雅思阅读高分突破长难句100解析

Astheirnamesuggests,stepwellscompriseaseriesofstonestepsdescendingfromgroundleveltothewatersource(normallyanundergroundaquifer)asitrecedesfollowingtherain.stepwelln.well并不是“棒”的意思，⽽是名词的含义“井”，step不是阶段，⽽是阶梯的descendv.1togoorcomedown"descend",v下来，下降；遗传下来 参：ascend（v上升）"descendant",n后 Thepathdescendedsteeplyintothevalley.2liryIfdarknessornightdescends, esdarkanddaychangestonight.（暮⾊）降临aquifern.蓄⽔层，含⽔层 tomovefurtherawayintothedistance,orto elessclearorlessbright逐渐远离；变得模Astheboatpickedupspeed,thecoastlinerecededintothedistanceuntilfinallyitbecameThepainfulmemoriesgraduallyrecededinhermind.痛苦的逐渐在她脑海中变得淡漠了。Stepwellscompriseaseriesofstonesteps，这是⼀个典型的主谓宾结构。1主⼲前由as引导了⼀个状语从句，其中注意as意思是正如，suggest2descendingfromgroundleveltothewatersource(normallyanundergroundaquifer)it⼀般指前⾯离it最近的单数名词，于是it是什么很明显了，是watersourceButperhapsthemostimpressivefeaturesaretheintricatedecorativesculpturesthatembellishmanystepwells,showingactivitiesfromfightinganddancingtoeverydayactssuchaswomancombingtheirhairorchurningbutter.翻译：但最令⼈印象深刻的,,Thewatchmechanismisextremelyintricateandverydifficulttorepair.⼿表的机械结构⾮常复杂embellishv.装饰，修饰；给…tomakesomethingmorebeautifulorinterestingbyaddingsomethingtoit.这个单词和decorate很像，区别在于embellish装点的东西，⼀般⽐较⼩。看例句：Theceilingwasembellishedwithflowersandleaves.天花板上装饰着花和叶。churnvt.搅拌制造（奶油等）Butperhapsthemostimpressivefeaturesaretheintricatedecorative主⼲后⾯连接了⼀个that引导的限定性定语从句thatembellishmanystepwells中的fromfightinganddancingtoeverydayactssuchas…,有些迷惑。其实，这中间是⼀个from…to…的结构，同时，from了2个东西，⼀个是fighting，⼀个是dancing。这样就很明确Itactuallyresemblesa(kundmeansreservoirorpond)ratherthanawell,butdisysthehallmarksofstepwellarchitecture,includingfoursidesofstepsthatdescendtothebottominastunninggeometricalformation.(kund的意思是⽔池或⽔塘)⽽不是⽔井,但它具备阶梯井的特征:四⾯都是台阶,以⼀种绝妙的⼏何排列延伸到底部。resemblev.like（像）简直是屡考不reservoirn.蓄⽔池;贮液器;hallmarkn.特点，标志;geometricala.⼏何的，⼏何学的;geometryn.⼏何学geo（earth/⼟地）+metry（tomeasure/测量）Geometryisoneofhismostfavouritesubjects.geographyn.Geographyisthestudyoftheworld’scespopulation.地理主要研究世界的地理位置和⼈⼜geologyn.Hissonspecializesingeology.geopoliticsn.Inacademiccircle,thestudyofgeopoliticsinvolvestheysisofgeography,historyandsocialscience.在学术领域，地缘政治学的研究还涉及对地理、历史和社会科学的分析。geomagnetica.ThelastgeomagneticreversalforEarthwasabout780,000yearsago.地球上最后⼀次地磁倒转⼤Itactuallyresembles (kundmeansreservoirorpond)ratherthanawell,butdisyshallmarksofstepwell 继续⼀个ving现在分词引导的补充部分。includingfoursidesof在includingfoursidesofstepsthatdescendtothebottominastunninggeometrical最后，很多同学的翻译中错误点在于对in的理解，in这⾥是以…的⽅式，所以是“⼏何⽅式”Downthecenturies,thousandsofwellswereconstructedthroughoutnorthwestern,butthemajorityhavenowfallenintodisuse;manyarederelictanddry,asgroundwaterhasbeendivertedforindustrialuseandthewellsnolongerreachthewatertable.翻译：⼏个世纪以来,⼈们在西北部地区修建了数千座阶梯井,但现在绝⼤多数已经废弃derelictadjdescribesbuildingsorcesthatarenotcaredforandareinbadcondition失修的，破aderelictsiteThetheatrehasbeenlefttostand/liederelict.diverttocausesomethingorsomeonetochangedirectionTrafficwillbedivertedthroughthesidestreetswhilethemainroadisresurfaced.