局局长詹姆斯·伍尔西、超过50位的顶尖科学家、思想家和领导者。4环境工程专业英语PartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering5环境工程专业英语1.BackgroundtoEnvironmentSciencePartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringScienceandtechnologyconstituteaprimaryproductiveforce.ScienceSocialScienceNatureScienceThesocialsciencedealswiththestudyofpeopleandhowtheylivetogetherasfamilies,tribes(群落，部落),communities(社区),races(种族),andnations.Thenaturesiencedealswiththestudyofnatureandthephysicalworld.Itincludessuchdiversedisciplinesasbiology,chemistry,geology,physics,andenvironmentalscience.6环境工程专业英语2.Whatisthebookabout?PartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringTheobjectiveDescriptionofenvironmentalTheobjectiveofthisbookistointroduceengineeringandsciencestudentstotheinterdisciplinary（跨学科，各学科）

studyofenvironmentalproblems:theircauses,whytheyareofconcern,andhowwecancontrolthem.TheprimarycoverageInformationonthebasiscausesofenvironmentaldisturbances(困扰)Basisscientificknowledgenecessarytounderstandthenatureofenvironmentalproblemsandtobeabletoquantifythem7环境工程专业英语PartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringTheprimarycoverageCurrentstateofthetechnologyenvironmentalcontrolinitsapplicationtowater,airandpollutionproblemsConsiderablegapsinourcurrentscientificknowledgeofunderstandingandcontrollingmanyofthecomplexinteractionsbetweenhumanactivitiesandnatureManyenvironmentalproblemswhichcouldbeeliminatedorreducedbytheapplicationofcurrenttechnology,butwhicharenotdealtwithbecauseofsociety’slackofwilltodoso,orinmanyinstancesbecauseofalackofresourcestodoso.8环境工程专业英语3.SomeDefinitionsPartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringEnvironmentalEnvironmentalisthephysicalandbiotichabitat(栖息地)whichsurroundsus;thatwhichwecansee,hear,touch,smell,andtaste.Whenthegoalofimprovingenvironmentalqualityistakentobeimprovinghumanwellbeing(健康，幸福),thewordenvironmentbroadenstoincludeallkindsofsocial,economic,andculturalaspects.Systemisasetorarrangementofthingssorelatedorconnectedastoformaunitororganicwhole;as,asolarsystem,irrigationsystem,watersupplysystem,theworldoruniverse.System9环境工程专业英语3.SomeDefinitionsPartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringEngineeringEngineeringisaprofession(职业、专业)thatappliesscienceandmathematicstomaketheproperties(特性)

ofmatterandsourcesofenergyusefulinstructures,machines,products,systems,andprocesses.Pollutioncanbedefinedasanundesirablechangeinthephysical,chemical,orbiologicalcharacteristicsoftheair,water,orlandthatcanharmfullyaffectthehealth,survival,oractivitiesofhumansorotherlivingorganisms.Pollution10环境工程专业英语PartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringEnvironmentalengineeringismanifest(显示，表明)bysoundEngineeringthoughtandpracticeinthesolutionofproblemsofEnvironmentalsanitation(卫生系统或设备),notably(尤其)intheprovisionofsafe,palatable(可口的),andample(足够)publicwatersupply;theproperdisposaloforrecycleofwasterwaterandsolidwastes;theadequatedrainageofurbanandrural(田园，乡村),areasforpropersanitation;andthecontrolofwater,soil,andatmosphericpollution,andthesocialandenvironmentalimpactofthesesolutions.EnvironmentalengineeringFurthermoreitisconcernedwithengineeringproblemsonthefieldofpublichealth.11环境工程专业英语3.InteractionofsystemsPartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringManyofenvironmentalproblemswillapplyonlywithinoneofwater,air,orlandsystems,justifying(证明，为……作出解释)thebreakdown(分解)intothesecategories.Suchaclassificationisalsousefulforeasiercomprehension(理解)ofrelatedproblemswithinonesystem.Moreover,itissensiblebecause,formanagerandadministrativereasons,suchsubfields(子域)asairpollution,watersupply,wastewaterdisposal,andsolidwastedisposalareoftendealtwithseparatelybygovernmentalagencies.12环境工程专业英语3.InteractionofsystemsPartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringUnfortunately,manyimportantenvironmentalproblemsarenotconfined(局限于)toanair,water,orlandsystem,butinvolveinteractionsbetweensystems.Acurrentexampleistheacidrainproblemstemmingfrom

