跨文化交际-unit1-6-课后translation中英对照

Unit1Page22The

growth

of

intercultural

communication

as

a

field

of

study

is

based

on

a

view

of

history

that

clearly

demonstrates

people

and

cultures

have

been

troubled

by

a

persistent

inability

to

understand

and

get

along

with

groups

and

societies

removed

by

space,

ideology,

appearance,

and

behavior

from

their

own.

What

is

intriguing

about

many

of

human

civilization's

failure

is

that

they

appear

to

be

personal

as

well

as

global.

The

story

of

humankind

is

punctuated

with

instances

of

face-to-face

conflicts

as

well

as

international

misunderstanding--major

and

minor

quarrels

that

range

from

simple

name-calling

to

isolationism

or

even

armed

conflict.

It

is

obvious

that

increased

contact

with

other

cultures

and

subcultures

makes

it

imperative

for

us

to

make

a

concerted

effort

to

get

along

with

and

to

try

to

understand

people

whose

beliefs

and

backgrounds

may

be

vastly

different

from

our

own.

The

ability,

through

increased

awareness

and

understanding,

to

peacefully

coexist

with

people

who

do

not

necessarily

share

our

lifestyles

or

values

could

benefit

us

not

only

in

our

own

neighborhoods

but

could

be

the

decisive

factor

in

maintaining

world

peace.

纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为

举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为

一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多

挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的

误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。

很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有

着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方

式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平

的决定性因素。Unit2Page60Cultureissometimesreferredtoasourmentalprogramming，our“softwareofthemind.”Butwecantakethatcomputeranalogyfurtherandsaythatcultureistheoperatingenvironmentthatenablessoftwareprogramstorun.CultureislikeDOSorUnixorWindows：itiswhatenablesustoprocessinformationinvariousspecificapplication.Themetaphorofwindowsseemstobeveryappealingtodescribeculture:cultureisamentalsetofwindows

throughwhichalloflifeisviewed.Itvariousfromindividualtoindividualwithinasociety,butitsharesimportantcharacteristicswithmenbersofasociety.Cultureislikethewaterfishswimin┄arealitythatistakenforgrantedandrarelyexamined.itisintheairwebreathandisasnecessarytoourunderstandingofwhoweareasairistoourphysicallife.Cultureisthepropertyofacommunityofpeople,notsimplyacharacteristicofindividuals.Societiesareprogrammedbyculture,andthatprogrammingcomesfromsimilarlifeexperiencesandsimilarinterpretationsofwhatthoseexperiencesmean.Ifcultureismentalprogramming,itisalsoamentalmapofreality.Ittellsusfromearlychildhoodwhatmatters,whattoprefer,whattoavoid,andwhattodo.Culturealsotellsuswhatoughttobe.Itgivesusassumptionsabouttheidealbeyondwhatindividualsmayexperience.Ithelpsusinsittingpriorities.Itestablishescodesforbehaviorandprovidesjustificationandlegitimizationforthatbehavior.文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，我们“头脑的软件”。但是，我们可以进一步引申

这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的

DOS

或者

Unix

或者

“视窗”（Windows）等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信

息。

用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它

我们审视生活的方方面面。一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的，但都有着一些重要的

共同特征。

文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，因

而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物

是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的

特征。社会按照文化设定的程序运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验

之含义的相似阐释。

如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始，文化

就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么，文化还告诉我们事物应该是什

么样。文化为我们提供超越个体经验可能的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人或事。

文化为我们建立起行为准则，并视遵守这些准则的行为为正当、合法。Unit3Page96Althougheachofushasauniquesetofvalues,therealsoarevaluesthattendtopermeateaculture.Thesearecalledculturalvalues.Culturalvaluesgenerallyarenormativeinthattheyinformamemberofaculturewhatisgoodandbad,rightandwrong,trueandfalse,positiveandnegative,andthelike.Culturevaluesdefinewhatisworthwhiletodiefor,whatisworthprotecting,whatfrightenspeopleandtheirsocialsystems,whatareconsideredpropersubjectsforstudyandforridicule,andwhattypesofeventsleadindividualstogroupsolidarity.Culturevaluesalsospecifywhatbehaviorsareofimportanceandwhichshouldbeavoidedwithinaculture.Valuesrepresentalearnedorganizationofrulesformakingchoicesandforresolvingconflicts.Thevaluesheldbyparticipantsininterculturalcommunicationareimportantbecausevaluesdevelopstandardsandguidelinesthatestablishappropriateandinappropriatebehaviorsinasociety.Values,inotherwords,helpdeterminehowpeopleoughttobehavewiththeresultthatpeoplewillexhibitandexpectbehaviorsaccordingtotheirvaluesystems.Totheextentthatculturevaluesystemsdiffer,wemayexpectthatinterculturalcommunicationparticipantswilltendtoexhibitandtoexpectdifferentbehaviorsundersimilarcircumstances.虽然，我们每个人都有各自一套独特的价值观，但在每一文化里，总有弥漫于整个文化

之中的普遍的价值观。这些被称作文化价值观

文化价值观通常是规范性的，它使文化的成员知道什么是好的和坏的、什么是正确的和

错误的、什么是真的和假的、什么是积极的和消极的，等等。文化价值规定了什么是值得为

之性对于表达的看法往往不同：前者

倾向于直接明了，后者则倾向于间接委婉。女性觉得不用直接问就知道她想要什么是很重要

的。男性则觉得，如果女性能爽快地告诉他怎样做才能让她高兴就再好不过了。Unit6Page215Non-verbalcommunicationmightbethoughtofasanyformofcommunicationwhichisnotdirectlydependentontheuseoflanguage.Generallyspeaking,however,it’salittledifficulttoknowwheretoseparateverbalandnon-verbalformsofcommunication.Suchnon-verbalaspectsofcommunicationsasnoddingtheheadmostoftenaccompanyspeechandarepartandparceloftheverbalsystemoflanguageuse.Ontheotherhandsuchformsofcommunicationasdanceandmusicoftenhavenoverbalcomponentatall.Whatwewanttodohereissimplytocallattentiontothefactthatmanyaspectsofhumaninteractiondependuponformsofcommunicationwhichcannotbeeasilytranscribedintowordsandyetarecrucialtoourunderstandingofeachother.Ofcoursewehavetoemphasizetheimportanceofcommunicationalsotakesplacewithoutthewriting,andyet