考研英语手译本一

TOC\o"1-1"\h\z\u 2010年英译汉试题（英语一 2011年英译汉试题（英语一 2012年英译汉试题（英语一 2013年英译汉试题（英语一 2014年英译汉试题（英语一 2015年英译汉试题（英语一 2016年英译汉试题（英语一 2017年英译汉试题（英语一 2018年英译汉试题（英语一 2019年英译汉试题（英语一 2020年英译汉试题（英语一 2010年（Text-①OfallthechangesthathavetakenceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirarts-①Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.II--②Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.II--③Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.III--①WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.III--②Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.III--③Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnest,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.III--④Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailyIII--⑤“Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorlirygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,”wrote,“thatIamtemptedtodefine‘journalism’as‘atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare’.”IV--②NevilleCardus,whowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.IV--③Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEngland’sforemostclassical-musiccritics,andasowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-IV--④Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesoIV--⑤Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetoV--①IsthereanychancethatCardus’scriticismwillenjoyaV--②TheprospectseemsV--③Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortheupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichheV--④Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlong21.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2[A].artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-city[B].English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymore[C]high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyof[D].youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismon ABCD22.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarII[A]. ABCD23.WhichofthefollowingwouldShawand[A].Itiswriters’dutytofulfilljournalistic[B].Itiscontemptibleforwriterstobe[C].Writersarelikelytobetemptedinto[D].Notallwritersarecapableofjournalistic ABCD24.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelast[A].Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaders[B].Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenin[C].Hisstylecaterslargelytomodern[D].Hiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateur ABCD25.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthe[A].NewspapersoftheGoodOld[B].TheLostHorizonin[D].ProminentCriticsin ABCD2010年（TextI--①Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusiness receivedoneforits“one-click”onlinepayment-③MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocation-④Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftinga-①Nowthenation’stoppatentcourtappearscompleyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.II--②Inamovethathasinlectual-propertylawyersabuzz,theU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheFederalCircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.II--③InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is“averybigdeal,”saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchoolofLaw.II--④It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofIII--①Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,becauseitwastheFederalCircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithits1998decisionintheso-calledStateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.III--②Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemergingInternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusiverightstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.III--③Later,moreestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothepunch.III--④In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatents,despitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.III--⑤Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfirmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.IV--①TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergyIV--②TheFederalCircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt’sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould“reconsider”itsStateStreetBankruling.V--①TheFederalCircuit’sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbytheSupremeCourtthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.V--②LastApril,forexample,thejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor“inventions”thatareobvious.V--③ThejudgesontheFederalCircuitare“reactingtotheanti-patenttrendattheSupremeCourt,”saysHaroldC.Wegner,apatentattorneyandprofessoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.26.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedbecause[A].theirlimitedvalueto[C].thepossiblerestrictionontheir ABCD27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilski[A]Itsrulingcomplieswiththecourt[B]Itinvolvesaverybigbusiness[C]IthasbeendismissedbytheFederal[D]Itmaychangethelegalpracticesinthe ABCD28.Theword“about-face”(Line1,Para.3)mostprobably[A].lossof[B].increaseof ABCD29.Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-[A].areimmunetolegal[C].lowertheesteemforpatent[D].increasetheincidenceof ABCD30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthe[A].Aloomingthreattobusiness-method[D].Aprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-method ABCD2010年（Text-①InhisbookTheTipPoint,MalcolmGladwellarguesthat“socialepidemics”aredriveninlargepartbytheactionsofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentials,whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwellconnected.-②Theideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesn’texinhowideasactually-①Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromausible-soundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe“two-stepflowofcommunication”:Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.II--②Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.II--③Thetheoryalsoseemstoexinthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofcertainlooks,brands,orII--④Inmanysuchcases,acursorysearchforcausesfindsthatsomesmallgroupofpeoplewaswearing,promoting,ordevelowhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.II--⑤AnecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandriveIII--①Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.III--②Infact,theydon’tseemtoberequiredatIV--①Theresearchers’argumentstemsfromasimpleobservationaboutsocialinfluence:WiththeexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey—whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinteral,influence—eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon’tinctwiththatmanyothers.IV--②Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemics,byinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.IV--③Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachsoaffectedmusttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,andsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.IV--④Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexample,thecascadeofchangewon’tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.V--①Buildingonthisbasictruthaboutinteralinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofsocialinfluencebyconductingthousandsofcomputersimulationsofpopulations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople’sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced.V--②Theyfoundthattheprincipalrequirementforwhatiscalled“globalcascades”—thewidespreadpropagationofinfluencethroughnetworks—isthepresencenotofafewinfluentialsbut,rather,ofacriticalmassofeasilyinfluencedpeople.31.BycitingthebookTheTipPoint,theauthorintends[A].yzetheconsequencesofsocial[B].discussinfluentials’functioninspreading ABCD32.Theauthorsuggeststhatthe“two-step-flow[A].servesasasolutiontomarketing[B]hashelpedexincertainprevalent[C]haswonsupportfrom[D].requiressolidevidenceforits ABCD33.Whattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshows[A].thepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialin[B].interallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthe[C].influentialshavemorechannelstoreachthe[D].mostcelebritiesenjoywidemedia ABCD34.Theunderlinedphrase“thesepeople”inParagraph4referstheones[A].stayoutsidethenetworkofsocial[B]havelittlecontactwiththesourceof[D].areinfluencedbytheinitial ABCD35.Whatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsof[A].Theeagernesstobe[B].Theimpulsetoinfluence[C].Thereadinesstobe[D].Theinclinationtorelyon ABCD2010年（TextI--①BankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinI--②Behindthescenes,theyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse:theaccountingstandard--③Theirrules,moanthebanks,havedthemtoreportenormouslosses,andit’sjustnot-④Theserulessay theymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch.II--②Thedetailsmaybeunknowable,buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.II--③And,unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbeIII--①AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,America’sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard(FASB)rushedthroughrulechanges.III--②Thesegavebanksmoredomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheir estatements.III--④Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbyinggrouppoliycalls“the useofjudgmentbymanagement.”IV--①EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)doIV--②TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallnning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitsreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrong.IV--③McCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warnedtheIASBthatitdid“notliveinapoliticalvacuum”but“intherealworld”andthatEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules.V--①Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongnet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedV--②Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausetheylargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.V--③ThetruthwillnotbeknownforV--④Butbanks’sharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,suggestingthatinvestorsareV--⑤Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains.VI--①Togetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustberecognizedanddealtVI--②America’snewntobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfindattractive.VI--③Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandevencombativestandard-VI--④TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaninguprulesonstockoptionsandpensions,forexample,againsthostilityfromspecialinterests.VI--⑤Butbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemore36.Bankerscominedthattheywered[A].followunfavorableassetevaluation[C].cooperatewiththeprice[D].reevaluatesomeoftheir ABCD37.Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBresult[A].thediminishingroleof[B].therevivalofthebanking[C].thebanks’long-termasset[D].theweakeningofits ABCD38.AccordingtoParagraph4,McCreevyobjectstotheattempt[B].evadethepressurefromtheir[C].actontheirowninrule-[D].takegradualmeasuresin ABCD39.Theauthorthinksthebankswere“onthewrongnet”that[B].exaggeratedtherealvalueoftheir[C]neglectedthelikelyexistenceofbad[D].deniedbookinglossesintheirsaleof ABCD40.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsstandard-settersisone ABCD2011年（TextI--①ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.