(根源)theemission(排放)ofsulfurdioxide

(二氧化硫)

andnitrogenoxidegasesintotheatmospherefromthestacks(烟囱)

ofgeneratingstations(发电厂),smelters(熔炉),andautomobileexhausts

(汽车尾气)

。Thesegasesarethentransportedbyaircurrents(气流)

overwideregions.Rainfall“washesthemout”,creatingacidrainwhichisharmfultoaquaticlife(水生生物),forests,andagriculturalcrops.13环境工程专业英语4.EnvironmentalProblemsPartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringManymajorimprovementstoourstandardoflivingcanbeattributedtotheapplicationofscienceandtechnology.Withtheseimprovements,however,havecomedisturbingsideeffects,suchaslostarableland

(耕地),disappearingforests,environmentalpollution,andneworganismsresistanttocontrols

(微生物滋长).Environmentalproblemsarealwaysinterrelated.Sometimesasolutiontooneproblemactuallycreatesanotherproblem.14环境工程专业英语4.EnvironmentalProblemsPartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringForexample,whenpeoplearesickanddyingfromdisease,itisnaturaltowanttoimprovehumanhealth.Whenhealthisimprovedandinfantmortality(婴儿死亡率)isreduced,apopulationexplosionmayresult.Tofeedthisgrowingpollution,naturalhabitats

(自然栖息地)areoftendestroyedbyturningthemintofarmland.Asnaturalhabitatsaredestroyed,thewildplants,predatoryanimals(食肉动物),andparasites(寄生生物)thatoncelivedtherearekilledaswell.15环境工程专业英语4.EnvironmentalProblemsPartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringBecauseofthelackofpredatorsandparasites,outbreaksofinsectpests

(害虫)becomemorecommon.Farmersusepesticides(农药)tocontrolthepestsandprotectthecrops,butintheprocesstheenvironmentbecomespolluted.Thedevelopmentofthisentire(整个的)cycleinitselfconsumesfossilfuel(化石燃料)

suppliesthatarebecomingscarce.Inaddition,whenfuelsareburned,airpollutantsaregenerated.16环境工程专业英语4.EnvironmentalProblemsPartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringHowdoesapersonbegintostudysuchanetworkofinterlocking(相关联的)problems?Tomakethetask(工作、任务)abitmoremanageable,weshouldrecognizewhatenvironmentalproblemspeopleareupagainst.Whatenvironmentalproblemsarepeopleupagainst？OverpopulationPollutionDepletionofResourcesChangesintheGlobalConditionTheWar17环境工程专业英语PartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringOverpopulationOverpopulationmaybedefinedasthepresenceinagivenareaofmorepeoplethancanbesupportedadequatelybytheresourcesavailableinthatarea.Manypeoplearguethatthepopulationexplosionthathastakenplaceinthetwentiethcenturyisnowthemostimportantproblemweface.Itisimportantfirstbecauseoverpopulationisamajorcauseofallenvironmentalproblems:Fewerpeoplewoulduselessoil,chopdownfewertrees,andpourlesssewageintorivers.18环境工程专业英语PartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringOverpopulationSecond,overpopulationandthestarvation（饥饿）

thataccompaniesitaregenerallyhigheronourlistofprioritiesthanotherenvironmentalconcerns.Itishardtoarguethatanareashouldbesetasideasparklandtopreserve（保护）

