2023年考研考博考博英语中国财政科学研究院考试高频考点参考题库答案

2023年考研考博考博英语中国财政科学研究院考试高频考点参考题库带答案（图片大小可自由调整）答案解析附后第1卷一.综合题(共20题)1.单选题Hewrotedowntheaddress______heshouldforgetit.问题1选项A.incasenotB.lestC.inorderthatD.offearthat2.单选题Itisamazingthattworesearchesworkingindependentlymadethesamediscovery______.问题1选项A.spontaneouslyB.simultaneouslyC.collaborativelyD.conscientiously3.单选题BorisYeltsin,Russia’s______president,died.HisfuneralinMoscowwasattendedbyabevyofworldleaderspastandpresent.问题1选项A.priorB.pastC.formerD.late4.单选题ForthepeoplewhohavenevertraveledacrosstheAtlanticthevoyageisafantasy.ButforthepeoplewhocrossitfrequentlyonecrossingoftheAtlanticisverymuchlikeanother,andtheydonotmakethevoyageforthe36ofitsinterest.Mostofusarequitehappywhenwefeel37togotobedandpleasedwhenthejourney38.OnthefirstnightthistimeIfeltespeciallylazyandwenttobed39earlierthanusual.WhenI40mycabin,Iwassurprised41thatIwastohaveacompanionduringmytrip,whichmademefeelalittleunhappy.Ihadexpected42buttherewasasuitcase43mineintheoppositecomer.Iwonderedwhohecouldbeandwhathewouldbelike.Soonafterwardshecamein.Hewasthesortofmanyoumightmeet44,exceptthathewaswearing45goodclothesthatImadeupmymindthatwewouldnot46whoeverhewasanddidnotsay47.AsIhadexpected,hedidnottalktomeeitherbutwenttobedimmediately.IsupposeIsleptforseveralhoursbecausewhenIwokeupitwasalreadythemiddleofthenight.Ifeltcoldbutcovered48aswellasIcouldandtriestogobacktosleep.ThenIrealizedthata49wascomingfromthewindowopposite.IthoughtperhapsIhadforgotten50thedoor,soIgotup51thedoorbutfounditalreadylockedfromtheinside.Thecoldairwascomingfromthewindowopposite.Icrossedtheroomand52themoonshonethroughitontotheotherbed.53there.Ittookmeaminuteortwoto54thedoormyself.Irealizedthatmycompanion55throughthewindowintothesea.问题1选项A.reasonB.motiveC.causeD.sake问题2选项A.tiredenoughB.enoughtiredC.enoughtiringD.enoughtiring问题3选项A.isachievedB.finishC.isoverD.isintheend问题4选项A.quiteB.ratherC.fairlyD.somehow问题5选项A.arrivedinB.reachedtoC.arrivedtoD.reachedat问题6选项A.forseeingB.thatIsawC.atseeingD.tosee问题7选项A.beinglonelyB.tobelonelyC.beingaloneD.tobealone问题8选项A.likeB.asC.similarthanD.thesamethat问题9选项A.ineachplaceB.forallpartsC.somewhereD.anywhere问题10选项A.asoB.soC.suchaD.such问题11选项A.treattogetherwellB.passtogetherwellC.getonwelltogetherD.gobywelltogether问题12选项A.himasingleworldB.himnotonewordC.asinglewordtohimD.notonewordtohim问题13选项A.upmeB.upmyselfC.uptomyselfD.myselfup问题14选项A.draftB.voiceC.airD.sound问题15选项A.tocloseB.closingC.tohavetocloseD.forclosing问题16选项A.toshutB.forshuttingC.inshuttingD.butshut问题17选项A.whiledoinglikethatB.asIdidlikethatC.asIdidsoD.atdoingso问题18选项A.ItwasnooneB.TherewasnooneC.ItwasanyoneD.Therewasanyone问题19选项A.remindtolockB.remembertolockC.remindlockingD.rememberlocking问题20选项A.hadtojumpB.wastohavejumpedC.musthavejumpedD.couldbejumped5.单选题______Ihavealreadymentioned,cardiosurgeryisoneoftheamazingnewsurgicaltechniquesthathavebeendevelopedinrecentyears.问题1选项A.WhichB.WhatC.AsD.This6.