-②Forthemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorable,tosaythe-①Oneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprise,however,isthatGilbertcomparativelylittleII--②EvenTommasini,whohadadvocatedGilbert’sappointmentintheTimes,callshim“anmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductoraboutII--③AsadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulez,thatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaintIII--①Formypart,IhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodIII--②Tobesure,heperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingcompositions,butitisnotnecessaryformetovisitAveryFisherHall,oranywhereelse,tohearinterestingorchestralmusic.III--③AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelf,orbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes.IV--①DevotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingtheIV--②Forthetime,attention,andmoneyoftheart-lovingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahouses,dancetroupes,theatercompanies,andmuseums,butalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.IV--③Theserecordingsarecheap,availableeverywhere,andveryoftenmuchhigherinicqualitythantoday’sliveperformances;moreover,theycanbe“consumed”atatimeandceofthelistener’schoosing.IV--④Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthusbroughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalconcert.V--①Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.V--②Gilbert’sowninterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:AlexRoss,aclassical-musiccritic,hasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicinto“amarkedlydifferent,morevibrantV--③ButwhatwillbethenatureofthatV--⑤IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicaretosucceed,theymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica’soldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopestoattract.21.WelearnfromParagraph1thatGilbert’sappointment[B]raised[C]received ABCD22.TommasiniregardsGilbertaswho[B][C] ABCD23.Theauthorbelievesthatthedevoted[A].ignoretheexpensesoflive[B]rejectmostkindsofrecorded[C].exaggeratethevarietyoflive[D].overestimatethevalueoflive ABCD24.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingistrue[A].Theyareofteninferiortoliveconcertsin[B].Theyareeasilyaccessibletothegeneral[C].Theyhelpimprovethequalityof[D].Theyhaveonlycovered ABCD25.RegardingGilbert’sroleinrevitalizingthePhilharmonic,author ABCD2011年（TextI--①WhenLiamMcGeedepartedasofBankofAmericainAugust,hisexnationwasI--②Ratherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvagueexcuses,hecamerightoutandsaidhewasleaving“topursuemygoalofrunninga.”-④Withintwoweeks,hewastalkingforthefirsttimewiththeboardofHartfordFinancialServicesGroup,whichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptember29.-①McGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimetoreflectonwhatkindofhewantedtorun.II--②ItalsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldabouthisII--③AndMcGeeisn’tII--④InrecentweekstheNo.2executivesatAvonandAmericanExpressquitwiththeexnationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost.II--⑤Asboardsscrutinizesuccessionnsinresponsetoshareholderpressure,executiveswhodon’tgetthenodalsomaywishtomoveon.II--⑥Aturbulentbusinessenvironmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvaguepronouncementscloudtheirreputations.III--①Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmaybemorewillingtomakethejumpwithoutanet.III--②Inthethirdquarter,CEOturnoverwasdown23%fromayearagoasnervousboardsstuckwiththeleaderstheyhad,accordingtoLiberumResearch.III--③Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringIV--①ThedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneisIV--②ForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.IV--③SaysKorn/FerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey:“Ican’tthinkofasinglesearchI’vedonewhereaboardhasnotinstructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfirst.”V--①Thosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaven’talwayslandedintoppositionsV--②EllenMarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeago,sayingshewantedtobeaV--③ItwasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatinyInternet-basedcommoditiesV--④RobertWillumstadleftin2005withambitionstobeaV--⑤HefinallytookthatpostatamajorfinancialinstitutionthreeyearsVI--①ManyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopVI--②ThefinancialcrisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadVI--③“Thetraditionalrulewasit’ssafertostaywhereyouare,butthat’sbeenfundamentallyinverted,”saysoneheadhunter.VI--④“Thepeoplewho’vebeenhurttheworstarethosewho’vestayedtoo26.WhenMcGeeannouncedhisdeparture,hismannercanbedescribedas[B] ABCD27.AccordingtoParagraph2,seniorexecutives’quittingmayspurred[B].theirneedtoreflectontheirprivate[C].theirstrainedrelationswiththe[D].theirpursuitofnewcareer ABCD28.Theword“poached”（Line3,Paragraph4）mostprobably[C]hunted[D].guarded ABCD29.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph[A].topperformersusedtoclingtotheir[B].loyaltyoftopperformersisgettingout-[C].topperformerscaremoreabout[D].it’ssafertosticktothetraditional ABCD30.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthe[A].CEOs:Whereto[B].CEOs:AlltheWay[C].TopManagersJumpwithouta[D].TheOnlyWayOutforTop ABCD2011年（TextI--①TheroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidI--③Whiletraditional“paid”media—suchasevisioncommercialsandprintadvertisements—stillyamajorrole,companiestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia.-④Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate“earned”mediabywillinglypromotingittofriends,andamayleverage“owned”mediabysendinge-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregisteredwithitsWebsite.-⑤Thewayconsumersnowapproachtheprocessofmakingpurchasedecisionsmeansthatmarketing’simpactstemsfromabroadrangeoffactorsbeyondconventionalpaidmedia.