avanishing（消失）

forestorsavanna（平原，热带大草原）

whenthatmightbeusedtoraisecropsthatwouldpreventfellowhumanbeingsfromstarvingtodeath.19环境工程专业英语专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论20环境工程专业英语专业英语翻译理论范文：AerobicTreatment Aerobicmeansrequiringthepresenceoffreeoxygen.Aerobictreatmentofwasteisthenaturaldegradationandpurificationprocessinwhichbacteriathatthriveinoxygen-richenvironmentbreakdownanddigestthethewaste. Aerobicbacteriaarelikehumansinthattheyrequireoxygentosurviveandthrive.Thisistheprimarydifferencebetweenaerobicsystemsandsepticsystems,yousee.Septicsystemsdependonmuchlessefficientanaerobicbacteria.

21环境工程专业英语专业英语翻译理论 Duringthisoxidationprocess,pollutantsarebrokendownintocarbondioxide(CO2),water(H2O),nitrates,sulphatesandbiomass(micro-organisms).Byoptimizingtheoxygensupplywithso-calledaerators,theprocesscanbesignificantlyaccelerated.Ofallbiologicalwastetreatmentmethod,aerobicdigestionisthemostwidespeadprocessusedthroughouttheworld(morethan95%). Aerobicbacteriademandoxygentodecomposedissolvedpollutants.Largeamountsofpollutantsrequirelargequantitiesofbacteria;hencethedemandforoxygenwillbehigh. TheBiologicalOxygenDemand(BOD)isameasureofthequantityofdissolvedorganicpollutantsthatcanberemovedinbiologicaloxidationbythebacteria.Itisexpressedinmg/L.22环境工程专业英语专业英语翻译理论 TheChemicalOxygenDemand(COD)measuresthequantityofdissolvedorganicpollutantsthatcanberemovedinchemicaloxidation,byaddingstrongacids.Itisexpressedinmg/L. TheratioBOD/CODgivesanindicationofthefractionofpollutantsinthewastewaterthatisbiodegradable. Aerobicbacteriaareveryefficientinbreakingdownwasteproducts.Asaresult,aerobictreatmentusuallyyieldsbettereffluentqualitythanthatobtainedinanaerobicprocesses.23环境工程专业英语专业英语翻译理论1.专业英语翻译概论1.1专业英语的特点1.1.1专业英语的词汇特点①专业词汇出现的频率低。②词义专一。③广泛是使用缩写词。如：CODchemicaloxygendemand化学需氧量BODbiochemicaloxygendemand生化需氧量TOCtotalorganiccarbon总有机碳DOdissolvedoxygen溶解氧24环境工程专业英语专业英语翻译理论POPspersistentorganicpollutants持久性有机污染物TSPtotalsuspendedparticle总悬浮颗粒TKNtotalKjeldahlnitrogen总凯氏氮UASBupflowanaerobicsludgeblanket上流式厌氧污泥床MBRmembranebioreactor膜生物反应器SBRsequencingbatchreactor间歇式活性污泥法1.1.2

专业英语的句法特点①广泛使用陈述句。

Aerobicmeansrequiringthepresenceoffreeoxygen.Aerobictreatmentofwasteisthenaturaldegradationandpurificationprocessinwhichbacteriathatthriveinoxygen-richenvironmentbreakdownanddigestthethewaste.25环境工程专业英语专业英语翻译理论②广泛使用被动语态。

Duringthisoxidationprocess,pollutantsarebrokendownintocarbondioxide(CO2),water(H2O),nitrates,sulphatesandbiomass(micro-organisms).Byoptimizingtheoxygensupplywithso-calledaerators,theprocesscanbesignificantlyaccelerated.被动语态在专业英语中的使用比在其他场合更为广泛，主要因为被动句比主动句更能说明需要论证的对象，更能使其位置鲜明、突出。26环境工程专业英语专业英语翻译理论③简略表达多。

TheratioBOD/CODgivesanindicationofthefractionofpollutantsinthewastewaterthatisbiodegradable.④长句使用多。