这条主⼲道重铺tousesomethingforadifferentpurpose将…⽤于其他⽬的；改变…Shouldmorefunds/money/resourcesbedivertedfromroadsintorailways?是否应该将的资thousandsofwellswereconstructedthroughoutnorthwestern,butthemajorityhavenowfallenintodisuse;manyarederelictanddry,今天的主⼲部分⾮常的长，我们分解来看看。⾸先⼀个but夹在中间，这是⼀个连词，连词‘；’分号,分号是⼀个作⽤类似与句号，但又没有句号那么停顿的符号。’；’出现，后⾯就相Downthecenturies,在主⼲前，做状语。可以注意down的这种表达⽅式asgroundwaterhasbeendivertedforindustrialuseandthewellsnolongerreachthewatertable.as今天又出现了，今天的as的意思是随着…于是跟着as了时间状语从句，但这个从句由Thisphenomenonhasbeenemphasisedbytherelocationofsomeindustriesparticularlythosewhicharelabourintensive,toreduceproductioncosts,eventhoughtheproductionsiteishundredsoreventhousandsofkilometresawayfromthefinalassemblyntorawayfromusers.C10-1-2翻译：这种现象由于⼀些⾏业（尤其是那些劳动密集型⾏业）的迁址⽽加剧，为了降低⽣phenomenonn.现象（emphasise(-ize)v.emphasise这个词除了表⽰说话上强调某件事之外，也有⼀层含义指的是tomakesomethingmorenoticeable使……更为突出，加强，加剧emphasisrelocationn⼤家熟悉的单词location“地点”的动词是locate，我们经常说Xi’anislocatedin…这个时候labourintensive该词不是第⼀次出现，C8T2P1Sheetglassmanufacture:thefloatprocess中⽂章第⼀段就曾经出现过该词，并且是题⽬答案！所以请记！assemblyn.合，weallassembleinthehall.②装配（把零件集合到⼀起就是装配嘛）ntn. 也应当注意该词有”⼯⼚“的意思。刚才提过的C8T2P1这篇⽂章中就曾经出现 e.g.Pilkingtonbuiltapilot ntand…此处pilot nt不是飞⾏员植物！！！⽽是试点⼯⼚^^Thisphenomenonhasbeenemphasizedbytherelocationofsomeparticularlythose定语从句whicharelabourtoreduceproduction状语从句eventhough引导，同时从句中有并列结构，awayformthefinal ntawayformThisobjective,agreedbytheGothenburgEuropeanCouncil,hastobeachievedbyintegratingenvironmentalconsiderationsintoCommunitypolicies,andshiftingthebalancebetweenmodesoftransportliesattheheartofitsstrategy.C10-1-2integratev.e.g.CegrateenvironmentalconsiderationsintoCommunitypolicies，即为将环境考communityn.句⼦理解僵硬或者，以上意思共⼤家参考，理解句意的时候灵活更换Thisobjectivehastobeachievedbyintegrating…into…,andshiftingthebalanceliesatthe第⼀个句⼦主语是thisobjective，agreedbytheGothenburgEuropeanCouncil为定语修饰主语第⼆个句⼦主语为shiftingthebalancebetweenmodesoftransport，动名词作主语，谓语动词Itcouldhelptoachievegreateruncouplingthanthefirstapproach,butroadtransportwouldkeepthelion’sshareofthemarketandcontinuetoconcentrateonsaturatedarteries,despitebeingthemostpollutingofthemodes.C10-1-2uncouplev.lion’se.g.Thelion'sshareofthebudgetisfordefense.如往常⼀样,saturatev.，浸saturatedadj.arteryn.动脉；主⼲线（公路、铁路、河流句⼦中有⽐较：greaterbutroadtransport带了两个并列成分，分别为keepthelion’sshareofthemarket和continuetosaturatedarteriesdespitebeingthemostpollutingofthemodes为despite引导的让步结构，beingthemostpollutingofthemodes的逻辑注意是主句的主语roadtransport，理解这⼀点句⼦就没什么⼤问Itisfarmoreambitiousthanitlooks,bearinginmindthehistoricalimbalanceinfavourofroadsforthelastfiftyyears,butwouldachieveamarkedbreakinthelinkbetweenroadtransportgrowthandeconomicgrowth,withoutcingrestrictionsonthemobilityofpeopleandgoods.C10-1-2ambitiousadj.时候通常是这样的意思：Anambitiousideaornisonalargescaleandneedsalotofworktobecarriedoutsuccessfully.所以在翻译的时候，需要灵活⼀些。