从《老人与海》看海明威的生态意识及论大学生写作能力

从《老人与海》看海明威的生态意识摘要：生态批判学作为新起的分析文学作品的方法，为我们解读经典文学作品提供了新的视野和角度。海明威的《老人与海》则是文豪海明威的经典之作，其主人公圣地亚哥的顽强一直为人称颂，但是从生态批判学的角度看，这仅仅是冰山一角，这部作品蕴含着深厚的生态意识。论文从作品主人公圣地亚哥开始分析海明威对生态的看法，第一部分，将分析圣地亚哥的生活细节，以此分析海明威所蕴含其中的生态意识，第二部分，将进一步分析圣地亚哥出海的情况，通过此分析来阐述海明威对大自然的态度和思考，第三部分则着重强调海明威对人类种种破坏环境的反思。通过本文的写作，笔者并不是旨在批评人类对生态的破坏，而是想通过生态批判学的角度，给予大家一个全新的角度去解读《老人与海》这部经典作品，也希望借此文章让大家更加了解海明威和生态批判学。同时也激发出大家保护生态的愿望和行动。关键词：生态批判学；生态意识；圣地亚哥EcologicalInterpretationofOldManandtheSeaAbstractEco-criticismoffersanewangletore-evaluatetheclassics.ThearticlewillreanalyseHemingway’sTheOldManandtheSeafromanecologicalperspective,soastogainaviewofHemingway’secologicalconsciousnessandsuggestanewwaytounderstandHemingwaywhoconcernsmoreabouttheinterconnectionandequalitybetweenmanandnature.ThisarticletriestodiscussthevividandaccuratedescriptionofSantiago.Firstly,Eco-criticismisaformofliterarycriticismbasedonanecologicalperspective.Eco-criticisminvestigatestherelationbetweenhumansandthenaturalworldinliterature.Secondly,inTheoldManandtheSea,thehero,Santiagolivedasimplelife.Byshowinghislife,Hemingwayputhisideathatheopposedluxuriouslifeandhehopedthathumanbeingsshouldliveharmoniouslywiththenatureinsteadofoverusingtheresource.Thirdly,inTheoldManandtheSea,Santiagorespectedalllivesbesideshumanbeings.Hewasfondoffishesandhewouldbesorryforthebirds.InHemingway’ssubliminal,inordertosurvivesustainably,humanbeingshavetoshowrespectonthelivesbesideshumanbeings.Fourthly,Hemingwaythoughtthathumanbeingshouldoffendotherbranches;otherwise,humanbeingsshouldbepunished.Asaconclusion,intheviewofeco-criticism,inHemingway’sTheoldManandtheSea,ifhumanbeingswanttoliveontheearth,theyhavetoshowrespecttootherspeciesandwhatismore,theyneedtoprotectothersinsteadofthinkingthathumanbeingsarethecontrollersoftheworld.

Keywords:eco-criticism;ecologicalawareness;SantiagoAcknowledgementsFirstandforemost,Iwouldliketoexpressmyheartfeltgratitudetomysupervisor,Ms.Li,bothforherintellectualguidanceandforherwarmandconstantencouragementduringtheprocessofwritingthisthesis.Withpatienceandprudence,shelabouredthroughdraftsofthisthesisandpointedoutdefectsinmytheorizing.Therefore,Ioweallthemeritsinthisthesis,ifany,toher,thoughIamfullyawarethatthethesismightstillcontainsomemistakes,forwhichIbearthewholeresponsibility.MycordialandsincerethanksgotoalltheteachersintheCollegeofEnglishLanguageandLiterature,whoseinterestingandinformativecourseshavebenefitedmealotduringmycollegeyears.TheprofitthatIgainedfromtheirprofoundknowledge,remarkableexpertiseandintellectualingenuitywillbeofeverlastingsignificancetomyfuturelifeandLastbutnottheleast,greatthanksgotomyfamilywhohavesharedwithmemyworries,frustration,andhopefullymyultimatehappinessineventuallyfinishingthisthesis.Contents中文摘要 