不定式和动名词和分词

#不定式不定式todo/doHeaskedmetowriteit不定式的否定nottodo/notdoHeaskedmenottowriteitWH疑问词how/what/whentodo疑问词+toV=名词短语，较长的名词。1、Howtoreducethecostsisabigproblem?2、Theproblemiswheretosetupthetent.=Theproblemiswhereweshouldsetupthetent.3、Idon’tknowwhethertolaughor(whetherto)getangry.一、不定式的时态和语态不定式的被动式==tobeP.P.1.Iliketoteach.Iliketobetaught.2.Thereisalottodoyet.Thereisalottobedoneyet.不定式的进行式==9beVingTheyseemtobewaitingforus.不定式的完成式==9haveP.P.Thechildseemstohavebeensick.=>Itseemsthatthechildwas(hasbeen)sick.在can't,couldnt之后表否定推测；在must之后表肯定推测.Theycouldn’thavebeenonstrike..Hermommusthavebeenseriouslyill(then).在shouldoughtto之后，表示未能实现的事，有责备的意思在里面。.Youshouldhaveseenit.=>Youdidn’tseeit..Yououghttohavekeptyourwords.=>Youdidn'tkeepyourwords.你应该要遵守诺言的。intend,wish,wouldlike都(是表“想要”)等动词后=>未实现1.Iintendedtohavewrittentoyou.expectedhimtohavehelpedmewiththework.二、不定式的用法(一)作主语句型：It’s+形容词(表非人格特质)+for人+toV~It’s+形容词(表人格特质)+of人+toV~.It’sdangerousforchildrentoplayonthestreet.=(Forchildren)toplayonthestreetisdangerous..It’sstupidofmetodosuchathing.=Iwasstupidtodosuchathing.(二)作主语补语.Theexpensivepicturehasbeenprovedtobeafake.Astudentisallegedtohaveintroducedavirusintothecomputer(三)作表语(be+todo)1)、Adoctor’sdutyistotakecareofsickpeople.

2)、Hisfaultistotalktoomuch.2)、Hisfaultistotalktoomuch.）作宾语1、V+todo1)、Wedecidedtoputoffthemeeting.2)、Mysondemandstoseeadentist.2、V+it+C+todo.Shefounditimpossibletounderstandhim.=Shefound[thatitisimpossibletounderstandhim]..Ithinkittoocarelessofyoutolosethewatch..Hemakesitaruletokeepgoodhours.3、V+WH疑问词+todoHeaskedhowtogettotherailwaystation?(五)作宾语补语(V+O+todo)表希望；期待like，want，wish，expect等Ididn'texpecthertobeabsent(缺席).表许可--allow，permitPleaseallowmetointroducemywife,Rosaline.表思考，认识--think，believe，consider，find，recognize等Webelievehimtobehonest.=Webelieve(that)heishonest.表依赖；建议；要求；命令(必须用不定词的词)tell，advise，order，ask，request，get,cause，beg等。Thedoctoradvisedhimtostopsmoking.(六)作定语(N+todo).Amywastheonlypersontoremembermybirthday..Weneedanidealenvironmentinwhichtoliveandwork(代)名词+todo+介词，todo前的(代)名词为介词的宾语1)、Ihaveparentstotakecareof.=Ihavetotakecareofmyparents.2)、Iwantaknifetocutitwith.=Icutitwithaknife.(七)作状语表目的，表“为了…1)HewenttoGermanyto/inorderto/soastostudymusic.2)Thewindowswasopenafewinchestokeeptheaircirculating.表原因，跟在表示感情的形容词之后1)Iwasshockedtoseethescene.2)Wecouldnotbutlaughtoseeit.看到它我们不禁笑了表结果，有时会伴随only、never，有“失望”之意。1)Wewereseparatednevertoseeeachotheragain.2)Thepolicehurriedtothehouseonlytofind(that)itwasempty.修饰形容词(Adj+todo)此类的形容词有easy，hard，difficult.,luck,happy.ect,TheproblemiseasytoworkoutThequestionisdifficulttoanswer.(八)省去动词原形的不定式.Youdon’thavetoeatitifyoudon’twantto(eatit)..A:Howaboutcomingtoourhouse?I’dliketo(go/cometoyourhouse)ifIwon’tbeanytrouble.