当然在阅读过程中理解为雄⼼infavouroffavour的使⽤更加频繁⼀些，C6T2P1就曾经出现过‘themoredemocratictheprocess,themorepublictransportisfavoured.’markedadj.break⼤家熟悉的“突破”我们⼀般⽤句⼦主语为it，主句由but连接的两部分构成，itisfarmoreambitiousthanitlooksbutwouldachieveamarkedbreak.bearinginmindthehistoricalimbalanceinfavourofroadsforthelastfiftyyear这部分是分词作Thereare,nevertheless,peopleworkinginluxurious,state-of-the-artcentresdesignedtostimulateinnovationwhofindthattheirenvironmentdoesn'tmakethemfeelatallcreative.C10-1-3主⼲：Thereare本句修饰成分⽐较多，⾸先people有两个部分来修饰，⼀是workinginluxurious,state-of-the-artcentres,另⼀个是后⾯的定语从句whofindthat…designedtostimulateinnovation修来饰()Billwasstimulatedbythechallenge.⽐尔受到了的激励innovationn.创新，⾰新Wemustencourageinnovationiftheistoremaincompetitive.如果公司想要保持竞争性，我们Researchshowsthatthefitbetweenanemployee'svaluesanda'svaluesmakesadifferencetowhatcontributiontheymakeandwhether,twoyearsaftertheyjoin,they'restillatthe.C10-1-3主⼲：Researchshows⼦“whatcontributiontheymake”他们做出了什么贡献和“whetherthey'restillatthe”他们是否待在公司。这⾥需要注意“twoyearsaftertheyjoin”是个插⼊语，可以先不看，先要看到whether和后⾯fitn.e.g.Wemustbesurethatthere'safitbetweentheneedsofthechildrenandtheeducationtheyreceive.我们makea/thedifferencee.g.Onemorewouldn'tmakeanydifferencetothearrangements.再多⼀个⼈也不会对这个安排Thisenvironmentencouragedainterchangeofideas,whichledtomorecreativitywithform,function,colourandmaterialsthatrevolutionisedattitudestofurnituredesign.C10-1-3主⼲：Thisenvironmentencouragedainterchageof第⼀个逗号后的which引导⼀个定语从句，对其结果进⾏了具体说明，即morecreativitywith…之后出interchangev./n.交换interface界⾯（⾯与⾯之间）adj.interchangable可交换的revolutionisev.变⾰，彻底改变e.g.Newtechnologyisgoingtorevolutionizeeverythingwedo.新技术将要彻底改变我们所做的⼀切。revolutionn.⾰命-ise动词后缀Managersshouldthereforeadoptanapproachthatappearscounterintuitive-theyshouldexinwhatstandstobelostifthefailstoseizeaparticularopportunity.C10-1-3翻译：因此，管理者们应该采取⼀种看上去⾮性的⽅法—他们要解释如果⼀个公司ManagersshouldadoptanTheyshouldexin破折号前后分别是两个完整的句⼦。前⼀句包含⼀个定语从句thatappearscounterintuitive⽤来修饰appearsv.看上去好像，似乎Theoldmanappearstobeingoodhealth.这位⽼⼈看上去很健康。counterintuitiveadj.⾮性的counter-前缀表⽰“、相反”intuitiveadj.的counct对抗，抵消(counter+act⾏动→反着⾏动→对抗)standtodoe.g.Aftertheoilspill(⽯油泄漏),thousandsoffishermenstandtolosetheirlivelihoods.⽯油之后，数failto没能做e.g.Thepartyfailedtowintheelection.这个政党没能赢得HeaskedadviceofScottishdyeworksownerRobertPullar,whoassuredhimthatmanufacturingthedyewouldbewellworthitifthecolourremainedfast(i.e.wouldnotfade)andthecostwasrelativelylow.C9-1-1此句话的主句为逗号前的部分，其后跟了⼀个由who引导的⾮限定性定语从句修饰RobertPullarthatif条件句（and连接vt.n.vt.vi.制造n.；染vt.染；把…vi.vi.vt.ThereceivedacommercialboostfromtheEmpressEugenicofFrance,whenshedecidedthenewcolourflatteredher.C9-1-1bengsth.beabouttodosth.havedonesth.n.vi.n.n.Butitwasachancestumblinguponarun-down,yetfunctional,laboratoryinhislategrandfather'shomethatsolidifiedtheyoungman’senthusiasmforchemistry.C9-1-1句⼦结构分析：but表转折，itwasachance…that是典型的强调式，强调部分是achancestumblinguponarun-down,yetfunctional,laboratoryinhislategrandfather'shome，late在这⾥adj.adj.adj.凝固的；的，变硬.run-And,provingthetruthofthefamousscientistLouisPasteur’swords“chancefavoursonlythepreparedmind”,Perkinsawthepotentialofhisunexpectedfind.C9-1-1Perkinsawthepotentialofhisunexpectedfindproving引导的是⼀个伴随状语，整句话简⽽⾔之就是Perkin做了某事，验证了某句话Althoughgroupsaroundtheworldhavebeensearchingintermittentlyforthreedecades,itisonlynowthatwehavereachedtheleveloftechnologywherewecanmakeadeterminedattempttosearchallnearbystarsforanysignoflife.C9-1-2intermittentlyadv.makeanattempttodosth.