EcologicalInterpretationofOldManandtheSeaIntroductionWiththeriseofecocriticisminthe1960’s,whichoffersanewperspectivetore-evaluatemanandthenaturerelationshipinliteraryworks,thenaturalworldinHemingway’writingshasgraduallyreceivedeco-critics’attention.IntheintroductiontoHemingwayandtheNaturalworld,ProfessorWangNuopointsoutthat“FewauthorsinhistoryhavebeensocloselyidentifiedwiththenaturalworldasErnestHemingway.”1Thenwhatisecocriticism?Incontrastwithother'political'formsofcriticism,therehasbeenactuallynodisputeaboutthemoralandphilosophicalaimsofecocriticism.Whatismore,itsscalehasbroadenedquicklyfromnaturewriting,Romanticpoetry,andcanonicalliteraturetotakeinfilm,TV,theatre,animalstories,architectures,scientificnarrativesandanextraordinaryrangeofliterarytexts.Meanwhile,ecocriticismhasborrowedmethodologiesandtheoretically-informedmethodsfreelyfromotherfieldsofliterary,socialandscientificstudy.2Inlateststudy,inanarticlethatextendsecocriticismtoShakespeareanstudies,Estokclaimsthatecocriticismismorethan“simplythestudyofNatureornaturalthingsinliterature;rather,itisanytheorythatiscommittedtoeffectingchangebyanalyzingthefunction–thematic,artistic,social,historical,ideological,theoretical,orotherwise–ofthenaturalenvironment,oraspectsofit,representedinuments(literaryorother)thatcontributetomaterialpracticesinmaterialworlds”2Thisechoesthefunctionalapproachoftheculturalecologybranchofecocriticism,whichanalyzestheanalogiesbetweenecosystemsandimaginativetextsandpositsthatsuchtextspotentiallyhaveanecological(regenerative,revitalizing)functionintheculturalsystem.3Afterintroducingthedefinitionofecocriticism,IwillintroduceTheOldManandtheSea.TheOldManandtheSeaisthestoryofafiercefightingbetweenanold,poorfishermanandalargemarlin.Thenovelbeginswiththedescriptionofthefisherman,whoisnamedSantiago,hasgoneoutfishingfor84dayswithoutcatchingafish.Heissounfortunatethathisyoungapprentice,Manolin,hasnotbeenallowedbyhisparentstofishwiththeoldmanandhehasbeentofollowamoresuccessfulfishermen.Whereas,Manolinkeepscaringabouttheoldman,sohevisitsSantiago'shuteachnight,haulingbackhisfishinggear,sendinghimfoodanddiscussingAmericanbaseballandhisfavouriteplayerJoeDiMaggio.SantiagotellsManolinthatonthenextday,hewillventurefaroutintotheGulftofish,confidentthathisunluckystreakisnearitsend.Thusontheeighty-fifthday,Santiagogoesoutalone,takinghisskifffarontotheGulf.Hesetshislinesand,bynoonofthefirstday,abigfishthatheissureisamarlintakeshisbait.Santiagoonlyfoundthemarlinisswimmingaroundhisboat.Twodaysandtwonightspassinthismanner,duringwhichtheoldmanbearsthetensionofthelinewithhisbody.Yet,heiswoundedbythestruggleandinpain,Santiagoexpressesacompassionateappreciationforhisadversary,forheoftenreferstohimasabrother.Healsodeterminesthatnoonehastherighttotakethefish,forthemarlinisdignified.Onthethirddayofthefighting,thefishbeginstocircletheskiff,indicatinghistirednesstotheoldman.Santiago,nowcompletelywornout,usesallhisstrengthhehasleftinhimtopullthefishontoitssideandstabthemarlinwithaharpoon,endingthelongbattlebetweentheoldmanandthetenaciousfish.Santiagostrapsthemarlintothesideofhisskiffandheadshome,consideringaboutthehighpricethefishwillbringhimatthemarketandhowmanypeoplehewillfeed.WhileSantiagocontinueshisjourneybacktotheshore,agroupofsharksareattractedtothetrailofbloodleftbythemarlininthewater.Atfirst,Santiagokillsagreatsharkwithhisharpoon.Inthisprocess,helosesthatweaponintheprocess.Hemakesanewharpoonbystrappinghisknifetotheendofanoartohelpwardoffthenextlineofsharks;intotal,fivesharksareslainandmanyothersaredrivenaway.Butthesharkskeepcoming,andbynightfallthesharkshavealmostdevouredthemarlin'sentirecarcass,leavingaskeletonconsistingmostlyofitsbackbone,itstailanditshead.Finallyreachingtheshorebeforedawnonthenextday,Santiagostrugglesonthewaytohisshack,carryingtheheavymastonhisshoulder.Oncehome,heslumpsontohisbedandfallsintoadeepsleep.Agroupoffishermengatherthenextdayaroundtheboatwherethefish'sskeletonisstillattached.Oneofthefishermenmeasuresittobe18feet(5.5

