从文体学的视角论商务英语词汇的特点及从文化角度看杭州景区公示语翻译

从文体学的视角论商务英语词汇的特点摘要随着社会经济的高度发展和中国加入世贸组织，英语作为一门应用最为广泛的全球化语言，被广泛应用于商务活动中，在国际社会发挥着越来越重要的作用。而在商务英语中，词汇又是影响交际效果的一个主要方面。本文通过从文体学视角分析商务英语词汇的特点，为商务英语词汇的学习提供了框架。作者相信从文体学视角分析商务英语词汇特点的有关知识将有助于学习者在国际商务活动中更好地运用商务英语。关键词：商务英语；词汇特点；文体；文体学ABSTRACTWiththerapiddevelopmentofnationaleconomyandChina'sentrancetotheWorldTradeOrganization,businessEnglish,asthemostcommonlyusedlanguageinbusinessactivities,playsanincreasinglyimportantroleinourinternationalcommunity.InEnglishbusiness,thelexiconisakeyaspectwhichcaninfluencetheeffectofcommunication.ThroughanalyzingthelexicalfeaturesofbusinessEnglishfromastylisticperspective,thisthesisprovidesaframeworkforbusinessEnglishvocabularylearning.ItisbelievedthatsomeknowledgeoflexicalfeaturesofbusinessEnglishfromastylisticperspectivehelplearnersmakebetteruseofbusinessEnglishininternationalbusinessactivities.Keywords：businessEnglish;lexicalfeature;style;stylisticsContents1．Introduction 12．BriefIntroductionofBusinessEnglish 22.1DefinitionofBusinessEnglish 22.2TheDevelopmentandFunctionofBusinessEnglish 33.StylisticsandBusinessEnglish 53.1Style 53.2Stylistics 53.3StylisticsandBusinessEnglish 64.LexicalFeaturesofBusinessEnglishFromStylisticsPerspective 84.1StylisticsandLexicalFeaturesofBusinessEnglish 84.2LexicalFeaturesofBusinessEnglish 84.2.1Abbreviation 84.2.2Technicalterm 104.2.3Literaryword 114.2.4Loanword 124.2.5Archaism 134.2.6Neologism 145．Conclusion 17Acknowledgements 18References 19IntroductionAgainstthebackgroundofeconomicglobalization,English,asamostfrequentlyusedmediumincross-culturalcommunication,playsavitalroleinallkindsofinternationalbusiness,suchasforeigntrade,internationalmarketing,financing,shippingandinsurance.Now,Chinahasundergone30years’reformandopeneditsdoorwiderthaneverbeforetotheoutsideworld,withChina’sentryintoWTO(theWorldTradeOrganization),moreandmoreforeignenterprisesandcompaniesarecomingtoChina.It’simportantforChinatoestablishbusinessrelationswithforeigncompaniestopromoteitseconomy.ItisalsonotedthatforeigncompaniesneedthecustomersfromChina.ItappearsthatmasteringbusinessEnglishisimportanttoChina’seconomicdevelopment.Vocabularyisthebasicelementofaspecificlanguage.Wilkinssaid,”Withoutgrammar,verylittlecanbeconveyed;withoutvocabulary,nothingcanbeconveyed.”Hallidayassertsthatlexicalfeaturesmaybethemostobviousmarketsofaregister,andmayevenservebythemselvesasidentifiers.Andstylisticsisclosedrelatedtoword.ThevocabularyofbusinessEnglishpertainstoaparticularstyle.NowthatbusinessEnglishisasubtypeofEnglishofESP(EnglishforSpecificPurpose),ithasaspecialsetofwordsusedinbusinesscommunication.Toputitantherway,itisthissetofwordsmakesbusinesscommunication.WordsofotherstylesofEnglisharemostlikelytofailtomakebusinessEnglishspecialandtomakeitspurposefulfilled.However,vocabularyisalsowherelearnersfindmostdifficultiesinlearningthelanguage.ThatiswhythisthesisfocusesonlyonthestudyoflexicalfeaturesofbusinessEnglishfromstylisticsperspective.