单选题Millionairescanbreatheabiteasier.WhilePresidentBarackObamasayshewantstoletincometaxcutsthatbenefitonlythewealthiestAmericansexpirein2013,severalstatesarerollingbacktaxincreasesfortopearners.NewYork’shighesttaxratesonincomesexceeding$500,000willfallbackto7.85percent,from8.97percent,thisyear.Maryland’s6.25percenttaxonincomesabove$1millionexpiredattheendof2010,whileCalifornia’stoptaxrateforMillionaireshasdroppedto10.3percentfrom10.55percent.Atleastsevenstatesinstitutedtemporaryso-calledmillionairetaxesduringtherecession.Thoseleviesarebecominghardertojustifynowthatstaterevenuesarerebounding.Overall,statetaxrevenuegrew12percentinAprilcomparedwithayearearlier,whichmaytrim$20billionfromestimatedstatesbudgetshortfall,accordingtoarecentGoldmanSachs(GS)report.Thesoak-the-richdrive“justpeteredout”,saysJosephHenchman,vicepresidentforlegalandstateprojectsattheTaxFoundationinWashington,agroupfocusedonloweringtaxes.“Allofthesestatesarebackingawaynow.”Businessgroupshavebeenvocalopponentsofthetemporaryhikes.TheBusinessCouncilofNewYorkStatehasopposedeffortstomaintainthetaxincreaseonthegroundsthatsuchmeasuresareanindirecttaxonbusinessincome.MorebusinessownerswhoarepaidbypartnershipsorScorporationsreportbusinessincomeontheirindividualreturns.KennethJ.Pokalsky,theBusinessCouncil’sseniordirectorofgovernmentaffairs,says25percentofrevenuegeneratedfromthestate’staxonhigherearnerscamefrombusinessincome.InCalifornia,theSiliconValleyLeadershipGroup,whosemembersincludeBankofAmerica(BAC),Apple(AAPL),andMicrosoft(MSFT),alongwith12otherbusinessgroups,havetoldlawmakersthattaxincreasesshouldbeextendedonlyiflawmakersagreeto“structuralreform”ofthebudget.Republicans,whotypicallyopposetaxhikes,nowholdamajorityofgovemorships-29-andmanywereelectedlastyearaftercampaigningagainsttaxincreases.NewJerseygovernorChrisChristie,aRepublican,receivednationalattentionaftervetoingabillthatwouldhaveextendedataxonmillionairesinthestate.SomeDemocratsarealsofightingthehighertaxes.NewYorkGovernorAndrewCuomosparkedabattlewithfellowpartymembersinthelegislatureearlierthisyearbyopposinglegislationthatwouldmaintainthehigherratesonindividualsearningmorethan$1million.MarylandGovernorMartinO’Malley,aDemocrat,didn’tpushtoextendhisState’smillionairetaxlastyear.“Iwouldliketothinkit’sbecausethesearenotverygoodpolicies,”Henchmansays,“Ifyou’reaconservative,youdon’treallylikethesetaxes.Ifyou’realiberal,theseservicesshouldbesoimportantthateveryoneshouldhavetopayforthem”.TheAmericanpublicisalmostevenlydividedonthequestionsofwhetherthewealthyshouldshoulderahighertaxburden.AGalluppollreleasedonJune2found49percentrespondentsopposedhighertaxesontherich,while47percentsupportedthem.31.BarackObamawantsto________.32.________isoneofthepossiblereasonswhystaterevenuesrevived?33.WhatcanbeinferredfromJosephHenchman’swords?34.WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheSiliconValleyLeadershipGroupiscorrect?35.Whichisprobablythebesttitleforthispassage?问题1选项A.cutincometaxin2013B.extendmillionairetaxto2013C.benefitthewealthiestAmericansbycuttingincometaxD.rollbacktaxincreasesfortopearners问题2选项A.InitiatingtemporarymillionairetaxesduringthedepressionB.LevyingtaxonatleastsevenstatesinstitutionsC.Trimming$20billionfromstatebudgetD.Estimatingstatebudgetshortfalls问题3选项A.Thestatethatinstitutedmillionairetaxesaregoingtoabolishit.B.Allofthesesatesarefocusingonthesoak-the-richdrivenow.C.Thesoak-the-richdrivehasjuststartedout.D.Onlyahandfulofthesestatesarefocusingonloweringtaxes.问题4选项A.Itwas15membersintotal.B.Itagreestoextendtaxincrease.C.Itproposedtomakea“structuralreform”ofthebudget.D.Itwouldagreetheextensionoftaxincreaseprovidedthatlawmakersagreeto“structuralreform”ofthebudget.