(九)分裂不定式.Iwishtoutterlyforgetmypast.Iwishtoforgetmypastutterly..Shemadeuphermindnevertoreturn.(十)独立不定式Tospeakstrictly,heisagoodstudent.tobefrank(withyou)坦白说tobeginwith(一开始)Totellthetruth,Idon’tloveyou.tobehonest(诚实说)tomakemattersworse(更糟的是)tobesure(的确)tobebrief(简单扼要的说)tosaynothingof=nottospeakof=nottomention(更不用说)todo~justice对~公平的评判tosaytheleastofit保守的说strangetosay奇怪的是needlesstosay毋庸置疑的sotospeak可以说是nottosay不能说是HecanspeakFrenchandGerman,tosaynothingofEnglish.Itwouldbefoolish,nottosaycrazy,tosaysuchathing.(十一)其他变体1、enoughtodo足够…可以、能…=>~so~that+S+(can)….Shewaskindenoughtooffermeherseat.=Shewassokindthatsheofferedmeherseat..Heisnottallenoughtoreachthetopshelf.2、too(形、副)…todo(太~而不能)=so~that+S+can't.Thebedistoosmallformetosleepin.=ThebedissosmallthatIcan’tsleepin..Iamonly/buttoogladtohelpyou.=>Iamverygladtohelpyou..Heisnot/nevertooproudtoaskquestionsofothers..Heistoowisenottoseethereason.=>Heissowisethathecannotbutseethereason.3、so~astodo=>so~that+S~.Hewassoangryastobeunablespeak.Hewassoangrythathewasunablespeak..Iamnotsofoolishtotrusthim.Iamnotsuchafooltotrusthim.4、seem(appear,happen,prove等)+todoseem(appear)todo/形容词=Itseems(appears)+that+S+V1)MydogseemstounderstandwhatIsaid/say.ItseemsthatmydogunderstandswhatIsaid/say.2)Thechildrenappeared(tobe)pleasedwiththeirpresents.Itappearsthatthechildrenwerepleasedwiththeirpresents.人+happen/chance+todo碰巧事+happen(发生)+to+人Ihappened/chancedtomeetoneofmyfriendsatthestation.Whathappenedtoyou?Sve(turnout)todo结果是~，证明是Therumorproved(turnedout)tobetrue.=Itturnedoutthattherumorwastrue.5、choose/wantnothingbuttodo除了…其他什么都不想expect/desirenothingbuttodoShedesiresnothingbuttolivepeacefully.6、cannotbutdocannothelpdoingcannothelpbutdo不得不~;忍不住1)WhenIheardthenews,Icouldn’tbutcry.2)WhenIheardthenews,Icouldn’thelpcrying.3)WhenIheardthenews,Icouldn’thelpbutcry.7、haveonlytodo只要做…就行Youhaveonlytofollowhiscounsel.=Allyouhavetodois(to)followhiscounsels.8、usedtodo以前习惯…；过去经常Myfatherusedtosmoke,(butnowhedoesn’t.)beusedtodoing习惯…Iamusedtostayinguplateatnight.9、come(get)todo变得~come/get+地点，才翻译成去到某地。Youwillcome(get)tolikethistown.三、原型不定式(不带to的不定式)(一)hadbetter,wouldrather,donothingbut后面不带tohad6&曲「，最好Wehadbetterleaveitunsaid.wouldrather/would(had)sooner+do+than+doIwouldrathergowithyouthanstayherealone.donothingbut什么都不做只…Hedidnothingbuteatalldaylong.(二)感官动词之后(眼，耳，鼻，舌，皮肤)feel,see,watch,lookat,notice,observe,hear,listento,.Ifeltmyheartbeatviolently..Isawtheboyputachocolateinhispocket.感官动词在被动语态中要用to不定式Thepoliceofficerwatchedthechildrencrosstheroad.=>Thechildrenwerewatchedbythepoliceofficertocrosstheroad.=>Thechildrenwerewatchedtocrosstheroadbythepoliceofficer.（三）使役动词Imake（强迫:have（依赖，拜托），let（让），bid（命令）.ThemommadetheboyturnofftheTV..Theteacherletthepupilsgohome.get~+todoIgothimtorepairtheradio.dare/need/help+todo/doCanyouhelpme（to）putupthetent?make在被动语态中用todoTheteachermadethestudentstryagain.