Aerobictreatmentofwasteisthenaturaldegradationandpurificationprocessinwhichbacteriathatthriveinoxygen-richenvironmentbreakdownanddigestthethewaste.主句带若干从句，从句带短语，短语带从句，相互依附，相互制约。27环境工程专业英语专业英语翻译理论 Floatingontheoceansare7,659trillionmetrictonsoficeencasedin10,000icebergsthatbreakawayfromthepolaricecaps,morethanninetypercentofthemfromAntarctica.句子倒置。

Floatingontheoceansare7,659trillionmetrictonsofice…多重修饰。

iceencasedin10,000icebergsthatbreakawayfromthepolaricecaps,morethanninetypercentofthemfromAntarctica.28环境工程专业英语专业英语翻译理论 Floatingontheoceansare7,659trillionmetrictonsoficeencasedin10,000icebergsthatbreakawayfromthepolaricecaps,morethanninetypercentofthemfromAntarctica.庖丁解牛。

iceencasedin10,000icebergsthatbreakawayfromthepolaricecaps,morethanninetypercentofthemfromAntarctica.就近修饰原则。Layer1:Iceencasedin10,000icebergsLayer2:icebergs thatbreakawayfromthepolaricecaps, icebergs morethanninetypercentofthemfromAntarctica.粗译：世界大洋里漂浮着7659万亿吨的冰。这些冰包含在10000多个冰山里。这些冰山从极地冰盖脱落而产生；多于90%的这些冰山来源于南极。29环境工程专业英语专业英语翻译理论1.1.3专业英语的修辞特点①时态运用有限。过去研究—过去时（与现在不发生联系）；讨论理论用现在时。Biofiltrationtechniquefordisposingammonium-contaminatedgasstreamswasinvestigated.②修辞手法较为单调。30环境工程专业英语专业英语翻译理论③逻辑性语法词使用普遍。如：表示原因的词：because,becauseof,dueto,owingto,as,asaresult,causedby,for表示语气转折的词：but,however,nevertheless,yet,otherwise表示逻辑、顺利连接的词：so,thus,therefore,furthermore,moreover,inadditionto表示限制的词：only,ifonly,except,besides,unless表示假设的词：suppose,supposing,assuming,provided,providing Aerobicbacteriaareveryefficientinbreakingdownwasteproducts.Asaresult,aerobictreatmentusuallyyieldsbettereffluentqualitythanthatobtainedinanaerobicprocesses.31环境工程专业英语专业英语翻译理论1.2翻译的基本知识1.2.1翻译标准严复《天演论》：信、达、雅①忠实：译文必须忠实、正确地传达原文的内容。②通顺：译文的语言必须规范、流畅、通俗易懂。32环境工程专业英语专业英语翻译理论1.2.2翻译的过程理解---表达①翻译的理解过程通读全文，领会大意。明辨语法，弄清关系。结合上下文，推敲词义。 Aerobicmeansrequiringthepresenceoffreeoxygen.Aerobictreatmentofwasteisthenaturaldegradationandpurificationprocessinwhichbacteriathatthriveinoxygen-richenvironmentbreakdownanddigestthethewaste.33环境工程专业英语专业英语翻译理论②翻译的表达过程a.一稿初译，忠实为主。b.二稿核对，注意逻辑。c.三稿定局，润色词句。③翻译的方法直译意译 Aerobicmeansrequiringthepresenceoffreeoxygen.Aerobictreatmentofwasteisthenaturaldegradationandpurificationprocessinwhichbacteriathatthriveinoxygen-richenvironmentbreakdownanddigestthethewaste.34环境工程专业英语专业英语翻译理论2.词义的选择和引申2.1词义的选择2.1.1根据词类选择词义E.g.:like：像、同样的、喜欢、希望、如同①Hewouldliketojoinourdiscussion.②Thingslikeair,waterormetalarematter.③Likechargesrepel,unlikechargesattract.④IhopethatIcandrivethetractorlikeyoudo.