问题5选项A.TheWealthyAreWillingtoShoulderaHigherTaxBurdenB.ObamaIsProposinganIncomeTaxCutC.ObamaIsProposinganIncomeTaxCutExtensionD.StatesAreRejectingMillionaireTaxes7.单选题Shamanismisthebeliefinaspiritualworldinwhichalllivingthingsareconnected.ItistheoldestformofsystematicbeliefinhumanhistoryasthereisevidenceofshamanismexistinginNeolithictimesthousandsofyearsago.PeopleinmostancientculturespracticedShamanisminsomeformduringtheirhistories.Whilesomefeaturesarecommontothepracticeofshamanism,mostculturesaddedtheirownuniqueaspects.Overtime,however,organizedreligionsbegantospringupinancientcivilizations,soshamanismwaseithersuppressedordisappearedentirely.Inmoderntimes,eventhoughsomepeoplepracticeit,mainstreamsocietymostlyviewsitskeptically.Theriseofshamanisminancienttimescanbeattributedtomankind’sdesiretounderstandhowtheworldaroundhimworked.Lackingmodernscientificmethodsaswellastheknowledgetounderstandtheworld,peopleinancienttimescametobelievetherewasaspiritualconnectionbetweenman,animals,plants,themoon,thesunandthecosmosinitsentirety.Someculturesattributedthisspiritualpowertoadeityorpantheonofdeitieswhileotherscreditedittonatureasawhole.Overtime,someculturescreatedelaboratesetsofbeliefsandrituals—nowcalledshamanism—concerningthisspiritworld.Centraltothesebeliefsinmostcultureswasthenotionthatanindividualwithadeepconnectiontothespiritworld—ashaman—couldactasaguideandadvisortoothers.Inmostcultures,shamansweremenwhoheldpositionsofprominence,butwomencouldbeshamansinsomeinstances.Ashaman’srolevariedfromculturetoculture,butsomeaspectsofitwerenearlyuniversal.Amongthemweretheperceivedabilitiestocommunicatewiththespiritualworld,totraveltothatworld,toseethefuture,tohealthesick,andtoguidethedeadtotheirfinalrestingplace.Shamansweretypicallycalledupontoactasadvisorsforagroup’sleaders,tousetheirskillstoaskforhelpduringtimesofneed,andtobethekeepersoftheircommunities’oralhistoryandtraditions,whichtheywouldpassontothenextgeneration.Typically,shamansworeelaboratecostumesthatreflectedtheirroleinsociety.AnimalmotifsintheiroutfitswerecommontoshamansinIndiantribesintheAmericas,yettheirgarbdifferedinotherregions.Shamansusedavarietyofmethodstocalluponthespiritualworldforguidanceorassistancewiththesick.Theyemployedmusic,singing,andchanting,andtheysometimestookplantsthatinducedpsychedelictrances.Mostshamanswereskilledatrecognizingwhichplantswereusefulasmedicines,sothisaidedthemintheirrolesashealers.Mostshamanisticpracticesandskillswerekeptsecretfromoutsiders—evenfromothertribesinthesameculture—andshamansleftnowrittenrecords,soitisdifficultformodernanthropologiststounderstandmanyaspectsofshamanisminancientcultures.Eveninmoderntimes,manyprimitivetribesthatpracticeshamanism,suchasthoseintheAmazonRainforest,arereluctanttodivulgetheirsecretstooutsiders.Whileshamanismprevailedduringprehistorictimes,itwentintoalongdeclinethathaslastedforthousandsofyears.TheriseofcivilizationandtheestablishingofstrongcentralgovernmentsinMesopotamianandEgyptwerethefirstinaseriesofstepsthatledtothefoundingoforganizedreligionandtherepressingofshamanism.ThedevelopmentofChristianityandthespreadofEuropeanbeliefsandculturearoundtheworldfurtherhelpedcontinuethetrendofshamanismbecomingirrelevant.Forinstance,theEuropeansoftenforciblyconvertednativesinNorthandSouthAmericantoChristianityandmadethemabandontheirshamanisticpractices.Shamanismneverdiedoutentirelydespitesomepeople’sbesteffortstomakethishappen.Infact,manytribesresistedeffortstostampitoutandcontinuedobservingtheirbeliefsinprivate.Today,shamanismhasbecomemoreaccepted,anditispracticedopenlyinnumerousplacesaroundtheworld,includinginmodernsocietiesinNorthAmerica,SouthAmericaandAsia.Forexample,theHmongpeopleofsoutheastAsiabroughtshamanismtotheUnitedStateswhentheymigratedthereinlargenumbersinlate1900s.Still,despitethisslightrenewalinshamanisticbeliefs,manypeopleregarditassuperstitionfromamoreprimitiveage.16.Instatingthatorganizedreligionsbegantospringup,theauthormeansthattheorganizedreligions________.17.Theauthor’sdescriptionofshamanisminparagraph1mentionsallofthefollowingEXCEPT________.18.Thewordperceivedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto________.19.Accordingtoparagraph4,anthropologistshaveproblemsunderstandingshamanismbecause________.20.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthefinalparagraphofthepassage?问题1选项A.gainedpopularityB.wereestablishedC.inspiredpeopleD.causedproblem问题2选项A.ManyculturesaroundtheworldoncepracticedsomeformofshamanismB.ShamanismhasexistedasahumanbeliefsystemforseveralmillenniaC.ItwastheinspirationforanumberoforganizedreligionsthatwerefoundedD.Certainaspectsofshamanismtendtobedifferentfromculturetoculture问题3选项A.innateB.supposedC.invaluableD.imaginary问题4选项A.fewbooksthatshamansrecordedtheirknowledgeinhavebeenfoundB.itisdifficulttounderstandthemindsofshamansfromthepastC.theknowledgethatpastshamanspossessedwasneverrecordedD.mostshamanstodayareunwillingtoimparttheirknowledgetoothers问题5选项A.TheonlyplacesonEarthwhereshamanismcontinuestosurvivearetheAmericasandAsia.B.Thereareseveralcontinentswhereshamanismispracticedintheopenwithoutfearofrepression.C.Evenintheworld’smostmodernsocieties,somepeopleareopen-mindedenoughtoacceptshamanism.D.Thankstopeopleonsomecontinents,shamanismhasnotbeenforgottenbutisstillpracticedtoday.8.单选题Weassumedethicsneededthesealofcertainty,elseitwasnon-rational.Andcertaintywastobeproducedbyadeductivemodel:thecorrectactionswerederivablefromclassicalfirstprinciplesorahierarchicallyrankedpantheonofprinciples.Thismodel,though,isbankrupt.Isuggestwethinkofethicsasanalogoustolanguageusage.Therearenounivocalrulesofgrammarandstylewhichuniquelydeterminethebestsentenceforaparticularsituation.Norislanguageusageuniversalizable.Althoughasentenceorphraseiswarrantedinonecase,itdoesnotmeanitisautomaticallyappropriateinlikecircumstances.Nonetheless,languageusageisnotsubjective.Thisshouldnotsurpriseusintheleast.Allintellectualpursuitsarerelativisticinjustthesesenses.Politicalscience,psychology,chemistryandphysicsarenotcertain,buttheyarenotsubjectiveeither.AsIseeit,ethicalinquiryproceedslikethis:wearetaughtmoralprinciplesbyparents,teachers,andsocietyatlarge.Aswegrowolderwebecomeexposedtocompetingviews.Thesemayleadustoreevaluatepresentlyheldbeliefs.Orwemayfindourselvesinexplicablymakingcertainvaluations,possiblybecauseofinheritedaltruistictendencies.Wemay“learnthehardway”thatsomeactionsgenerateunacceptableconsequences.Orwemayreflectuponourownandothers’“theories”orpatternsofbehavioranddecidetheyareinconsistent.Theresultingviewsare“tested”;weactaswethinkweshouldandevaluatetheconsequencesofthoseactionsonourselvesandonothers.Wetherebycorrectourmistakesinlightofthetestoftime.Ofcoursepeoplemakedifferentmoraljudgments;ofcoursewecannotresolvethesedifferencesbyusingsomealgorithmwhichisitselfbeyondjudgment.Wehavenovantagepointoutsidehumanexperiencewherewecanjudgerightandwrong,goodandbad.Butthenwedon’thaveavantagepointfromwherewecanbephilosophicalrelativistseither.Weareleftwithintherealworld,tryingtocopewithourselves,witheachother,withtheworld,andwithourownfallibility.Wedonothaveallthemoralanswers;nordowehaveanalgorithmtodiscernthoseanswers.Neitherdowepossessanalgorithmfordeterminingcorrectlanguageusagebutthatdoesnotmakeusthrowupourhandsindespairbecausewecannolongercommunicate.Ifweunderstandethicsinthisway,wecansee,Ithink,therealvalueofethicaltheory.Somepeopletalkasifethicaltheoriesgiveusmoralprescriptions.Theythinkweshouldapplyethicalprinciplesaswewouldapoultice:afterdiagnosingthealiment,weapplytheappropriatedressing.Butthatisamistake.Notheoryprovidesasetofabstractsolutionstoapplystraightforwardly.Ethicaltheoriesareimportantnotbecausetheysolveallmoraldilemmasbutbecausetheyhelpusnoticesalientfeaturesofmoralproblemsandhelpusunderstandthoseproblemsincontext.21.Ethicalprinciplesaregenerallythoughttobe________.22.Inwhatwayisethicssimilartolanguageuse?23.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysayingthatwemaylearnmoralprinciples“thehardway”?24.Itisimpliedinthetextthatarelativisticviewofethnics________.25.Theauthorassertsthatthetruevalueofethicaltheoryliesin________.问题1选项A.explicitlyclearB.implicitlyvagueC.certainbutnon-rationalD.relativebutnotsubjective问题2选项A.Bothhaverulestodeterminetheoptimalchoiceunderacircumstance.B.Bothvaryaccordingtothecontexttheyareapplicableto.C.Bothareobjective,notsubjective,entities.D.Similarsetsofrulescanbeappliedinquitedifferentsituations.问题3选项A.Wereevaluateourpreviouslyheldbeliefsaswegrowolder.B.Werefutesomemoralprinciplesonlyafterwefindtheminconsistent.C.Weacquireasenseofrightandwrongfromreallifelessons.D.Weactbyignoringourinheritedaltruistictendencies.问题4选项A.canonlybeacquiredafterreallifelessonsB.oftengenerateunacceptableconsequencesC.ismorematureandrationalD.istooabstracttobeofanypracticalvalue问题5选项A.itsprescriptivepowerB.itsdiagnosticfunctionC.itseffectivenessinresolvingmoraldilemmasD.itsrelevancetothesituation9.单选题Manandwomendothinkdifferently,atleastwheretheanatomyofthebrainisconcerned,accordingtoanewstudy.Thebrainismadeprimarilyoftwodifferenttypesoftissue,calledgraymatterandwhitematter.Thisnewresearchrevealsthatmenthinkmorewiththeirgraymatter,andwomenthinkmorewithwhite.Researchersstressedthatjustbecausethetwosexesthinkdifferently,thisdoesnotaffectintellectualperformance.PsychologyprofessorRichardHaieroftheUniversityofCalifornia,IrvineledtheresearchalongwithcolleaguesfromtheUniversityofNewMexico.Theirfindingsshowthatingeneral,menhavenearly6.5timestheamountofgraymatterrelatedtointelligencecomparedwithwomen,whereaswomenhavenearly10timestheamountofwhitematterrelatedtointelligencecomparedwithmen.“Thesefindingssuggestedthathumanevolutionhascreatedtwodifferenttypesofbrainsdesignedforequallyintelligentbehavior,”saidHaier,addingthat,“bypinpointingthesegender-basedintelligenceareas,thestudyhasthepotentialtoaidresearchondementiaandothercognitive-impairmentdiseasesinthebrain.”TheresultsaredetailedintheonlineversionofthejournalNeuroImage.Inhumanbrains,graymatterrepresentsinformationprocessingcenters,whereaswhitematterworkstonetworktheseprocessingcenters.Theresultsfromthisstudymayhelpexplainwhymenandwomenexcelatdifferenttypesoftasks,saidco-authorandneuropsychologistRexJungoftheUniversityofNewMexico.Forexample,mentendtodobetterwithtasksrequiringmorelocalizedprocessing,suchasmathematics,Jungsaid,whilewomenarebetteratintegratingandassimilatinginformationfromdistributedgray-matterregionsofthebrain,whichaidslanguageskills.Scientistsfinditveryinterestingthatwhilemenandwomenusetwoverydifferentactivitycentersandneurologicalpathways,menandwomenperformequallywellonbroadmeasuresofcognitiveability,suchasintelligencetests.Thisresearchalsogivesinsighttowhydifferenttypesofheadinjuriesaremoredisastroustoonesexortheother.Forexample,inwomen84percentofgraymatterregionsand86percentofwhitematterregionsinvolvedinintellectualperformancewerelocatedinthefrontallobes,whereasthepercentagesoftheseregionsinaman’sfrontallobesare45percentandzerorespectively.Thismatchesupwellwithclinicaldatathatshowsfrontallobedamageinwomentobemuchmoredestructivethanthesametypeofdamageinmen.BothHaierandJunghopethatthisresearchwillsomedayhelpdoctorsdiagnosebraindisordersinmenandwomenearlier,aswellasprovidehelpdesigningmoreeffectiveandprecisetreatmentsforbraindamage.21.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue,accordingtoparagraph1?22.Accordingtoparagraph2,thisdiscoveryissignificantbecause________.23.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutgraybrainmatter?24.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisfalseaboutwhitebrainmatter?25.Thefinalparagraphsuggeststhat________.问题1选项A.Thebrainisamonolithicorgan.B.Intellectualabilitydependsonwhichpartofthebrainisused.C.Intellectualabilityvariesbetweenmenandwomen.D.Theanatomyofmen’sbrainsandwomen’sbrainsdiffer.问题2选项A.itisnecessarytounderstandtheanatomyofthebrainwhendealingwithdiseasesthataffectthoughtprocessesB.itshowsthatmenandwomenareequallyintelligentC.itshowsthatmenandwomenareequallyintelligentoverall,butspecializeindifferentwaysofthinkingD.manydiseasesofthebrainarespecifictogenderortheother问题3选项A.Ithelpsputtogetherinformationfromdifferentpartsofthebrain.B.Itisusedforprocessinginformation.C.Thereislessofitinmen’sbrains.D.Thereisadirectcorrelationbetweentheamountofgraybrainmatterandmathematicalability.问题4选项A.Womenhavemoreofitthanmen.B.Itisusedforputtingtogetherinformationfromdifferentpartsofthebrain.C.Thereisdirectcorrelationbetweentheamountofwhitebrainmatterandlinguisticability.D.Theamountofwhitebrainmatterisnotdirectlyrelatedtooverallintelligence.问题5选项A.menandwomenareequallyintelligentB.menandwomenhavedifferentfrontallobesC.headinjuriescanhavevariedeffects,accordingtowhetherapersonismaleorfemaleD.theresearchwillbeusefultootherscientists10.单选题Annawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction,completely______totheoutsideworld.问题1选项A.beinglostB.havinglostC.losingD.lost11.单选题Thenationalbankhasbeenuncommonlypowerfulincomparisontoitscounterpartsinothernations.Itretainsthispotencypartlybecauseitscontrolofthenation’sbankingsystemisunencumberedbygovernmentalinterference,andthusitsactionsremainlargely_______.问题1选项A.discretionaryB.bureaucraticC.compulsoryD.lucrative12.翻译题(36)Formany,theglobalfinancialandeconomiccrisishasconfirmedexistinganti-globalizationsentimentsandisbeingreflectedinoppositiontomoreliberalizedtrade.Underthedislocationcausedbythefinancialcrisis,manycountriesareattemptingtocurtailimportsorimposeotherrestrictionsontrade.AtboththeG-20Leaders’Summitandthemeetingsoffinanceministersandcentralbankgovernors,participantsagreedtofightallformsofprotectionismandmaintainopentrade.However,inMarch2009,WorldTradeOrganizationDirector-GeneralPascalLamystatedthatmembersoftheWTOwereshowinga“worryingtendencytowardincreasedtradeprotectionismasaresultofthedeepeningglobaleconomiccrisis.”(37)Theovertformsofprotectionismorbeggar-thy-neighborpoliciesarelimitedbyrulescountrieshaveagreedtoasmembersoftheWTO.However,thereisamplescope,forincreasesintradebarriersthatareconsistentwithWTOrulesandobligations,includingincreasesinappliedtariffstohigherboundlevels.IfallWTOmembersraisedtheircurrentlyappliedtarifftotoday’sWTOboundrates,tariffsworldwidewoulddouble.TheWTOhassaidthatsuchincreasesintradebarrierscouldcauseworldtradetoshrinkbyupto8%andreduceglobalwelfarebyupto$350billion.Almostanygovernmentinterventionintoeconomicactivityaffectsinternationaltradeandcapitalflows.Sincegovernmentinterventiongenerallyisinfluencedbypoliticalconsiderationsandmayinvolvetaxdollars,itusuallyfavorsdomesticconstituenciesattheexpenseofforeignconstituencies.(38)Adangerintheprocessofrecoveringfromtheglobalfinancialcrisisisthatcountriesmaytrytocapturealargershareofadecliningvolumeofinternationaltraderatherthanattempttoinducerecoveryintradeflowsbyhelpingtheirmacro-economiesreturntohealth.IntheUnitedStates,the“BUYAmerican”provisionintheFebruary2009stimuluspackagehasbeencharacterizedbysomeasastepdowntheslipperyslopeleadingtoprotectionismandasign,worryingtomany,thattheUnitedStatesmaynotbealeaderofthefree-tradeinitiativesintheyearsahead.TheEuropeanUnionhasraisedquestionsaboutwhetheritsprovisionsarecompatiblewithU.S.internationaltradecommitmentseventhoughtheprovisionappliesonlytosteel,iron,andmanufacturedgoodsusedinconstructionprojectsandlanguagewasincludedthattheprovision“shallbeappliedinamannerconsistentwithUnitedStatesobligationsunderinternationalagreements.”(39)Thecriticismfromothernationsofthisprovisionappearstobebasedonbothitspresumedeffectsandthefearthatevenarelativelysmall“BuyAmerican”provisionatthistimecouldsetaprecedentthatcouldopenthefloodgatesandprovidetheexcuseforacycleof“creepingprotectionism”byothernations.13.单选题Inthe20thcentury,allthenightmare-novelsofthefutureimaginedthatbookswouldbeburnt.Inthe21thcentury,ourdystopiasimagineaworldwherebooksareforgotten.Topluckjustone,GarySteynghart’snovelSuperSadTrueLoveStorydescribesaworldwhereeverybodyisobsessedwiththeirelectronicapparatus—anevenmoreomnivorousiPhonewithaflickeringstreamofshoppingandrealityshowsandporn—andhavesomehowcometobelievethatthefewremainingunreadpaperbooksletoffaranksmell.Thebookonthebook,itsuggests,isclosing.Thebook—thephysicalpaperbook—isbeingcircledbyashoalofsharks,withsalesdown9percentthisyearalone.It’sbeingchewedbythee-book.It’sbeinggoredbythedeathofthebookshopandthelibrary.Andmostimportantly,thementalspaceitoccupiedisbeingerodedbythethousandWeaponsofMassDestructionthatsurroundusall.It’shardtoadmit,butweallsenseit:itisbecomingalmostphysicallyhardertoreadbooks.InhisgorgeouslittlebookTheLostArtofReading—WhyBooksMatterinaDistractedTime,thecriticDavidUlinadmitstoastrange