=Thestudentsweremadebytheteachertotryagain.=Thestudentsweremadetotryagainbytheteacher.动名词一.动名词的时态和语态一般式doing被动式being+p.pIdon’tlike/dislikebeingmadefunof.完成式having+p.p（当代英语少用）Sheisn’tawareofhavingdonewrong否定形not（never）+VingIamashamedofnotknowingtheanswer.二.动名词的用法（一）当主语.直接位于句首做主语Rememberingothers’namesisdifficultforme.=Itisdifficultformetorememberothers’names..用it作形式主语，把动名词（真实主语）置于句尾作后置主语。Itisnousetellinghimnottoworry..用于“Therebe”结构中。Thereisnosayingwhenhe'llcome.用于布告形式的省略结构中。Nosmoking=Nosmokingisallowed（here）.Noparking..动名词的复合结构作主语当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格，构成动名词的复合结构（—-这时，名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语）Theircomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.（二）当表语OneAmericantraditioniseatingturkeyonThanksgivingdayTurkeyYourtaskiscleaningthewindows.3.Hishobbyisfishinginthelake.JHishobbyistofishinthelake.x(三)当宾语1、当动词的宾语1)Myfatherenjoysplayinggolfverymuch.2)Youhavetogiveuptraveling.3)Ifounditpleasantwalkingalongtheseashore.在demand,deserve,need,require,want等后面，表示被动的意思。1)Thematterdemandslookinginto2)Hedeserveshelping.他值得别人帮忙3)Thiswatchneedsrepairing.这手表需要修理=Thiswatchneedstoberepaired.4)Thechildwantsscolding.这孩子需要被骂.5)Thisclothdoesnotstand/bearwashing.这块布禁不起洗.2、当介词的宾语Therainpreventedusfromcompletingthework.Iknowwhoisresponsibleforbreakingthewindow.Therearemanywaysofdoingit.重点to作介词+Ving1)Iliketolistentomusic.2)I’mlookingforwardtoseeingyouagain.3)I’musedtogettingupearly.4)HedevotedhiswholelifetocuringthesickinAfrica.5)Heisgiventolying.6)Heprefersskiingto(prep.)skating..Hepreferstoski(toV)ratherthanskate.(四)当定语(往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。)awalkingstick=astickforwalking=astickwhichisusedforwalkingareadingroom=aroomforreading=aroomwhichisusedforreadingameasuringtape=atapeformeasuring=atapewhichisusedformeasuringsleepingpills=pillsforsleeping=pillswhichisusedforsleeping三、固定结构I.ThereisnoVing……是无法做到的Thereisnoaccountingfortastes.人的好恶是无法解释的=Itisimpossibletoaccountfortastes.tisnouse/goodVing…是没有用的Itisnousecryingoverspilled/spiltmilk.覆水难收Itisnouse/goodtryingtopersuadehim.你想说服他是没有用的。=Thereisnouseintryingtopersuadehim.=Itisnouse/uselessforyoutotrytopersuade..feellikeVing想要like(prep.)Ifeellikeadrink=Ifeellikedrinking/havingadrink.cannothelpVingIcouldn’thelplaughingwhenIsawhishaircut.=Icouldn’tbutlaughwhenIsawhishaircut..beworthVingWhateverisworthdoingisworthdoingwell.=NomatterwhatisworthdoingisworthdoingwellThisbookisworthreading这本书值得读。=Itisworth（your）whilereading/toreadthebook.6.Onving一…就…Oncominghome,heswitchedontheTV.=Assoonashecamehome,heswitchedontheTV.7.InVing当…时二连接词when/whileIslippedingettingoffthetrain.当我下火车时，滑了一跤。=Islippedwhen/whileIwasgettingoffthetrain.8.Itgoeswithoutsayingthat…不用说…Itgoeswithoutsayingthatourplansdependontheweather.=Needlesstosay,ourplansdependontheweather.9.WhatdoyousaytoVing……如何？Whatdoyousaytotakingawalkbythesea?Howabouttakingawalkbythesea?Whatabouttakingawalkbythesea?比较动词后的动名词和不定式某些动词只能带动名词acknowledge;admit;advise;advocate;allow;appreciate;avoid;celebrate;consider;contemplate;defer;delay;deny;detest;discontinue;dislike;dispute;enjoy;itentails;escape;excuse;explain;fancy;feellike;finish;forgive;can’thelp;hinder;imagine;itinvolves;keep;itmeans;mention;mind;miss;pardon;postpone;practice;prevent;recall;report;resent;resist;risk;suggest;understandHaveyoufinishedwritingananswertohisletter?Fortunately,heescapedgettinghurt.幸运的，他没有受伤某些动词只能带不定式afford，agree，aim（力求做到），appear（显得），arrange，ask，attempt，care（想要），choose，claim，condescend（屈尊），consent（准许），decide，demand，determine，endeavor（竭力），expect，fail（未履行），help，hesitate，hope，learn，manage，neglect，offer，plan，prepare，pretend，proceed（接着做），promise，prove，refuse，resolve，seem，swear（发誓），tend（往往会），threaten（预示），undertake，volunteer，vow，want，wish.Thepoliceconsentedtodetectthecrimewithoutdelay..HeprofessedtoknowalotaboutChina.某些动词后既带动名词也可带不定式，但意思不同A>todo=doing，其意思一样。start/begin,ceaselikedislikefearhateintendattemptloveneglectomitpreferproposecontinue1.Theyceasedsinging/tosing.2.Iintendmajoring/tomajorineconomicsincollege.B>todo不同于doing，意思不同。

设法去做（不定做没做）尝试（已经在做了）要去做的我记得昨晚有锁上门我将不会忘记听过她的歌。Try，remember，forget，stop，regret设法去做（不定做没做）尝试（已经在做了）要去做的我记得昨晚有锁上门我将不会忘记听过她的歌。.Theboytiredtomovetheheavysofa.Theboytriedmovingtheheavysofa..Remembertolockthedoor.Irememberlockingthedoorlastnight.I’llneverforgethearinghersong.Iforgettohearhersong.我忘了听她的歌，动作未作。4.Hestoppedhavingbreakfast.他停止吃早餐。Hestoppedtohaveacupofcoffee.他停下来去喝杯咖啡。5.Iregretnottakingcareofmyself.后悔（做了某事）IregrettosaythatIcan’thelpyou.抱歉遗憾（没有做某事）goon,quit,stop带动名词作宾语，带不定式作状语.Hewentonworkinginspiteofthenoisearoundhim.Hewentontoshowusaroundthebotanicgardenadvise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit,带动名词作宾语，带不定式作宾语补语..Theyshouldn’tallowparkinginthisstreet.Lilyonlyallowshersontoplaycomputergamesovertheweekendsconsider,understand带动名词作宾语，也带WH-疑问词+不定式作宾语.Ican’tunderstandyourreadingtheboringnovel.Theyoungmotherdoesn’tunderstandhowtobathethebaby分词现在分词Ving进行；主动过去分词P.P完成；被动一、分词构句（分词短语作状语）|（一厂分词短语作独立成分，修饰整个句子，表示说话人的态度.Franklyspeaking/tobefrank,Ifindthejobboring..Talkingoftheradio,what/whichprogramdoyoulike?分词短语作状语，主语一致.WhenIopenedthedoor,Iheardastrangesound.Openingthedoor,Iheardastrangesound..AsIwasill,Icouldn’tgotoschool.Beingill,Icouldn’tgotoschool..SinceshehasbeenbroughtupinParis,shespeaksFrenchvery.（Havingbeen）BroughtupinParis,shespeaksFrenchvery..Ifyouturnleftafterthebank,youwillsee