35环境工程专业英语专业英语翻译理论2.1.2根据词的搭配关系选择词义E.g.:operate:操作、运转、完成、实施Thermalconvectionwillnotoperatedinzerogravity.Rocketsoperateinthevacuumofouterspaceaswellasintheearthatmosphere.Transistors(晶体管)operateascontroldevicesandamplifier.Theelectriccomputerscanoperateonlyaccordingtoinstructions,whichmustbepreparedbymaninadvance.36环境工程专业英语专业英语翻译理论

represent:代表，表示、相当于，是、提供、阐述Inorganicflocculantsrepresentnearly20%ofthetotalflocculants.Thematerialreferredtoas“acidrain”representstheraindropsdissolvedCO2whichhaveapHof5.6.37环境工程专业英语专业英语翻译理论2.1.3根据单、复数及习惯表达选择词义E.g.:Theabilitytodoworkiscalledenergy.（功）Thisironandsteelworkswassetuplastyear.（工厂）Thetimeforthewatersupplyiscutbyhalf.AisthreetimesaslargeasB.2.1.4语言习惯的转换E.g.:Magnetismisusedtomeasurethecoldesttemperature.(很低的）Light-coloredthingsreflectmorelightthandark-coloredthings.（深、浅）38环境工程专业英语专业英语翻译理论2.2词义的引申2.2.1单词的引申E.g.:Todayisthelinkbetweenyesterdayandtomorrow.（桥梁）Thiskindofwoodworkseasily.（加工）Withinthesebroadcategories,processdifferaccordingtothetypeofthedrier(干燥机).Thethickerthewirethemorefreelyitwillcarrycurrent.（容易）39环境工程专业英语专业英语翻译理论2.2.2词组的引申E.g.:Alloysbelongtoahalf-wayhousebetweenmixtureandcompounds.（中间结构）

Atpresentcoalisthemostcommonfoodofasteamplant.（能源）

Highconcentrationsofcriticalelements,suchaslead,arsenic,mercury,mayaffectthehumanhealth.

（微量）40环境工程专业英语专业英语翻译理论3.词类转换3.1非动词译成动词E.g.:Thecontrolunitofacomputercausesthemachinetooperateaccordingtoman’swish.计算机的控制单元使机器人按照人的意志运作。41环境工程专业英语专业英语翻译理论3.1.1名词转译为动词1.单独的名词用作动词（1）动名词、动词派生的名词，具有动作意义的名词可直接译为动词E.g.:Intheabsenceoffriction,vehiclescouldnotevenstart.Controlofdissolvedoxygen,solidsretentiontimeandhydrolyticretentiontimeisnecessaryforefficienttreatmentofwastewater.c.Themainobjectofsedimentationistheseparationofclearwaterfrommixture.42环境工程专业英语专业英语翻译理论(2)一些加er或or的名词，有时在句中并不表示一个人的身份或职业，而具有较强的动作意义，这种词汉译时可译为动词。E.g.:Talkingwithhisson,theoldmanwastheforgiveroftheyoungman’spastwrongdoings.ProfessorWangwastheinstructorofourexperiment.2.适用于动词短语或介词短语中的名词可译为动词。E.g.:Abodyisnegativelychargedwhenithaselectronsinexcessofitsnormalnumber.43环境工程专业英语专业英语翻译理论3.1.2.形容词译为动词1.英语中表示感觉、知觉、信念的词，如familiar、confident、sensibleof等在句中作表语时，译成动词。E.g.:

Scientistsareconfidentthatallmatterisindestructible.Theyarequitecontentwiththedataobtainedfromtheexperiment.Wearenotsureabouttheeffectofthisparameteronthequalityoftheeffluent.44环境工程专业英语专业英语翻译理论2.有些要求有固定介词的形容词在句中作表语或定语时，译成动词。E.g.:Thefinalproductmoistureisdependentonfeedsizeandresidencetimeattemperature.Forlargersizefeed,driedproductmoisturelevelsarehigher.45环境工程专业英语专业英语翻译理论3.起形容词作用的现在分词、过去分词和一些作定语或补语的形容词，译为动词。E.g.:Thedesigncalculationwillserveasan