这句话的主⼲是itisonlynowthatwehavereachedtheleveloftechnology.itis…that是强调结构，强调时间状语only now，technology后的where引导⼀个定语从句修饰the Second,wemakeaveryconservativeassumptionthatwearelookingforalifeformthatisprettywelllikeus,sinceifitdiffersradicallyfromuswemaywellnotrecognizeitasalifeform,quiteapartfromwhetherweareabletocommunicatewithit.C9-1-2conservativeadj.保守的assumptionn.假定、设想differfrom与…不同recognize…as…认为…是…apartfrom：更不⽤说且不说这句话的主⼲为：wemakeaveryconservativeassumption，assumption后的that从句引导⼀个同位语从句，对assumption的内容进⾏解释说明，alifeform后的that引导⼀个定语从句，修饰alifeform，pretty和well这⾥都做程度副词，强调like（介词：“像”）的程度，可以译为语从句，说明wemaywellnot这句话的条件。apartfrom引导的介词结构对前⾯提到的wemaywellnot..这句进⾏补充说明，whether引导⼀个宾语的从句作介词from的宾语。Inotherwords,thelifeformwearelookingformaywellhavetwogreenheadsandsevenfingers,butitneverthelessresembleusinthatitshouldcommunicatewithitsfellows,beinterestedintheUniverse,liveonanetorbitingastarlikeoursunandperhapsmostrestrictively,haveachemistry,likeus,basedoncarbonandwater.C9-1-2resemblev.与…相似fellown.同伴、同事orbitv.环绕…运⾏chemistryn.bebasedon以…这句话是由but连接的并列句，but前的句⼦主⼲是thelifeformmaywellhavetwogreenandnfngers，lifeform后的earelooingforthat的定语从句，修饰theleform，may后⾯的well作副词强调may的程度，可以翻译成“很”。but后⾯的句⼦意义开始转折，主⼲为itresemleus，neverteless和bthat引导⼀个宾语从句作介词in的宾语，⽤来说明resemble的各个⽅⾯，orbitingarlikeour是现在分词短语作定语修饰net，basedncarbonadt是过去分词作定语修饰chemisry。And,provingthetruthofthefamousscientistLouisPasteur’swords“chancefavoursonlythepreparedmind”,Perkinsawthepotentialofhisunexpectedfind.C9-1-1翻译：他的这⼀努⼒应验了著名科学家·帕的名⾔：“机会只眷顾有准备此句话的主句在后半部分，为Perkinsawthepotentialofhisunexpectedfind，由proving引导的是⼀个伴随状语，整句话简⽽⾔之就是Perkin做了某事，验证了某句话Atvariouspointsinevolutionaryhistory,enterprisingindividualswithinmanydifferentanimalgroupsmovedoutontotheland,sometimeseventothemostparcheddeserts,takingtheirownprivateseawaterwiththeminbloodandcellularfluids.C9-1-3parched：adj.焦的，炎热的cellular:adj.细胞的moveoutonto：不是搬⾛不是搬⾛不是搬⾛，⽽是搬去。Moveout是搬⾛，加上了onto代表Takingtheirprivatseawater…Whales(includingthesmallwhaleswecalldolphins)anddugongs,withtheirclosecousinsthemanatees,ceasedtobelandcreaturesaltogetherandrevertedtothefullmarinehabitsoftheirremoteancestors.C9-1-3dugong:儒⾉ 束revertto:恢复为，还ceased…andreverted在英语中虽然⽤并列连词and连接，但是通过句意我们知道，这两个动作Incommonwithallmls,reptilesandbirds,theirremoteancestorsweremarinefishandbeforethatvariousmoreorlessworm-likecreaturesstretchingback,stillinthesea,totheprimevalbacteria.C9-1-3incommonwith:stretchingback:插⼊语有时以两个逗号隔开，分析句⼦时，可以先忽略掉他们。在这⾥reptilesand primevalbacteria）是fish的祖先。所以：⻳的演进过程：worm-likecreatures（早期primevalbacteria）->marinefishstretchingbackto..修饰inthesea,做插⼊语，阅读时忽略掉，这样才能把stretchingbackto⾥的backto关联Youmightthink,therefore,thatmodernlandtortoiseshaveprobablystayedonlandeversincethoseearlyterrestrialtimes,asmostmlsdidafterafewofthemwentbacktothesea.C9-1-3times:v.n.这个句⼦中的eversince既可以单独使⽤，也可以在它后⾯添加名词或从句。eversince⾮常容易与sinceever，后者是副词，只能放在句⾸或句尾使⽤。此外，这句话中that引导宾语Accordingtoarchaeologicalevidence,atleast5,000yearsago,andlongbeforetheadventoftheRomanEmpire,theBabyloniansbegantomeasuretime,introducingcalendarstoco-ordinatecommunalactivities,tontheshipmentofgoodsand,inparticular,tontingandadventn.co-ordinatev.协调communaladj.公共的regulatev.控制调节主⼲为:theBabyloniansbegantomeasure三个todo不定式为并列关系，均表⽰introducecalendarsAlthoughthesedevicesperformedsatisfactorilyaroundtheMediterranean,theycouldnotalwaysbedependedoninthecloudyandoftenzingweatherofNothernEurope.devicen.装置;设备performv.表现dependon依靠依赖主⼲为theycouldnotalwaysbedependedalthough引导让步状语从句表⽰"虽然、尽管and表⽰cloudy与zing的并列，均⽤来修饰Intheearly14ooscametheinventionofthecoiledspringorfuseewhichmaintainedconstanttothegearwheelsofthetimekeeperdespitethechangingtensionofitscoiledadj.盘起的springn.弹簧发条fuseen.均⼒圆锥轮tensionn.张⼒本句为状语前置句⼦进⾏全倒装，主⼲为theinventionwhichcoiledspringorMoreover,thisinventionallowedtheuseofalongpendulumwhichcouldbeatonceasecondandthusledtothedevelopmentofanewfloor-standingcase,whichbecameknownasthegrandfatherclock.pendulumn.钟摆beatv.击打casen.外壳本句主⼲包含两个谓语部分的并列：thisinventionallowedtheuseofalongpendulum&thisinventionledtothedevelopmentofanewtandingcasedesign，进⼀步则可以精简为:thisinventionallowedtheuseandledtothedevelopmentand之后的thus在句中为副词,表⽰逻辑上的因果关系 3.两个which均引导AttheheightoftheRomanEmpire,ninemajorsystems,withaninnovativelayoutofpipesandwellbuiltsewers,dtheoccupantsofRomewithasmuchwaterperasisprovidedinmanypartsoftheindustrialworldtoday.翻译：在罗马的⿍盛时期,九个主要的系统为罗马居民提供了和⼯业社会不少地区⼀样多的⽔,⽽这些系统都配备了先进完善的管道和排⽔设施attheheightof在的⿍盛时期innoviateadj.⾰新的，改良的pipen.管⼦occupantn.居住者;占有⼈1.attheheightoftheRomanEmpire为时间状语 2.主⼲为:ninemajorsystemsdtheoccupantsofRomewith...3.withaninnovativelayoutofpipesandwell-builtsewers4.asmuchwaterperasisprovidedinmanypartsoftheindustrialworldtoday是⼀Astownsgraduallyexpanded,waterwasbroughtfromincreasinglyremotesources,leadingtosophiticatedengineeringeffortsuchasdamsandaquducts.graduallyadv.逐渐地；逐步地；remoteadj.偏僻的;遥远的;边远的leadto导致sophiticatedadj.机器、装置等)⾼级的，精密的;(⽅法)复杂的；damn.坝;堤；aquductn.导⽔管沟渠引⽔渠⾼架渠本句主⼲：waterwasbroughtfromremoteastownsgraduallyexpanded是由asleadingto副词increadingly加强程度，修饰形容词Unprecedentedconstructionoftensofthousandsofmonumentalengineeringprojectsdesignedtocontrolfloods,protectcleanwaters,andprovidewaterforirrigationandhydropowerbroughtgreatbenefitstohundredsofmillionsofpeople.千上万的⽔利⼯程，这些史⽆前例的建筑为百万⼈民带来了巨⼤的利益”。这与句⼦的主⼲unprecedenteadj.前所未有的，⽆前例的；空前的；tensofthousandsof好⼏万；数以万计monumentaladj.不朽的；纪念碑的；⾮常的irrigationn.灌溉;⽔利hydropowern.⽔⼒发出的电⼒hundredsofmillionsof数以百万计的主⼲为:unprecedentedconstructionbroughtgreatbenefitstohundredsofmillionsofof短语做后置定语修饰designedtocontrolfloods,protectcleanwaters,andprovidewaterforirrigationandFoodproductionhaskeptpacewithsoaringpopulationmainlybecauseoftheexpansionofartificialirrigationsystemsthatmakepossiblethegrowthof40%oftheworld’sfood.翻译：⾷品供应能跟上⼈⼜剧增主要是由于⼈⼯灌溉的增长使得世界粮⾷产量提⾼了40%主⼲是foodproductionhaskeptpacewithsoaringbecauseofartificialirrigationirrigationsystems后⾯还跟了⼀个定语从句thatmakepossiblethegrowthof40%oftheworld’sfood来修饰irrigationsystems 4.在这个定语从句⾥，makepossiblethegrowthof40%oftheworld’sfood是宾语加宾语补⾜语的结构，thegrowthof40%oftheworld’sfood是宾语，possible是补充说明宾语的结果，合起来就是makethegrowthof40%oftheworld’sfoodpossible。但是为了不让只有⼀个单词possible作补语看起来太单薄，就将它和hegrowthof40%oftheworld’sfood换了位置。读句⼦的时候，应该要⾃动帮它们还Giventhatthereisalivingtobemadeatnight,andgiventhatalternativedaytimetradesarethoroughlyoccupied,naturalselectionhasfavouredbatsthatmakeagoofthenight-huntingtrade.giventhat…鉴于；考虑到；如果giventhattheyareinexperienced,theyhavedoneagoodjob.与giventhat功能相似的原因连接词还有：seeingthat,nowthat,consideringthat,inthat,insomuchasalternativeadj./n.makeagoofsthsheisdeterminedtomakeagoofhernewgiventhat引导的句⼦是条件状语从句，and主⼲为:naturalselectionhasfavouredthatTheSonarandRadarpioneersdidn’tknowitthen,butalltheworldnowknowsthatbats,orrathernaturalselectionworkingonbats,hadperfectedthesystemtensofmillionsofyearsearlier,andtheir“radar”achievesfeatsofdetectionandnavigationthatwouldstrikeanengineerdumbwith切说是作⽤于蝙蝠⾝上的物竞天成，早在数千万年前便已完善了“回声”系统。蝙蝠⾝上的perfectv.使完美，改善，提⾼gotoEnglandtoperfectone's 使精通，使娴perfectoneselfineveryaspectofone'sfeatn.功绩，壮举，成果3.detectionn.发觉，4.navigationn.导航strikesbdumb(strikesbspeechless)使某⼈哑⼜⽆⾔，使某⼈⽬瞪⼜呆admirationn.admirev.钦佩，赞赏本句主⼲：TheSonarandRadarpioneersdidn’tknowit,butalltheworldknowsthatbatshadperfectedthesystem,andtheirradarachievefeatsofdetectionandnavigation.naturalselectionworkingonbats,Onlyafterthemysteriousmassextinctionofthedinosaursabout65millionyearsagowereourancestorsabletoemergeintothedaylightinanysubstantialnumbers.massadj.n.extinctionn.extinctadj.的emergev.substantialadj.insubstantialnumbers⼤量地only位于句⾸，后加介词短语，句⼦结构发⽣倒装。主语在谓语动词后⾯出现正常语序为：ourancestorswereableto… 2.倒装句型倒装句型分为完There,here引导的句⼦中Thereisnobodyintheclassroom.Herecomesyourhusband.副词now,then,thus放在句⾸Thenfollowedanothershotofgun.Thusendedthemeeting.NeverbeforehaveImethim.HardlydidIthinkitHardlyhadheenteredthehousewhenitbegantoOnlyOnlywhenhecamebackcouldweknowtheOnlyinthiswaycanweworkoutthemath,Tiredashewas,hewentonwiththeButtheunderlyingmathematicaltheoriesofradarandsonarareverysimilar,andmuchofourscientificunderstandingofthedetailsofwhatbatsarenghascomefromapplyingradartheorytothem.Insomeways,it'snotsodifferenttoscience,wherewearelookingforsystemsanddecodingmeaningsothatwecanviewandappreciatetheworldinanewway. applyAtoB把A应⽤在B1.本句是⼀个由and连接的并列句。and后⾯的这个句⼦的主⼲为：muchofourscientificunderstandinghascomefromapplyingradartheorytothem.EducatingPsychebyBernieNevilleisabookwhichlooksatradicalnewapproachestolearning,describingtheeffectsofemotion,imaginationandtheunconsciousonlearning.翻译：BernieNeville的《暗⽰教学法》⼀书，主要着眼于完全新式的学习⽅法，描述了情effecton…对…本句句⼦主⼲：EducatigebyBernieieisabok，主系表结构，ih…learnig为定语从句，修饰book，最后⼀部分describing…learning为现在分词短语作伴随状语，修饰前⾯整个主句。Lozanov'sinstructionaltechniqueisbasedontheevidencethattheconnectionsmadeinthebrainthroughunconsciousprocessing(whichhecallsnon-specificmentalreactivity)aremoredurablethanthosemadethroughconsciousprocessing.C7-1-3 instructionn.指导说明，命令，教授instructionalbebasedon以…processn.过程⼯序v.non-specificadj.不明确的，⾮特定的，泛泛的durableadj.持久的本句句⼦主⼲：Lozanov'sinstructionaltechniqueisbasedontheevidence.that到句尾是同位语从句，that在从句中不充当成分，具体解释evidence的内容。从句中主⼲结构为…ismoredurablethan…，两个相⽐较的量为theconnectionsmadeinthebrainthroughunconsciousprocessing和thosemadethroughconsciousprocessing，those代指主语部分的connections，其中madeinthebrain,throughunconsciousprocessing和madethroughconscious都是后置的修饰成Besidesthelaboratoryevidenceforthis,weknowfromourexperiencethatweoftenrememberwhatwehaveperceivedperipherally,longafterwehaveforgottenwhatwesetouttolearn.C7-1-3setoutv.本句中，besides…forthis作状语，we是主语，know是谓语，that引导的从句是谓语know的宾语，从句之中又嵌了两个what引导的从句（whatwehaveperceivedperipherally），分别是Thisphenomenoncanbepartlyattributedtothecommoncounterproductiveapproachtostudy(makingextremeeffortstomemorise,tensingmuscles,inducingfatigue),butitalsosimplyreflectsthewaythebrainfunctions.C7-1-3张，最终导致疲惫），但是它也恰恰反映了⼤脑的运转⽅式。beattributedto归因于，注意toproductive：有成效的，counter这个前缀是反、抗的意思，所以counterproductive的意思的是起反作⽤的makeeffortstodosth努⼒做某事extremeadj.极度的，的tenseadj.紧的，紧张的v.绷紧inducev.引起导致，劝说fatiguen.functionn.功能v.本句为两句并列，⽤but连接。前⼀句为简单句，主⼲为…isattributedto…，后⼀句为主谓宾结构，从句thebrainfunctions修饰宾语theway。Australiansportsteamswinmorethantheirfairshareoftitles,demolishingrivalswithseemingease.Abigpartofthesecretisanextensivenetworkofsportingacademiesunderpinnedbyscienceandmedicine.C6-1-1第⼀句话主⼲为Australiansportsteamswinmorethantheirfairshareoftitles这个主谓宾结构；demolishingrivalswithseemingease为分词作状语，分词demolishing逻辑主语（动作发出者）为主句主语Australiansportsteams。第⼆句话主⼲为Abigpartofthesecretisanextensivenetworkofsportingacademies这个主系表结构；underpinnedbyscienceandmedicine为过去分词短语做后置定语修饰sportingacademies.Underpin意为巩固，⽀持，⽀撑。Thisdataisusedtowringimprovementsoutofathletes.Nogainistooslighttobotherwith.It’sthetiny,gradualimprovementsthataddtoworld-beatingresults.C6-1-1第⼀句wringsomethingoutofsomebody意为设法从⼈⾝上取得…；wringimprovementsoutof不能…’，Nogainistooslighttobotherwith可直译为‘没有任何收获是太⼩以致于可以⽆所谓’，换句话说就是‘⽆论多么微⼩的收获都值得为之⽽努⼒’。第三句是⼀个强调句，⽤itis…that框住主语thetiny,gradualimprovements进⾏强调；强调句的特点是去掉itis..that依然完整，⽐如thetinygradualimprovementsaddtoworld-beatingresults这个主谓宾依然完整WiththeCooperativeResearchCentreforMicroTechnologyinMelbourne,theyaredevelounobtrusivesensorsthatwillbeembeddedinanathlete’sclothesorrunningshoestomonitorheartrate,sweating,heatproductionoranyotherfactorthatmighthaveanimpactonanathlete’sabilitytorun.C6-1-1unobtrusive意为“不引⼈注意的”embed意为“使嵌⼊，使插⼊本句主⼲为theyaredevelounobtrusivesensors这个主谓宾结构，主句前WiththeCooperativeResearchCentreforMicroTechnologyinMelbourne为状语，主句后的thatwillembeddedinanathlete’sclothesorrunningshoes为定语从句修饰先⾏词unobtrusivesensors；tomonitorheartrate,sweating,heatproductionoranyotherfactor这个动词不定式为定语从句内部的⽬的状语，⽽thatmighthaveanimpactonanathlete’sabilitytorun这个定语从句是修饰前⼀个定语从句中的anyotherfactor的，这⾥出现了定语从句嵌象。Allthetrainingisthengearedtowardsmakingtheathletehitthosetargets,bothoverallandforeachsegmentoftherace.TechniqueslikethesehavetransformedAustraliaintoarguablytheworld’smostsuccessfulsportingnation.C6-1-1begearedtowards这个短语的意思是“被调整到…..;适合……”后⾯跟ngstharguably的实际begearedtowards这个短语的意思是“被调整到…..;适合……”后⾯跟ngsth⽐如willfromnowonbegearedtowardsmakingtheeconomymoreself-reliantandlessdependentonexports.（从现在开始，中国的政策将调整，使经济运⾏更加独⽴，减少对进⼜的依赖）Theeducationalsystemisnotgearedtowardstrainingexam-obsessedstudentsbutmotivatingalllearnerstoachievetheir⽐如：’sgreatestneedistobreakitsrelianceuponinvestmentandtransformitselfintoaconsumer-driveneconomy.（中国最需要的是打破对投资的依赖，向消费拉动型经济转变）最后说⼀下aguably这个副词。