-①PaidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownII--②Forearnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorforusers’II--③Butinsomecases,onemarketer’sownedmedia eanothermarketer’spaidmedia—forinstance,whenan merceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.II--④Wedefinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationscetheircontentor merceengineswithinthatenvironment.II--⑤Thistrend,whichwebelieveisstillinitsinfancy,effectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhosandwillnodoubtgofurther.II--⑥Johnson&Johnson,forexample,hascreatedBabyCenter,astand-alonemediapropertythatpromotescomplementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.II--⑦Besidesgenerating e,thepresenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjective,givescompaniesopportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompanies’marketing,andmayhelpexpandusertrafficforallcompaniesconcerned.III--①Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithmore(andmorediverse)communicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,andmuchmoredamagingways.III--②Suchhijackedmediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia:anassetorn eshostagetoconsumers,otherstakeholders,oractivistswhomakenegativeallegationsaboutabrandorproduct.III--③Membersofsocialnetworks,forinstance,arelearningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusinessesthatoriginallycreatedthem.IV--①Ifthathappens,passionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycottproducts,puttingthereputationofthetargetatrisk.IV--②Insuchacase,the’sresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful,andthelearningcurvehasbeensteep.IV--③ToyotaMotor,forexample,alleviatedsomeofthedamagefromitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestratedsocial-mediaresponsen,whichincludedeffortstoengagewithconsumersdirectlyonsitessuchasandthesocial-newssiteDigg.31.Consumersmaycreate“earned”mediawhenthey[A].obsessedwithonlineshopatcertainWeb[B].inspiredbyproduct-promotinge-mailssentto[C].eagertohelptheirfriendspromotequality ABCD32.AccordingtoParagraph2,soldmedia[A].asafebusiness[B]random[C].stronguser ABCD33.TheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearnedswithpassionate[B].canbeusedtoproducenegativeeffectsin[C]mayberesponsibleforfiercer ABCD34.ToyotaMotor’sexperienceiscitedasanexample ABCD35.Whichofthefollowingisthetextmainly[A].Alternativestoconventionalpaid[D].Popularityofowned ABCD2011年（TextI--①It’snosurprisethatJenniferSenior’sinsightful,provocativemagazinecoverstory,“IloveMyChildren,IHateMyLife,”isarousingmuchchatter—nothinggetspeopletalkinglikethesuggestionthatchildrearingisanythinglessthanacompleyfulfilling,life-enrichingexperience.-②Ratherthanconcludingthatchildrenmakeparentseitherhappyormiserable,Seniorsuggestsweneedtoredefinehappiness:insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasuredbymoment-to-momentjoy,weshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tensecondition.-③Eventhoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglyhard,Seniorwritesthat“theverythingsthatinthemomentdampenourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintensegratificationanddelight.”-①ThemagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyishardlytheonlyMadonna-and-childimageonnewsstandsthisweek.II--②Therearealsostoriesaboutnewlyadoptive—andnewlysingle—momSandraBullock,aswellastheusual“JenniferAnistonispregnant”news.II--③Practicallyeveryweekfeaturesatleastonecelebritymom,ormom-to-be,smilingontheIII--①Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreation,isitanywonderthatadmittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupportkitten-killing?III--②Itdoesn’tseemquitefair,then,tocomparetheregretsofparentstotheregretsoftheIII--③Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldn’thavehadkids,butunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemessagethatchildrenarethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld:obviouslytheirmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegababy-sizeholesintheirlives.IV--①Ofcourse,theimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUsWeeklyandPeoplepresentishugelyunrealistic,especiallywhentheparentsaresinglemotherslikeBullock.IV--②Accordingtoseveralstudiesconcludingthatparentsarelesshappythanchildlesscouples,singleparentsaretheleasthappyofall.IV--③Noshockthere,consideringhowmuchworkitistoraiseakidwithoutapartnertoleanon;yettohearSandraandBritneylit,raisingakidontheir“own”(read:withround-the-clockhelp)isapieceofcake.V--①It’shardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbecauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous:mostadultsunderstandthatababyisnotahaircut.V--②Butit’sinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstress-,happiness-enhancingparenthoodaren’tinsomesmall,subconsciouswaycontributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththeactualexperience,inthesamewaythatasmallpartofushopedgetting“theRachel”mightmakeuslookjustalittlebitlikeJenniferAniston.36.JenniferSeniorsuggestsinherarticlethatraisingachild[C]happinessin ABCD37.WelearnfromParagraph2[A].celebritymomsareapermanentsourcefor[B].singlemotherswithbabiesdeservegreater[C]newsaboutpregnantcelebritiesis[D].havingchildrenishighlyvaluedbythe ABCD38.ItissuggestedinParagraph3thatchildless[A].areconstantlyexposedto[B].arelargelyignoredbythe[C]failtofulfilltheirsocial[D].arelesslikelytobesatisfiedwiththeir ABCD39.AccordingtoParagraph4,themessageconveyedbymagazines ABCD40.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthe[A].Havingchildrencontributeslittletotheglamourof[D].Wesometimesneglectthehappinessfromchild ABCD2012年（Text eon—Everybody’sngI--②Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.-③Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasual-④ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositivethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheworld.-①Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexamplesofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.II--②InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasloveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafeamongtheirpeers.III--①Theideaseemspromising,andRosenbergisaperceptiveIII--②Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypublic-healthnsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressurefo