高考英语 阅读分册

高考英语阅读分册

目录

第一部分篇章结构1~8

第二部分段落结构9~13

第三部分句子结构14-22

第四部分词汇23-29

第五部分阅读训练题30-79

第六部分历届高考阅读真题80-108

第七部分高级阅读精选109-126

第八部分完型填空练习题127-138

第九部分历届高考完型填空139-145

附录习题答案146-147

第一部分篇章结构

一、科普类文章

1.引出中心内容的方法

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(1)AbutBo

这个时候B是文章的中心。为了不让文章显得太突兀，一般会先讲A,即普通的内容(科普类

文章一般介绍的是我们不太熟悉的内容)。另外，A也有可能是一种欲扬先抑的写作手法，与B的

意思正好相反。

Mostanimalshavelittleconnectionwithanimalsofadifferentkind,unlesstheyhuntthemfor

food.Sometimes,however,twokindsofanimalscometogetherinapartnership(伙伴关系)

whichdoesgoodtobothofthem.Youmayhavenoticedsomebirdssittingonthebacksof

sheep.Thisisnotbecausetheywantaride,butbecausetheyfindeasyfoodintheparasites

(寄生虫)onsheep.Thesheepallowthebirdstodosobecausetheyremovethecauseof

discomfort.Soalthoughtheycanmanagewithouteachother,theydobettertogether.

Theideaoffightinganoisebymakingmorenoisesoundsstrange,butthafsexactlywhat

motorengineersaredoinginGermanyandsomeothercountries.

(2)用熟悉的事物作类比。

这是一种我们可以借鉴的写作方法。

Decision-thinkingisnotunlikepoker-itoftenmattersnotonlywhatyouthink,butalsowhat

othersthinkyouthinkandwhatyouthinktheythinkyouthink.Thementalprocessissimilar.

Naturally,thiscardgamehasoftenbeenofconsiderableinteresttopeoplewhoare,byany

standards,goodthinkers.

2.说明中心内容的方法

(高考文章以说明为主，在高级阅读考试中经常出现的议论文在高考中比较少见)

(1)举例说明。这是最常见的方法，除了我们熟悉的forexample,forinstance,suchas以外，

更主要的是在内容上的抽象程度的不同。例子总是说得很具体，比如说有数字，具体的人物、事

件等。有的时候，在事实和例子中间，还有一个具体说明的中间层次。

(2)讲原理

Car-maker5sresearchanddevelopmentlaboratorieshavealreadyprovedthatmixinginmore

noisewiththehelpofloudspeakerscanreducetheunwantednoise.

(3)讲好处(advantage)

Anothergoodthingabouttheusesofnoise-killingsystemsisthatitsavestheneedfora

silencer,whichnotonlyreducestheweightofacar,butalsomakesthemotorburnlessoiland

workbetter.

(4)讲问题(disadvantage)

Someengineersbelievethatthenoise-killingsystemwillbeusedinmostcarsin1996.But

thecarmakershaven*tdecidediftheywillputitintoproductionbecauseitwouldaddseveral

hundreddollarstothecostoftheircars.

(5)讲应用(application)

(6)分类说明：中心的两个方面

Therearetwotypesoffat:externalfat(fatunderskin)andinternalfat(fatinsidethebodywall).

Doctors,whohavebeenexaminingtherelationshipbetweenhealthandfatness,havefound

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thatthe“pears"havelessinternalfat,butthe“apples"havemoreinternalfatthanexternalfat.

Thisseemstobewhatcausesthehealthproblems.

（7）强对比说明

Onemistakenideaaboutbusinessisthatitcanbetreatedasagameofperfectinformation.

Quitethereverse.Business,politics,lifeitselfaregameswhichwemustnormallyplaywithvery

imperfectinformation.Businessdecisionsareoftenmadewithmanyunknownandunknowable

factorswhichwouldevenpuzzlebestpokerplayers.Butfewbusinesspeoplefinitcomfortable

toadmitthattheyaretakingachance,andmanystillprefertobelievethattheyareplaying

chess,notpoker.

二、社会观点类文章

这一类文章比较高级，所以在高考中出现得很少。

Computerpeopletalkalotabouttheneedforotherpeopletobecome“computer-literate.”

Butnotallexperts（专家）agreethatthisisagoodidea.

Onepioneer,inparticular,whodisagreesisDavidTebbutt,thefounderofComputertownUK.

Althoughmanypeopleseethisasasuccessfulattempttobringpeopleclosertothecomputer,

Daviddoesnotseeitthatway.HesaysthatComputertownUKwasformedforjusttheopposite

reason,tobringcomputerstopeopleandmakethem"people-literate.n

DavidTebbuttthinksComputertownsaremostsuccessfulwhentiedtoacomputerclubbut

heinsiststhereisanimportantdifferencebetweenthetwo.Theclubsareforpeoplewhohave

somecomputerknowledgealready.Thisfrightensawaynon-experts,whoarehappiergoingto

Computertownswheretherearecomputersforthemtoexperimenton,withexpertsto

encouragethemandansweranyquestionstheyhave.Theyarenottoldwhattodo,theyfind

out.Thecomputerexpertshavetolearnnottotellpeopleaboutcomputers,buthavetobeable

toanswerallquestionspeopleask.Peopledon'thavetolearncomputerterms（术语）,butthe

expertshavetoexplaininplainlanguage.Thecomputersarebecoming"people-literate/*

三、社会问题类文章

1.引出问题：某一部作品中的观点

OlafStapledonwroteabookcalledFirstandLastMen,inwhichhelookedmillionsofyears

ahead.Hetoldofdifferentmenandofstrangecivilizations,brokenupbylong*darkages*in

between.Inhisview,whatiscalledthepresenttimeisnomorethanamomentinhumanhistory

andwearejustheFirstMen.In2,000millionyearsnowtherewillbetheEighteenthorLast

Men.

However,mostofourideasaboutthefuturearereallyveryshort-sighted.Perhapswecansee

somepossibilitiesforthenextfiftyyears.Butthenexthundred?Thenextthousand?Thenext

million?Thafsmuchmoredifficult.

2.解决问题的重要性

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Sowhybothereventotryimagininglifefarinthefuture?Herearetworeasons.First,

unlesswerememberhowshortourownlivesarecomparedwiththewholehumanhistory,we

arelikelytothinkourowninterestsaremuchmoreimportantthantheyreallyare.Ifwemake

theearthapoorplacetoliveonbecausewearecarelessorgreedyorquarrelsome,our

grandchildrenwillnotbothertothinkofexcusesforus.

Second,bytryingtoescapefrompresentinterestsandimaginelifefarinthefuture,wemay

arriveatquitefreshideasthatwecanuseourselves.Forexample,ifweimaginethatinthe

futuremenmaygiveupfarming,wecanthinkoftryingitnow.Sosetyourimaginationfree

whenyouthinkaboutthefuture.

3.解决问题

Manycitiesaroundtheworldtodayareheavilypolluted.Carelessmethodsofproduction

andlackofconsumerdemandforenvironment（环境）friendlyproductshavecontributedtothe

pollutionproblem.Oneresultisthatmillionsoftonsofglass,paper,plastic,andmetal

containersareproduced,andthesearedifficulttogetridof.

However,today,moreandmoreconsumersarechoosing“green”anddemandingthatthe

productstheybuyshouldbesafefortheenvironment.Beforetheybuyaproduct,theyask

questionslikethese:uWillthisshampoodamagetheenvironment?"uCanthismetalcontainer

bereusedorcanitonlybeusedonce?”

Arecentstudyshowedthattwooutoffiveadultsnowconsidertheenvironmentalsafetyof

aproductbeforetheybuyit.Thismeansthatcompaniesmustnowchangethewaytheymake

andselltheirproductstomakesurethattheyare"green,"thatis,friendlytotheenvironment.

Onlyafewyearsago,itwasimpossibletofindgreenproductsinSupermarkets,butnow

therearehundreds.Somesupermarketproductcoplabels（标签）toshowthattheproductis

green.Somecompanieshavemadethemanufacturing（生产）ofcleanandsafeproductstheir

mainsellingpointandemphasizeitintheiradvertising.

四、社会现象类文章

1.社会现象的引出：具体的例子，话语，奇特之处，A影响B。

AllangoeseverywherewithBirgittaAnderson,a54-year-oldsecretary.Hemovesaround

herofficeatworkandgoesshoppingwithher.nMostpeopledon'tseentomindAllan,"says

Birgitta,whothinksheiswonderful."He'smyfourthchild,*'shesays.Shemaythinkofhimand

treathimthatway,buyinghisfood,payinghishealthbillsandhistaxes,butinfactAllanisa

dog.

BirgittaandAllanliveinSwede,acountywhereeveryoneisexpectedtoleadanorderlylife

accordingtoruleslaiddownbythegovernment,whichalsoprovides（提供）ahighlevelofcare

foritspeople.Thislevelofcarecostsmoney./

BettyandHaroldhavebeenmarriedforMrs.Butonethingstillpuzzles（困扰）oldHarold.

HowisitthathecanleaveBettyandherfriendJoansittingonthesofa,talking,goouttoa

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bailgame,comebackthreeandahalfhourslater,andthey*restillsittingonthesofa?Talking?

Whatintheworld,Haroldwonders,dotheyhavetotalkabout?

Bettyshrugs.Talk?We'refriends.

Researchingthismattercalledfriendship,psychologistLillianRubinspenttwoyears,

interviewingmorethantwohundredwomenandmen.Nomatterwhattheirage,theirjob,their

sex,theresultswerecompletelyclear:womenhavemorefriendshipsthanmen,andthe

differenceinthecon-tentandthequalityofthosefriendshipsis"markedandunmistakable.7

Maybeten-year-oldElizabethputitbestwhenshesaidtoherfather,MBut,Dad,youcan't

behealthyifyou'redead.*'

Dad,inahurrytogethomebeforedarksohecouldgoforarun,hadforgottentowearhis

safetybelt-amistake75%oftheUSpopulationmakeeveryday.Thebigquestioniswhy./

Whenagroupofchildrenpolitelystopaconversationwithyou,saying:*'Wehavetogoto

worknow,"you'releftfeelingsurprisedandcertainlyuneasy.Afterall,thisisthe1990sandthe

ideaofchildrenworkingisjustunthinkable.Thatis,untilyouaretoldthattheyareallpupilsof

stageschools,andthatthe"work"theygoofftoistogoonthestageinatheatre./

Americaisgrowingolder.Fiftyyearsago,only4outofevery100peopleintheUnited

Stateswere65orolder.Today,10outofevery100Americansareover65.Theagingofthe

populationwillaffect（影响）Americansocietyinmanyways-education,medicine,andbusiness.

Quietly,thegrayingofAmericahasmadeusaverydifferentsociety-oneinwhichpeoplehave

aquitedifferentideaofwhatkindofbehavior（行为）issuitable（合适）atvariousages.

2.说明的方法

（1）举例

Aspricesandbuildingcostskeeprising,the"do-it-yourself*（DIY）trend（趋势）intheU.S.

continuestogrow.

*'Weneededfurniture（家具）forourlivingroom,"saysJohnRoss,"andwejustdidn'thave

enoughmoneytobuyit.Sowedecidedtotrymakingafewtablesandchairs.'*Johngotmarried

sixmonthsago,andlikemanyyoungpeoplethesedays,theyarestrugglingtomakeahomeat

atimewhenthecostoflivingisveryhigh.TheRossestooka2-weekcoursefor$280atanight

school.Nowtheybuildalltheirfurnitureandmakerepairsaroundthehouse.

JimHatfield...

（2）中心的一个侧面

...Thatis,untilyouaretoldthattheyareallpupilsofstageschools,andthatthe"work"they

goofftoistogoonthestageinatheatre.

Stageschoolsoftenactasagencies（代理机构）tosupplychildrenforstageandtelevision

work...

Avisittosuchschoolswillleaveyouinnodoubtthatthechildrenenjoythemselves.../

Researchingthismattercalledfriendship,psychologistLillianRubin...thedifferenceinthe

contentandthequalityofthosefriendshipsis"markedandunmistakable.”

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Morethantwo-thirdsofthesinglemenRubininterviewedcouldnotnameabestfriend...

“Ingeneral,"writesRubininhernewbook,“women'sfriendshipswitheachotherreston

sharedemotionsandsupport,butmen'srelationshipsaremarkedbysharedactivities.”

"Evenwhenamanissaidtobeabestfriend,"Rubinwrites,"thetwosharelittleabouttheir

innermostfeelings...

(3)解释原因

...Thebigquestioniswhy.

Therehavebeenmanymythsaboutsafetybeltseversincetheirfirstappearanceincars

somefortyyearsago.Thefollowingarethreeofthemostcommon.

MythNumberOne...

(4)评价

Whilemostpeopleuselittlewhiteliestomakelifeeasier,themajorityofAmericanscare

abouthonestyinbothpublicandpersonallife.Theysaythatpeopletodayarelesshonestthan

theyweretenyearsago.Althoughitisbelievedthatthingsaregettingworse,lyingseemstobe

anage-oldhumanproblem.Frenchphilosopher(哲学家)Vauvenarges,writingintheeighteenth

century,touchedonthetruthwhenhewrote,"Allmenareborntruthfulanddieliars(说谎者)

(5)存在的问题

Theschoolsthemselvesadmitthatnotallchildrenwillbesuccessfulintheprofessionfor

whichtheyarebeingtrained.Sowhathappenstothosewhodon'tmakeit?Whilealltheleading

schoolssaytheyplacegreatimportanceonchildrengettinggoodstudyresults,thefactsseem

tosuggestthisisnotalwaysthecase.

(6)排比说明

Aperson'sagenolongertellsyouanythingabouthis/hersocialposition,marriageorhealth.

There'snolongeraparticularyearinwhichonegoestoschoolorgoestoworkorgetsmarried

orstartsafamily.Thesocialclockthatkeptusontimeandtolduswhentogotoschool.It

doesn'tsurpriseustohearofa29-year-olduniversitypresidentora35-year-oldgrandmother,

ora70-year-oldmanwhohasbecomeafatherforthefirsttime.Publicideasarechanging.

五、事件类文章

(包括历史事件，日常事件，灾祸，轶事)。关键是找时间点。没有时间点的找最特殊的地方。

ThereportcametotheBritishonMay21,1941.GermanbattleshipBismarck,themost

powerfulwarshipintheworld,wasmovingoutintotheAtlanticOcean.Hertask:todestroythe

shipscarryingsuppliesfromtheUnitedStatestowar-tornEngland.

TheBritishhadfearedsuchatask.NowarshiptheyhadcouldmatchtheBismarckinspeed

orinfirepower.TheBismarckhadeight15-inchgunsand81smallerguns.Shecouldmoveat

30nauticalmiles(海里)anhour.Shewasbelievedtobeunsinkable.

However,theBritishhadtosinkher.Theysentoutataskforceheadedbytheirbest

battleshipHoodtohuntdowntheBismarck.OnMay24,theHoodfoundtheBismarck.

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ItwasameetingthattheGermancommanderLuetjensdidnotwanttosee.Hisorderswere

todestroytheBritishshipsthatwerecarryingsupplies,buttostayawayfromafightwithBritish

warships.

Thebattledidn'tlastlong.TheBismarck*sfirsttorpedo（鱼雷）hittheHood,whichwentdown

takingallbutthreeofher1,419menwithher.

Butinthefight,theBismarckwasslightlydamaged（损坏）.Hercommanderdecidedtorun

forrepairstoFrance,whichhadatthattimebeentakenbytheGermans.TheBritishforce

followedher.However,becauseoftheBismarck'sspeedandtheheavyfog,theylostsightof

her.

Fortwodays,everyBritishshipintheAtlantictriedtofindtheBismarck,butwithnosuccess.

Finally,shewassightedbyaplanefromIreland.TryingtoslowtheBismarckdownsothattheir

shipscouldcatchupwithher,theBritishfiredatherfromtheair.TheBismarckwashit.

OnthemorningofMay27,thelastbattlewasfought.FourBritishshipsfiredonthe

Bismarck,andshewasfinallysunk./

Wewalkedinsoquietlythatthenurseatthedeskdidn'tevenlifthereyesfromthebook.

MumpointedatabigchairbythedoorandIknewshewantedmetositdown.WhileIwatched

mouthopeninsurprise,Mumtookoffherhatandcoatandgavethemtometohold.She

walkedquietlytothesmallroombytheliftandtookoutawetmop.Shepushedthemoppast

thedeskandasthenurselookedup,Mumnoddedandsaid,nVerydirtyfloors."

"Yes,Tmgladthey'vefinallydecidedtocleanthem,"thenurseanswered.Shelookedat

Mumstrangelyandsaid,HButaren'tyouworkinglate?'*

Mumjustpushedharder,eachswipe（拖•下）ofthemoptakingherfartherandfarther

downthehall.Iwatcheduntilshewasoutofsightandthenursehadturnedbacktowritingin

thebigbook.

AfteralongtimeMumcameback.Hereyeswereshining.Shequicklyputthemopback

andtookmyhand.Asweturnedtogooutofthedoor,Mumbowedpolitelytothenurseandsaid,

,'Thankyou."

Outside,Mumtoldme:*'Dagmarisfine.Nofever."

"Yousawher,Mum?"

“Ofcourse.Itoldheraboutthehospitalrules,andshewillnotexpectusuntiltomorrow.

Dadwillstopworryingaswell.Ifsafinehospital.Butsuchfloors!Amopisnogood.Youneeda

brush."

六、事物类文章

1.旧事物：注意与现在事物的不同之处

In19thcenturyEnglandpeoplelikedtogototheseaside.Inthosedays,ladiesworelong

bathingdresses,andmenworebathingsuits...

2.新事物

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(1)引出新事物

Excusedfromrecyclingbecauseyouliveinahighrisewitharubbishchute?Youwon'tbe

forlong.Miami'sMarkShantzishasmadeitsimpleforthoselivingintallbuildingstousethe

chuteandrecycletoo./

Holidaymakerswhoareboredwithbakingbeachesandoverheatedhotelroomsheadfora

bigigloo.SwedishbusinessmanNileBergqvistisdelightedwithhisnewhotel,theworld'sfirst

igloohotel.

(2)结构或原理(怎么造的)

Sixworkmenspentmorethaneightweekspiling1,000tonsofsnowontoawoodenbase;

whenthesnowfroze,thebasewasremoved.

(3)优势(advantage)

Thepopularityoftheiglooisbeyonddoubt:itisnowattractingtouristsfromalloverthe

world.

3.事物的起源：找时间点，注意转折之处。

Today,rollerskatingiseasyandfun.Butalongtimeago,itwasn'teasyatall.Before1750,

theideaofskatingdidn*texist.ThatchangedbecauseofamannamedJosephMerlin.Merlin*s

workwasmakingmusicalinstruments.Inhissparetimebelikedtoplaytheviolin.Joseph

Merlinwasamanofideasanddreams.Peoplecalledhimadreamer.

OnedayMerlinreceivedaninvitationtoattendafancydressball(化装舞会).Hewasvery

pleasedandalittleexcited.Asthedayofthepartycamenear,Merlinbegantothinkhowto

makeagrandentranceattheparty.Hehadanidea.Hethoughthewouldgetalotofattentionif

hecouldskateintotheroom.

Merlintrieddifferentwaystomakehimselfroll.Finally,hedecidedtoputtwowheelsunder

eachshoe.Thesewerethefirstrollerskates.Merlinwasveryproudofhisinventionand

dreamedofarrivingatthepartyonwheelswhileplayingtheviolin.

OnthenightofthepartyMerlinrolledintotheroomplayinghisviolin.Everyonewas

astonishedtoseehim.Therewasjustoneproblem.Merlinhadnowaytostophisrollerskates.

Herolledonandon.Suddenly,heranintoahugemirrorthatwashangingonthewall.Downfell

themirror,breakingtopiece.NobodyforgotMerlin'sgrandentranceforalongtime.

七、新闻报道类文章：抓住报道主体。

JINTAN,JIANGSU:The20students-18boysand2girls-hadathousandreasonstobe

proudofthemselves.Theyhadjustclimbedtheirwaytothetoprung(阶梯)outof4million

studentstakingpartintheFifthNationalHuaLuogengGoldGupMathematicsContest(竞赛)

onTuesdayevening.

The20goldmedalwinnersareallprimaryandmiddleschoolstudentsundertheageof

14.“Maryoftheproblemsareofcollegelevelandthesepupilscanfigurethemout.Itisjust

unbelievable!**saidateacherfromGuangdongprovince.

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NamedafterChina'smostfamousmathematician,HuaLuogeng,theconteststartedin

1986,oneyearafterhisdeath.Inlessthan10years,ithasbeenrecognisedbytheState

EducationCommission（国家教委）asthecountry'sbiggestandbestcontestofitskind.

八、应用文和说明文：安排，广告，介绍，产品说明。

九、其他可能出现的文章类型：

1.人物（抓住人物生平发生的几件大事）

2.地理

3.节日

4.风俗和社会文化

第二部分段落结构

一、引子-主题型

1.AalsoB结构，重点一般在B上。

MostofthediaryisarecordofbigeventsinPhiladelphia.ItalsoincludesadescriptionofBritish

soldiersburningWashington,D.C.inthewarof1812.ShedescribesPresidentJamesMadison

onhorsebackas“perfectlyshakingwithfearnduringthetroubleddays.GeorgeWashington,

shewrites,mistookherforthewifeofaFrenchman,andpraisedherexcellentEnglish.

2.AbutB结构，这种结构数量甚多，一般来说B是本段的重点。

AllangoeseverywherewithBirgittaAnderson,a54-year-oldsecretary.Hemovesaroundher

officeatworkandgoesshoppingwithher.MMostpeopledon'tseentomindAllan,'*saysBirgitta,

whothinksheiswonderful."He'smyfourthchild,"shesays.Shemaythinkofhimandtreathim

thatway,buyinghisfood,payinghishealthbillsandhistaxes,butinfactAllanisadog./

Theideaoffightinganoisebymakingmorenoisesoundsstrange,butthafsexactlywhatmotor

engineersaredoinginGermanyandsomeothercountries./

Computerpeopletalkalotabouttheneedforotherpeopletobecome"computer-literate.”But

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notallexperts（专家）agreethatthisisagoodidea./

IfyouaskpeopletonametheonepersonwhohadthegreatesteffectontheEnglishlanguage,

youwillgetanswerslike"Shakespeare,M"SamuelJohnson,"and"Webster,"butnoneofthese

menhadanyeffectatallcomparedtoamanwhodidn'tevenspeakEnglish-Williamthe

Conqueror./

Thebesttreatmentforfatnessistoreducetheinternalfat.Butunfortunatelyitseemsthat

dietingsimplymakes.../

Someengineersbelievethatthenoise-killingsystemwillbeusedinmostcarsin1996.But

thecarmakershaven'tdecidediftheywillputitintoproductionbecauseitwouldaddseveral

hundreddollarstothecostoftheircars./

DavidTebbuttthinksComputertownsaremostsuccessfulwhentiedtoacomputerclubbuthe

insiststhereisanimportantdifferencebetweenthetwo./

Holidaymakerswhoareboredwithbakingbeachesandoverheatedhotelroomsheadforabig

igloo.SwedishbusinessmanNileBergqvistisdelightedwithhisnewhotel,theworld*sfirstigloo

hotel.BuiltinasmalltowninLapland,ithasbeenattractinglotsofvisitors,butsoonthefunwill

beover.*/

Whenmenandwomenlivedbyhunting50,000yearsago,howcouldtheyevenbegintopicture

modernlife?Yettomenof50,000yearsfromnow,wemayseemasprimitiveinourideasas

theStone-Agehuntersdotous.Perhapstheywillspendtheirdaysgollockingtomakenew

spundels,orstrugglingwiththeirballalatorsthroughthecribe.Thesewords,whichIhavejust

madeup,havetostandforthingsandideasthatwesimplycan*tthinkof./

Today,rollerskatingiseasyandfun.Butalongtimeago,itwasn'teasyatall.Before1750,the

ideaofskatingdidn'texist.ThatchangedbecauseofamannamedJosephMerlin.Merlin's

workwasmakingmusicalinstruments.Inhissparetimebelikedtoplaytheviolin.Joseph

Merlinwasamanofideasanddreams.Peoplecalledhimadreamer./

Mostanimalshavelittleconnectionwithanimalsofadifferentkind,unlesstheyhuntthemfor

food.Sometimes,however,twokindsofanimalscometogetherinapartnership（伙伴关系）

whichdoesgoodtobothofthem./

4.A意味着B,重点在B上。

Arecentstudyshowedthattwooutoffiveadultsnowconsidertheenvironmentalsafetyofa

productbeforetheybuyit.Thismeansthatcompaniesmustnowchangethewaytheymake

andselltheirproductstomakesurethattheyare“green,“thatis,friendlytotheenvironment.

5.背景和主题。

Inthe1930s,alotofpeopleintheUSAwereoutofwork.Amongthesepeoplewasaman

namedAlfredButts.He...

6.具体例子和抽象现象。

Threeliesinoneday!YetDickSpivakisjustanordinaryman.Eachtime,hetoldhimselfthat

sometimesthetruthcausestoomanyproblems.Mostofustellmuchthesamewhitelies,

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harmlessuntruthsthathelptosavetrouble.Howoftendowetellwhitelies?

二、总-分型

1.评价（现实）和解释

Physicistshaveknownaboutthetechniqueforalongtime.Soundismadeupofpressure

wavesintheair.Iftwosoundwaves.../

PeopleinSwedenpaytaxesoneverything,soaren'tsurprisedtofindthatowningadogmeans

yetmoretaxes.Somepeoplearepayingasmuchas500Swedishkronorintaxesayearforthe

righttokeeptheirdog,moneythatisspentbythegovernmentondoghospitalsandsometimes

medicaltreatmentforadogthatfallsill.

2.整体和侧面

Mostofustellmuchthesamewhitelies,harmlessuntruthsthathelptosavetrouble.Howoften

dowetellwhitelies?Itdependsinpartonourage,education,andevenwherewelive./

ThegreatmathematicianJohnwonNeumannwasoneofthefoundersofgametheory.In

particular,heshowedthatallgamesfallintotwoclasses:

3.总述和分述

Onlyafewyearsago,itwasimpossibletofindgreenproductsinSupermarkets,butnowthere

arehundreds.Somesupermarketproductscoplabels（标签）toshowthattheproductisgreen.

Somecompanieshavemadethemanufacturing（生产）ofcleanandsafeproductstheirmain

sellingpointandemphasizeitintheiradvertising./

Thepopularityoftheiglooisbeyonddoubt:itisnowattractingtouristsfromallovertheworld.At

least800peoplehavestayedattheigloothisseasoneventhoughthereareonly10rooms.

“Youcangetalotofpeoplein,"explainsBergqvist."Thebedsarethreemeterswidebytwo

meterslong,andcanfitatleastfouratonetime.7

Fatonhumanbeingsisdistributedindifferentways.Somefatpeoplehavealargestomach

andonwaistline-whichmakesthemlookround,ratherlikeapples.Othersarefatterbelow

thewaist,whichmakesthemappearpear-shaped./

However,today,moreandmoreconsumersarechoosing“green"anddemandingthatthe

productstheybuyshouldbesafefortheenvironment.Beforetheybuyaproduct,theyask

questionslikethese:"Willthisshampoodamagetheenvironment?”“Canthismetalcontainer

bereusedorcanitonlybeusedonce?7

“Itwasthebestnightwe'veeverhad,“saidAngelaCarraro,whorunsanItalianrestauranton

42ndstreet.<4Wehadlotsofcandlesonthetablesandthewaiterswerecarryingcandlesontheir

trays.Theplacewasfull--andallnight,infact,forafterwehadclosed,weletthepeoplestay

onandspendthenightthere/1

三、分-总型

（这类结构是中国人的习惯，因此在英语文章中很少。）

高