m)fromnosetotail.Touristsatthenearbycafémistakenlytakeitforashark.Manolin,worriedduringtheoldman'sendeavour,criesuponfindinghimsafeasleep.Theboybringshimnewspapersandcoffee.Whentheoldmanwakes,theypromisetofishtogetheronceagain.Uponhisreturntosleep,Santiagodreamsofhisyouth—oflionsonanAfricanbeach.TheOldManandtheSeawasfinishedinHemingway’soldage.Thenovelwaspublishedin1951andwonthePulitzerPrizeinthenextyear.Whatismore,itwonNobelPrizein1954.AsHemingway’srepresentativeworks,TheOldManandtheSeaisalwaysinterpretedfromexistentialistic,feministic,orsymbolicaspects,etc.Yetthearticlewillanalyzeitfromaneco-criticalanglebyelaboratingtherelationshipbetweenSantiagoandothernaturecreations,thusprovingthewriter’seco-consciousnessofindispensableandinter-connectednessandequalitybetweenmanandnatureandfurtherthrowingnewlightonHemingwaystudy.I.TheEcologicalThoughtofHemingwayintheWayofSantiago’sLivingConditionsTheEcologicalThoughtofHemingwayintheWayofSantiago’sBoatandHouseOncewereadthebook,weoftenfeelSantiago’scourage.However,whenwereaditcarefully,wecanfeelhistenderness.Wecanknowhisfeelingfromhislittleboatandhishut,thatis,helivesinasimplelife.Inthisway,wecanseethatHemingwayrefusesluxuriouslife.Santiagosaysthat“Amancanbedestroyedbutnotdefeated”4.Thispresentshisbraveryandcourage.However,thispersistentmanlivesinasimplelife.Firstly,hehasasimpleskiff.Heisanoldandexperiencedfishermanwhostaysinalittleskiffinthegulfalone.Thesailwaspatchedwithfloursacksand,furled,itlookedliketheflagofpermanentdefeat.Secondly,hishouseshowshissimplelife.Theoldmanleanedthemastwithitswrappedsailagainstthewallandtheboyputtheboxandtheothergearbesideit.Themastwasnearlyaslongastheoneroomoftheshack.5Theshackwasmadeofthetoughbudshieldsoftheroyalpalmwhicharecalledguanoandinittherewasabed,atable,onechairandaplaceonthedirtfloortocookwithcharcoal.Onthebrownwallsoftheflattened,overlappingleavesofthesturdyfiberedguanotherewasapictureincolouroftheSacredHeartofJesusandanotheroftheVirginofCobre.Thesewererelicsofhiswife.Oncetherehadbeenatintedphotographofhiswifeonthewallbuthehadtakenitdownbecauseitmadehimtoolonelytoseeitanditwasontheshelfinthecornerunderhiscleanshirt.6TheEcologicalThoughtofHemingwayintheWayofSantiago’sFoodandClothingInreadingthisnovel,wewillknow,Santiagowearssimpleclothes.Thisshowshissimplicity.Theywerestrangeshoulders,stillpowerfulalthoughveryold,andtheneckwasstillstrongtooandthecreasesdidnotshowsomuchwhentheoldmanwasasleepandhisheadfallenforward.Hisshirthadbeenpatchedsomanytimesthatitwaslikethesailandtheparcheswerefadedtomanydifferentshadesbythesun.Theoldman’sheadwasveryoldthoughandwithhiseyesclosedtherewasnolifeinhisface.Thenewspaperlayacrosshiskneesandtheweightofhisarmhelditthereintheeveningbreeze.Hewasbarefooted.7Finally,hisfoodisalsosimpleandconvenient.Blackbeansandriceandfriedbananas,andsomestewconsistofhisdinner.Andknivesandforksandspoonswereinhispocketwithapapernapkinwrappedaroundeachset.Usingcondensedmilktocookcoffercanalsoshowhissimplelife.Theoldmandrankhiscoffeeslowly.Itwasallhewouldhavealldayandheknewthatheshouldtakeit.Foralongtimenoweatinghadboredhimandhenevercarriedalunch.Hehadabottleofwaterinthebowoftheskiffandthatwasallheneededfortheday.8Asweallknow,inthemiddleof1950s,aftertheWorldWar=2\*ROMANII,Americabecameprosperous.SomeAmericansbegantochasetheluxuriesandbegantowastemoneyandfood.Thatis,theybegantoenjoymaterializedlife.However,Hemingwaydescribesanotherroleforus,thatis,Santiago.Santiagolivesinanearlyprimitivelifeandhedoesnotcomplainabouthispoorlifeevenhehasnotcaughtanyfishfor84days.Hemingway’simplicitmeaningisobviousinthewayofecocriticism.Hemingwayadvisesustolivewithnatureharmoniouslyinsteadofgettingtoomuchfromnature.Whatismore,Hemingwayopposesluxuriouslife.Weownabundancenatureresourcesbutthequantitiesarelimited.Inhistory,peoplewereproudoflivinginaluxuriouslifewithoutregardingtheprotectionofhistory.Nowwehavedeepunderstandingofthecatastrophescausedbybreakingtheenvironment.WhatHemingwayhasdescribedandadvisedisquitepreciseandvaluableforus.II.TheEcologicalThoughtofHemingwayintheWayofSantiago’sRespectforNatureA.Santiago’sRespectfortheSeaNatureisacentralmotifinHemingway’slifeandwriting.Heisaloverofoutdoorsportsandheisfondoflivinginnaturalenvironmentsandhasastrongaffectionfornature.Focusingonhuman-naturerelationship,thisthesisattemptstoexploreHemingway’secologicalviewbyanalyzinghisworksfromanecocriticalperspective.InTheoldManandtheSea,Santiagorespectedalllivesbesideshumanbeings.Heisfondoffishesandhesometimesfeelssorryforthebirds.InHemingway’ssubliminal,inordertosurvivesustain,humanbeingshavetoshowrespectonthelivesbesideshumanbeings.Santiago’slovefortheseaandanimalsandhisstrugglewiththemarlinsuggeststhatthereisatrueequalitybetweenhumanbeingsandotherformsoflife.Santiago’sconstantwords,“mybrother,myonlyfriends,”representapropheticcallforequalityintheinteractionbetweenhumanbeingsandnature.SettingthenovelonthecoastofHavana,Cuba,HemingwayrepeatedlydemonstratehisecologicaloutlookthroughSantiago,averyoldfishermanwholivesremotefromthecivilizedcityandservesasahermitinthefishingvillage.Santiago’sabodeandhisfondnessfortheseacreaturesshowsthatheseeshimselfasamemberofthebiosphere,neithernoblernorlesshumblethanotherformsoflife.AsIhavementionedbefore,Santiagolivesinashackwhichismadebybud-shieldsoftheroyalpalmwhicharecalledguano.Santiago’slifeislikeThoreau’ssimplelifeinnature.Physicallyhehasbeeninvolvedwithnatureclosely.Santiagocommunicateswithanimalsintuitively,which,tosomeextent,revealstheecologicalthoughtthatallcreaturesarepartoftheintricateweboflife.Seeingtheturtlesswimmingnearhisboat,Santiagoshowshiskindfeelings.Inthebook,TheOldManandtheSea,thehero,Santiagoshowsrespectforthenatureandhealsoshowsrespectforthethoughtoftheanimals.Inhisopinion,theseaisfemaleforitisbeautifulandmild.Sheiskindandverybeautiful.Butshecanbesocruelanditcomessosuddenlyandsuchbirdsthatfly,dippingandhunting,withtheirsmallsadvoicesaremadetoodelicatelyforthesea.HealwaysthoughtoftheseaaslamarwhichiswhatpeoplecallherinSpanishwhentheyloveher.Sometimesthosewholovehersayhadthingsofherbuttheyarealwayssaidasthoughshewereawoman.Buttheoldmanalwaysthoughtofherasfeminineandassomethingthatgaveorwithheldgreatfavours,andifshedidwildorwickedthingsitwasbecauseshecouldnothelpthem.Themoonaffectsherasitdoesawoman,hethought.9ThepraiseSantiagogivestotheseashowshisdeepandcorrectunderstandingofthenature.Itnotonlyrevealshiscorrectrecognitionofthewildworld,butalsorespectshisloveforthewholeworld.Hemingwayusesthisroletoencourageustoprotectandlovethewholeworld.Inthemonologuethatisdescribedbelow,Santiagoexpandshisscopeofhisidentification.Heclaimsfraternitywithstarsonseveraloccasionsandjustifieshisneedtosleepbyconsideringthemoonandthesunandtheocean.Inotherwordsheextendshimselfintothecosmicrealm:I’mclearenoughinthehead,hethought.Tooclear.Iamasclearasthestarsthataremybrothers.StillImustsleep.Thesleepandthemoonandthesunsleepandeventheoceansleepssometimesoncertaindayswhenthereisnocurrentandaflatclam.10Thisborderidentificationunderscorestheunityofhumanlifewithnature.Anotherexampleofhisidentificationwithnatureishisviewandsenseofthesea.HemingwaysaysthatSantiagocanfeelthemorningcoming.ThissimplesentencecertainlytellsusmuchaboutSantiago.Weknowheisnostrangertothesea.Buttofeelthemorningcominginthedarknessoftheopenseacallsforclosenesswithnaturethatmostofusdonothave.B.Santiago’sAttitudeTowardsTurtles,BirdsandFishesSantiago’sLoveofTurtlesAfteranalyzinghisrespectofthesea,Iwillanalyzehisloveoftheanimals.Howabouthisattitudetowardstotheseaanimals?InHemingway’swriting,heusesturtles,littlefishesandothertypicalseaanimalstoexpresshisattitudes.Inthedarktheoldmancouldfeelthemorningcomingandasherowedheheardthetremblingsoundasflyingfishleftthewaterandthehissingthattheirstiffsetwingsmadeastheysoaredawayinthedarkness.Hewasveryfondofflyingfishastheywerehisprincipalfriendsontheocean.Hewassorryforthebirds,especiallythesmalldelicatedarkternsthatwerealwaysflyingandlookingandalmostneverfinding,andhethought,thebirdshaveaharderlifethanwedoexceptfortherobberbirdsandtheheavystrongones.11Turtlesarehisfriends,hedoesnotfearthem.Hisattitudetotheturtles:“Theturtlessawthem,approachedthemfromthefront,thenshuttheireyessotheywerecompletelycarapaceandatethemfilamentsandall.Theoldmanlovedtoseetheturtleseatthemandhelovedtowalkonthemonthebeachafterastormandhearthempopwhenhesteppedonthemwiththehornysolesofhisfeet.Helovedgreenturtlesandhawk-billswiththeireleganceandspeedandtheirgreatvalueandhehadafriendlycontemptforthehuge,stupidloggerheads,yellowintheirarmor-plating,strangeintheirlove-making,andhappilyeatingthePortuguesemen-of-warwiththeireyesshut.Hehadnomysticismaboutturtlesalthoughhehadgoneinturtleboatsformanyyears.Hewassorryforthemall,eventhegreattrunkbacksthatwereaslongastheskiffandweighedaton.”12Thoughturtlesarefrighteningtomanypeople;theoldmanstillshowsmercyandrespectforthem.Throughdetaileddescriptionofturtles,wecanfeeltheloveclearly.Mostpeopleareheartlessaboutturtlesbecauseaturtle'sheartwillbeatforhoursafterhehasbeencutupandbutchered.Buttheoldmanthought,Ihavesuchahearttooandmyfeetandhandsareliketheirs.Heatethewhiteeggstogivehimselfstrength.HeatethemallthroughMaytobestronginSeptemberandOctoberforthetrulybigfish.13InSantiago’sMercyonFishesandBirds2.1.Santiago’sMercyonBirdAstoanordinarybird,whatweusuallydoistoignoreitortokillit.However,intheworldofSantiago,heregardsbirdsasequal,too.Whenhemeetsaseabird,whathedoesistotalkwithit.Heworriesaboutthelittlebirds,forhethinksthatthebirdswillbefacedwithlotsofdangersinfindingfood.Hehopesthatbirdscanlivepeacefullyinthenestandbeprotectedbyothers.Thebirdmadethesternoftheboatandrestedthere.Thenheflewaroundtheoldman'sheadandrestedonthelinewherehewasmorecomfortable."Howoldareyou?"theoldmanaskedthebird."Isthisyourfirsttrip?"Thebirdlookedathimwhenhespoke.Hewastootiredeventoexaminethelineandheteeteredonitashisdelicatefeetgrippeditfast."It'ssteady,"theoldmantoldhim."It'stoosteady.Youshouldn'tbethattiredafterawindlessnight.Whatarebirdscomingto?""Takeagoodrest,smallbird,"hesaid."Thengoinandtakeyourchancelikeanymanorbirdorfish."Itencouragedhimtotalkbecausehisbackhadstiffenedinthenightandithurttrulynow."Stayatmyhouseifyoulike,bird,"hesaid."IamsorryIcannothoistthesailandtakeyouinwiththesmallbreezethatisrising.ButIamwithafriend."15Fromthesewords,wecanseethattheoldmanwouldliketostaywithanyspeciespeacefully,sohechoosestotalkwithbirdsortoshowmercyonthefishes.InthispartwecanfeelHemingway’sfeelingaboutnature,helovesthenaturedeeply.Byanalyzingthisnovel,wecanseethatthelifeinCubamakeshimrememberforever.2.2.HisLoveofPorpoisesandMarlinAfterdescribinghisfriendlinessoftheturtles,Hemingwaystresseshisopinion.HemingwaydescribesSantiago’sattitudetotheporpoises.Duringthenighttwoporpoisescamearoundtheboatandhecouldhearthemrollingandblowing.Hecouldtellthedifferencebetweentheblowingnoisethemalemadeandthesighingblowofthefemale."Theyaregood,"hesaid."Theyplayandmakejokesandloveoneanother.Theyareourbrothersliketheflyingfish."14Whatismore,Hemingwaywritedaboutcatchingonemarlin.Themaleletthefemalefishfeedfirstsothefemalewascaught.Whenthefemalehadbeenhooked,themalekeptswimmingaroundherexhaustedly.Duringtheprocess,themalecircledwiththefemaleallthetime.Then,whiletheoldmanwasclearingthelinesandpreparingtheharpoon,themalefishjumpedhighintotheairbesidetheboattoseewherethefemalewasandthenwentdowndeep,hislavenderwings,thatwerehispectoralfins,spreadwideandallhiswidelavenderstripesshowing.Hewasbeautiful,theoldmanremembered,andhehadstayed.ThatwasthesaddestthingIeversawwiththem,theoldmanthought.Theboywassadtooandwebeggedherpardonandbutcheredherpromptly.14Thesewordsnotonlyshowoldman’smercyonanimals,butalsoshowtheloveamonganimals.2.3.Santiago’sEqualitywithMarlininFightingSantiagoregardsthemarlinasequal.Hehopesthathecanfeedthefishandinhisview,thefishishisbrother.Tokillthefishisonlythewayformakingaliving.Hehastobearthesadnessofkillingtheso-calledbrothers.Theoldmanfeelsadeepempathywithandadmirationforthebigmarlin.Headmiresthecourageofthefishtoescape.“Howmanypeoplehewillfeed,hethought.Butaretheyworthytoeathim?No,ofcoursenot.Thereisnooneworthyofeatinghimfromthemannerofhisbehaviourandhisgreatdignity.”16Santiago’srespectforthesufferingmarlinissoprofoundthathebecomesonewithit.Thisempathyextendstheideaofkinshiptoincludeallformsoflife.Santiagosaysthatthemarlinistwoincheslongerthantheskiffandthemarliniscalm,strong,confidantandbrave.Intheprocessofcatchingthemarlin,Santiago’sequalitywiththemarlinpresentstothepeak.Whenheputallofhisefforton,startingitwelloutbeforethefishcamealongsideandpullingwithallhisstrength,thefishpulledpartwayoverandthenrightedhimselfandswamaway.Theoldmancallsthefishashisfriend.Santiago’sfinalstrugglewiththefishfurtherdevelopshisequalitywiththefish.Pullinginthecirclingfishexhaustshim,theannoyedoldfishermanthusexclaimsthatthefishisgoingtodieorbecaught.Inthesametime,inhismind,themarlinwillkillhim,too.Healsoknowsthatiftheyfightinthiswaybothofthemwilldie.Hismouthistoodrytospeakbuthecouldnotreachforthewaternow.Hethinksthathemustgethimalongsidethistime,hethought.Asforhisstrength,heisnotgoodformanymoreturns.Buthestillthinksthatheisagoodfishermanandthemarlinisagoodopponent.Fromthis,wecanseethattheoldmanadmirethemarlinthoughhehastokillhim.Onthenextturn,hehasnearlycaughthim.Butagainthefishrightshimselfandswimsslowlyaway.Themarlinisgoingtokillhim,theoldmanthought.Buthehasarightto.Neverhasheseenagreater,ormorebeautiful,oracalmerornoblerthingthanthemarlin,aso-calledbrother.Heevendoesnotcarewhokillswho,fortheyareequal.Inthisprocess,wecanseethatSantiagoregardthemarlinasequal.Someoneclaimsthat,inthisfighting,Santiagoshowshiscourage.However,indeepanalyzing,wecanseethatthisoldfishermandoesnotonlyshowhiscourage,butalsoshowsgreattendtowardsthehisenemy.Nobilityandequalitycharacterizestherelationshipbetweenhumanbeingsandnon-humanbeings.Santiagodeclaresthatthefishisnothisenemy,butanobleopponentandhisbrother.Itisinterestingthattheoldmandoesnotseemtocarewhokillswho.Insteadoftryingtodegradehisopponent,Santiagoelevateshim.Inhisview,humanbeingsshouldmakefriendswithotherspecieswhileinthemodernworld,humanbeingsthinkthatwecandefeateverything.Atlast,theoldmankilledthefish;meanwhile,thedeathofthefishkilledhim.Inordertosurvive,humanbeingshavetoobeytheruleofthesociety;unless,humanbeingsarekilledbysuchrules.Thisisthecomicofthenovel,Hemingwaystresseshisecologicalviewinthispart.Atthattime,Americawasgoingintomodernera.Humanbeingsbecamegreedier,forinordertoliveinabetterlife,theyneedmore.Animalswerekilledcruellyandthepollutionwasbroken.Hisgoalistonoticeusabouttheprecisenatureworld.Hemingwaywantsustopayattentiontotheordinaryfishes,birdsandthesea.Inhisview,ifwebreakthenatureworld,wewillkillourselves.3.Santiago’sEco-ethicsAfterkillingthemarlin,sharksareattracted.Evensharkscome,hepraisedtheshark.“HewasaverybigMakosharkbuilttoswimasfastasthefastestfishintheseaandeverythingabouthimwasbeautifulexcepthisjaws.Hisbackwasasblueasaswordfish'sandhisbellywassilverandhishidewassmoothandhandsome.”17InTheOldManandtheSea,Santiagoshowsrespectforallkindsoflives.Inthisnovel,wecanseethatSantiagoisofdeepeco-ethics.Somepeoplesaythatthefishexistonlyforhumanbeingstocatchanduse.Butwhataboutanimals’feelings,especiallywhentheyarehuntedandcaught?Dotheyhavefeelings?Santiagoisnotsuchapersonwhocaresnothingaboutanimals’feeling.Whentheoldmanhastokillthetunafish,heonly“hittheheadforkindness”18,whichclearlyimpliesRachaelCarson’smoralconsider-ability.Bothinflictingunnecessarysufferingandcausingunnecessarylossofnon-humanlifearemorallywrong.Carsonassertsthatafullyhumanbeingisahumanbeing,showingcompassionforthesufferingofothers.Santiagotrulyrealizedthatifhesimplyleftthefishinthebottomoftheskiff,itsdeathwouldbeprolonged.Theoldmanbit