受动词ague（争论；辩论）的影响，有些同学可能会误以为aguably的意思是“有争论的”，其实aguably的实际意思可理解为“合理的；可论证的；站得住脚的”，因此在句⼦表达的是肯定含义。⽐如ipadsagualytebesttabltinthemarket.Sincethe1970s,parapsychologistsatleadinguniversitiesandresearchinstitutesaroundtheworldhaveriskedthederisionofskepticalcolleaguesbyputtingthevariousclaimsforepathytothetestindozensofrigorousscientificstudies.C8-1-3paraphychologist超⼼理学，para-是⼀个常见前缀,意义1:意义2:测，旁e.g.paragraphderision嘲笑，e.g.Theytreatedhissuggestionwithderision.他们对他的建议嗤之以⿐。skeptical怀疑的，这个单词的另⼀种英式写法是sceptical，e.g.Manyexpertsremainskepticalabout/ofhisclaims.主⼲：parasychologistshaveriskedthederisionofskepticalcolleagues。句⼦的状语成分⽐较多，⽐如前⾯的since，后⾯的byputting引导的⽅式状语从句。Reportsofepathicexperienceshadbypeopleduringmeditationledparapsychologiststothatepathymightinvolve'signals'passingbetweenpeoplethatweresofaintthattheywereusuallyswampedbynormalbrainactivity.C8-1-3meditationn.冥想faintadj.微弱的swampv.覆盖Hightideshaveswampedthev.充斥，席卷，使应接不暇ForeigncarshaveswampedtheUKmarket.nTheEvergladesareanareaofswampinsouthernFlorida.主⼲：reportsofepathicexperienceshadledparapsychologiststo后⾯是宾语从句，后⾯的peoplethatwere的that引导的定语从句，并且在从句中做主语，最后的sofaintthatthey…这部分是sothat的句型。Theganzfeldexperimenttriestorecreatetheseconditionswithparticipantssittinginsoftrecliningchairsinasealedroom,listeningtorelaxingsoundswhiletheireyesarecoveredwithspecialfilterslettinginonlysoftpinklight.C8-1-3ShewasrecliningelegantlyontheHereclinedhisheadagainst/onmysealv.封蜡；；封条Thelawyerstampedthewithhern.1Cleanthesealon/aroundthefridgedoorregularlysothatitremainsTheganzfeldexperimenttriestorecreatetheseconditionswhiletheireyesarecoveredwithspecialfilters.with＋ng表⽰伴随，这句话有三个ing，但其实作⽤⾮常的⼀致。其中，第⼀个with后⾯出现了主语，这类似与悬挂结构，是为了避免出现谓语，所以主语直接加v的ing形Perhapsmoretestslikethesewilleventuallygivetheresearcherstheevidencetheyareseekingandstrengthenthecasefortheexistenceofepathy.C8-1-3moretestslikethesewilleventuallygivetheresearcherstheevidenceandstrengthenthecasefortheexistenceofepathy.这句话的难点不在于单词，⽽在于句⼦⽅⾯。因为其中‘theyareseeking’其实是⼀个省略that的定语从句，修饰evidence。另⼀个难点，在于and的并列成分究竟是什么。其实strengthen是和前⾯的give进⾏并列。这样，这个句⼦就了。AnaccidentthatoccurredintheskiesovertheGrandCanyonin1956resultedintheestablishmentoftheFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)toregulateandoverseetheoperationofaircraftintheskiesovertheUnitedStates,whichwere ingquitecongested.C8-1-2 ⼤峡⾕上空发⽣的⼀起事故促成了航空局FAA的成⽴，该局负责 resultin“导致”p.s.表⽰结果的词⼀定要重 establishmentn.establishv.aviationn.航空regulatev.管理，调节regulationoverseev.监督（over前缀表⽰“在上⽅”，该词本义即“从上往下看”）AccidentresultedintheestablishmentofthethatoccurredintheskiesovertheGrandCanyonin1956为定语从句修饰toregulateandoversee…部分为不定式表⽬的，由and连接两个并列的动词，共同带后⾯which Thisisfortuitous,fortheadventofthejetenginesuddenlyresultedinalargenumberofveryfastnes,reducingpilots’marginoferrorandpracticallydemandingsomesetofrulestokeepeveryonewellseparatedandoperatingsafelyintheair.C8-1-2翻译：这⼀是偶然的，因为喷⽓式发动机的产⽣突然导致⼤批快速飞机的出现，这些飞机减少了飞⾏员的误差幅度，并且需要实际的整套规则以使飞机之间保持良好的分fortuitousadj.adventn.jetn.喷⽓式飞机practicaladj.实际的Thisisfor引导了⼀个原因状语从句解释这件事偶然的原因，从句中句⼦主⼲为theadventofthejetenginesuddenlyresultedinalargenumberofveryfastnes