BriefIntroductionofBusinessEnglish2.1DefinitionofBusinessEnglishBusinessEnglishisusuallydefinedasEnglishusedininternationalbusinesscontextanditfallsunderthecategoryofEnglishforSpecificPurpose(ESP).ButitdiffersothervarietiesofESPinthatitisoftenamixofspecificcontent(relatingtoaparticularjobareaorindustry),andgeneralcontent(relatingtogeneralabilitytocommunicatemoreeffectivelyinbusinesssituations).BusinessEnglishcoversaseriesofwideEnglishvarietiesinbusiness,suchasforeigntradeEnglish,blurbs,printadvertisementsjobapplicationletters,TVadvertisements,etc.BusinessEnglish,asitsnamesuggests,isacombinationofknowledgeinbothbusinessandlanguage.Ontheonehand,itsharesthecommoncharacteristicswiththeotherlanguagevarietiesinthatitinvolvesvocabulary,grammarandsentencestructures;however,ontheotherhand,itcoversavarietyofspecialfieldsinthebusinessworld,likefinance,trade,transportation,tourism,etc.Aseriescalled“EnglishforBusiness”publishedbytheOxfordUniversityPress(1980)describesitselfas:“ThecourseaimstotraintheskillofcommunicationinEnglishspeaking,writing,listeningandreadingwithinabusinesscontexts.ItdoesnotsetouttobeahandbookofcommercialEnglish,butconcentratesonthepracticalapplicationofEnglishwithincommonbusinessandsocialcontexts.”AboutthedefinitionofbusinessEnglish,differentscholarshavedifferentopinion.RuthMoyersaidthat“BusinessEnglishisastudyofEnglishfundamentals(grammar,punctuation,spelling,wordusage,capitalization,andsoon)appliedtosentencescontainingthevocabularyandconceptsofbusiness.”MarkEllisandChristineJohnsondefinedthat“BusinessEnglishmustbeseenintheoverallcontextofEnglishforSpecificPurposes,asitsharestheimportantelementsofneedsanalysis,syllabusdesign,coursedesign,andmaterialselectionanddevelopmentwhicharecommontoallfieldsofworkinESP.”SylvieDonnagaveadefinitionthat“BusinessEnglishhasmuchincommonwithGeneralEFL,butinmanywaysisverydifferentsincetheaimsofacoursemaybequiteradicallydifferentfromthoseofaGeneralEnglishcourse.”Picketthighlightedthefactthatthereismorethanonefacetobusinesscommunicationwithsomeofitbeing“alotnearertheeverydaylanguagespokenbythegeneralpublicthanmanyothersegmentsofESP.”Inthecoursebook,InternationalBusinessEnglishusedforBECexamination,theeditordefinedthattheInternationalBusinessEnglishisforbusinesspeoplewhoneedto,orwillsoonneedto,useEnglishintheirwork.Itmayalsobeusedbyadultstudentswhowillbeenteringtheworldofbusinessattheendoftheircourseofstudies.Fromtheabovedefinitions,wecanfindsomethingincommon.1.BEsharesthesamefundamentalswithGE.2.BEservesspecialbusinesspurpose.3.Somebusiness-relatedterminologyandformsareusedinBE.AlsowecanseethatbusinessEnglishisnotaspeciallanguagebutEnglishusedinbusinesscontexts.ItisavarietyofEnglishusedinbusinesscontexts,forbusinesspurposes,andwithbusiness-relatedwordsandtermino.2.2TheDevelopmentandFunctionofBusinessEnglishBusinessEnglishmustbeseenintheoverallcontextofESP.TheresearchintobusinessEnglishshouldkeeppacewiththeoriginanddevelopmentofESP.ThereforeabriefreviewofthedevelopmentofESPwillshedlightontheresearchofbusinessEnglish.HutchinsonandWatersnotethattwokeyhistoricalperiodsbreathedlifeintoESP.First,theendoftheSecondWorldWarbroughtwithitanageofenormousandunprecedentedexpansioninscientific,technicalandeconomicactivityonaninternationalscale.Second,theOilCrisisoftheearly1970sresultedinwesternmoneyandknowledgeflowingintotheoil-richcountries.Duringthesetwoperiods,ESPhadarapiddevelopment.Inthepasttwentyyears,businessEnglishhasattractedmoreandmoreinterestandawareness.SeeingthatbusinesstransactingamongcountriesbecomeincreasingmanylanguageschoolsthroughtheworldprovidebusinessEnglishcourses.AccordingtoMarkEllisandChristineJohnson,thereareover100schoolsintheUKalone;therearemorethan150businessEnglishtitlesonUKpublishers’lists.Fromthesestatistics,wecanseethatbusinessEnglishhasbeenmoreandmorenoticeableanduseful.Yetdespitethisenormousinterest,businessEnglishisanareaoftenneglectedbylinguisticresearchers.Itwasnotuntil1960sthatbusinessEnglisharouselinguists’interest.TraditionallytheaimoflinguisticshadbeentodescribetherulesofEnglishusage.Thenewstudiesshiftedattentionawayfromdefiningtheformalfeaturesoflanguageusagetodiscoveringthewaysinwhichlanguageisactuallyusedinrealcommunication(Widdowson,1978).HutchinsonandWaters(1987)pointedoutthatonesignificantdiscoverywasmadeinthewaysthatspokenandwrittenEnglishvary.Inotherword,giventheparticularcontextinwhichEnglishisused,thevariantofEnglishwouldstillchange.Thisideawastakenonestepfarther.Theninthelate1960sandearly1970s,specialistvocabularywasseentobewhatdistinguishedbusinessEnglishfromgeneralEnglish(GE),andasabranchofESP,businessEnglishbecameasolelanguagelearnedandusedworldwide.BusinessEnglish,asalanguageform,servesasthemeansofcommunicationandthecarrierofrulesandregulationsgoverningthebusinessactivitiesintheworldofbusiness.Itcanalsotransmitnewbusinesspracticetoimprovetheefficiencyincarryingoutthebusinessactivities.SincetheemergenceoftheBritishEmpireasaworldwidesuperpower,Englishbegantodominatetheinternationalbusinessworld;almostallofthemajorworldeconomicorganizationsspecifyEnglishastheirofficiallanguage.InternationallawsregulatingthebusinessaffairsacrosstheborderarewrittenintheEnglishlanguagebyvariousinternationalauthorities.Whenproblemsarisefromtheinternationalbusinessactivities,proficiencyofbusinessEnglishisakeyfactortowinthetrialinaninternationalcourt,thusbusinessEnglishbecomesausefultooltosolveeconomicconflictsandapowerfulweapontoprotectoneselffromillegalassaults.SinceEnglishisthesolelanguagelearnedandusedworldwide,theproficientuseofthebusinessEnglishalsoprovidesanaccesstotherestoftheworldwhenexploringtheinternationalmarket.AccordingtoUNESCOstatistics，morethanonebillionandsixhundredmillionspeoplespeakEnglishasthefirstlanguage,andninetypercentofthose,whospeakEnglishasthesecondEnglish,usebusinessEnglishasamediumintheirdailybusinesstransaction.BusinessEnglishisusedwidelyinthemodernbusinessworld.InChina,thedevelopmentofbusinessEnglishhasbeenacceleratedsinceitbegantopracticetheopen-doorpolicy,especiallysinceitenteredWorldTradeOrganization(WTO).WiththerapiddevelopmentoftheChineseeconomy,theemergenceofjointventuresandforeign-fundedenterprisesinlargenumbershasgreatlystimulatedthedemandforEnglish-speakingbusinesspersonnel,asEnglishistheworkinglanguageofavastamountofalltheforeign-fundedenterprises.

StylisticsandBusinessEnglish3.1Style“Style”isafamiliarwordtomostofus,buttogiveacleardefinitionofitisaheadache,evengreatscholarsoflanguagehavemadeaheateddisputeonthistopic,buttheycouldnotsimplycametoanagreement.Whilestyledrawsmuchattentiononitselfwhenitwasrecognizableatthefirsttime.Byitsdefinitioninthedictionaries,theword“style”hastwoaspectsofmeaning:(1)themethodofexpressioninwritingorspeaking,whichchangesatalltimesaccordingtotheactualsituationalelements,suchastheparticipants,time,place,topic,etc.(2)thesetoflinguisticfeaturesthatseemtobecharacteristicofatext.Butexactlyspeaking,theseaspectsofdictionarymeaningjustgiveusthebroadestsenseoftheconceptonstyle.Inpractice,allthestylistshaveresearchedtheconceptsomuchthattheissueofstylebecomesmoreandmorecomplexandconfused.Untilnow,therearealsomanydisputesaboutitsdefinition.JonathanSwiftthoughtthatstyleis“properwordsinproperplaces”.LordChesterfieldsaidthatstyleisthe“dressofthoughts”.ToW.BYeats,itwas“highbreedinginargument”.InthewordsofCardinalNewman,“…styleisathinkingoutintolanguage”.Emersonsaid“Aman’sstyleishismind’svoice”.Althoughscholarscouldnotagreewitheachotheronthedefinition,theyalltookefforttoinvestigatestyleindifferentaspectsaccordingtotheirownunderstanding,anditalsoshowsdefinitelythedifficultyingivinganexactdefinitionofstyle.3.2StylisticsDefinedbyG.W.Turner,“Stylisticsisthatpartoflinguisticswhichconcentratesonvariationintheuseoflanguage….Stylisticsmeansthestudyofstyle,withasuggestion,fromtheformofaword,ofascientificoratleastamethodicalstudy.”Widdowsongivesfurtherexplanation,“bystylistics,ImeanthestudyofliterarydiscoursefromalinguisticorientationandIshalltaketheviewthatwhatdistinguishesstylisticsfromliterarycriticismontheonehandandlinguisticsontheotheristhatitisessentiallyameansoflinkingthetwo.”Inaword,stylisticsisaninter-disciplinarybranchoflearningwhichstudiesvariousdifferencesbetweenformalandinformal,betweendeviantandnormal,betweenmagnificentandplain,betweenprofessionalandpopular,betweenforeignanddomestic,betweenthisandthatindividual.Stylisticshasabroadandarestrictedsense.Initsbrosdsense,itstudiestheuseoflanguageinallkindsofcontextsandhowlanguageusevariesinaccordancewithvaryingcircumstances.Astyleisthesumoflinguisticfeaturesassociatedwithtextsdefinedbyasetofcontextualparameters,suchastheformalityoftherelationbetweenaddresserandaddressee,thetypeofcommunicationismaintained,orthecommunicationfunction.Thatistosay,stylecanbedifferentbecauseofdifferentspeakers,differentcontexts,differentmeansanddifferentkindsofcommunication.It’shistorycanbetracedbacktoancientGreece,accordingtoTheOxfordEnglishDictionary,theword“stylistics”appearedduring1882-1883.However,itwasonlyinthe1960sthatstylisticsgotwellestablishedasadiscipline.Nowitsmoderndevelopmentisabranchoflinguistics,whichusesthetheoryandmethodologyofmodernlinguisticstothestudyofthestyle.AsEnglishstylistHenryWiddowsonsays,thevalueofstyleanalysisliesinamethodprovidingforlearners,whichcancombinewritingwithhisfeelingtolanguage,andtomakehisorherfeelingfurther.Sostylisticsmayhelpusdevelopalogicalthoughtoflanguageanalysisandsolveproblemsoftranslationorwritinginlanguagelearning,anditcanhelpustofindthestylisticallysignificantfeaturesoflanguagethatweoftenoverlook.Italsomayhelpusspeeduptheprocessofacquisitionoftheabilitybyitssystematicdescriptionoflanguagevarieties,byitsemphasisonpracticalanalysis,becausesuchanalysisisatool,whichwillhelpourgetsensitivitytolanguage.3.3StylisticsandBusinessEnglishStylistics,studyingcertainaspectsoflanguagevariation,isthereforeabranchofthisacademicdiscipline.However,stylisticsisinnowayconfinedtolinguistics;itcoversmanyfieldssuchaslinguistics,literature,pragmatics,etc,thusthereputationofaninter-disciplinarybranchoflearning.Now,stylisticshasdevelopedintoaninterdisciplinaryareaifstudywithexplicitaimsandeffectivetechniques,andpromisestoofferusefulinsightsintolanguageuseandtheteachingoflanguageuse（Halliday,1964）.Alongwithdevelopmentofeconomy,businessEnglishhasbecomemoreandmoreimportantinourcountry.Needlesstosay,theskillhowtouselanguagecorrectlyinfluencesthesuccessofthebusinessactivitiesdirectly.Inordertopromotesales,marketandraisefundsuccessfully,precisionandclarityinlanguageareverynecessaryinthepersuasionoftheconsumers.Usingappropriatelanguageornotisthekeytotheachievementofthebusinessactivities.Andstylisticsmayhelpustogeta“senseofstyle”.Itisveryeasytofindthatthekeytoeffectivecommunicationinbusinessistheabilitytouselanguageappropriately.IfwewanttocommunicationinbusinessEnglishsuccessfully,thiskindofsenseofstyleshouldbedevelopedbyustoomuch.Althoughstylisticshasbeenusedintheareaofliteraryworksforalongtime,however,asapoweredtooloflanguagestudyofbusinessEnglishiscomparativelynewandthereismuchmoreroomtoimprove.Bymeansofstylistics,IhopemystudyonthisareacouldbemoreprofoundandmeaningfulforthelearningofbusinessEnglish.

LexicalFeaturesofBusinessEnglishFromStylisticsPerspective4.1StylisticsandLexicalFeaturesofBusinessEnglishVocabularyplaysaveryimportantroleinthelanguagesystem,asHarmerhasit,“Iflanguagestructuremakesuptheskeletonoflanguage,thenitisvocabularythatprovidesthevitalorgansandtheflesh.Anabilitytomanipulategrammaticalstructuredoesnothaveanypotentialforexpressingmeaningunlesswordsareused.”AlthoughtheideaiswidelyheldthatEnglishstudymainlyfocusesonpronunciation,grammarandwords,itseemsthatwordsareextremelyimportantasforthestudyofthislanguage.Ononehand,wordstudyisprovedtobethecommondifficultythattroublesalot;ontheotherhand,wordsofthislanguagethatareseldomusedingenerallanguagearethefirstthingthatshedslightonthelanguage.VocabularyinbusinessEnglishcanbeclassifiedintothreemajorgroups,theyarecontentwords,functionalwordsandstylisticwords.Contentwordsgenerallyrefertotheexpressionswithfixedsemanticcontent.Functionalwordscanoccupyinvariousregions,whichareinterchangeableindifferentstyle,suchasthepronoun,thenumeral,theadverb,theconjunctionandsoforth.Thelastoneisstylisticwordswhichfeaturethestyleofdifferentbusinesswriting.Asmentionedabove,stylisticsisclosedrelatedtowords;peoplewhoresearchEnglishstyleoftenquotetheideaofstylebyJonathanSwift–Styleistousetherightwordintotherightplace.SostylisticsfeaturesonlexicalofbusinessEnglishincludetheuseofabbreviation,commercialsymbolsandcodes,archaicwordsandphrases,shortandsimplewords,andLatinorFrenchwords,coordinationofwordsandmodalverbsaswellaschangesinmeaningofsomecommonwords.4.2LexicalFeaturesofBusinessEnglish4.2.1AbbreviationBusinesswritingarealwaysconcernedwiththeproblemsofcertaincompaniesordepartment,consequentlyalargenumberofpropernounsinbusinessfieldunavoidablyappearconstantly.Nodoubt,constantrepetitionofthesepropernounsseverelyenhancesthereadingdifficulty,slowsdownreadingspeedandbafflestheeffectiveunderstandingtothewholewritingwithinthelimitedtime.Inordertodealwiththisproblem,abbreviationispreferredinnearlyallbusinesswritingandsimplifiesthenameofcompanydepartment,andotherpropernames.Withthedevelopmentoflongtimebusinesspractice,abbreviatedtermscameintobeingtoreplacecertainprofessionalterms.Hardlyunderstandablemaytheylook;theybecomethewidelyacceptableinthecircleofinternationalbusiness.Butinsomecases,astheabbreviationaremorefrequentlythanitsfullname,itneedsnomoreexplanation.Acommondefinitionofabbreviationgoessomethinglikethis:Anabbreviationisashortenedversionofawordorphraseanditisoftenfollowedbyaperiod.Abbreviationshavethreeformsofacronyms,initialismsandclipping.BothinitialismsandacronymshavebecomeverypopularsinceWorldWarIIandthusextremelyproductive.a.ClippingAcommonwayofformingawordistoshortenalongerwordistoshortenalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremainsinstead.Thisiscalledclipping.Inmoderntimes,peopletendtobeeconomicalinwritingandspeechsoastokeepupwiththetempoofnewlifestyle.Consequently,tosavetimeandspace,wordsandphrasesthatarefrequentlyusedortoocomplicatedarelikelytobeclippedandefficiency.Forexample:DocDocumentCorpCorporationAcct.AccountRef.ReferenceSHPDShippedQTYQuantityABENDAbnormalEndoftaskABTERMAbnormalTerminationINCOTEMInternationalRulesfortheInterpretationofTradeTermsMASSDARModularAnalysis,Speedup,SamplingandDataReductionb.AcronymandInitialismAacronymisawordcoinedbytakingtheinitiallettersofthewordsorphrasesandusingthemasanewwordwhichispronouncedasasinglewordratherletterbyletter,forexampleS.W.I.F.T,(SocietyforWorldwideInterbankFinancialTelecommunication).Butsometimesshortenedformsarecreatedusingtheinitiallettersofwordswhichdonotgivespermissiblesyllables.Theyfailthephonologicaltest.Insuchcases,eachletterissoundedseparately.Wecallsuchformsinitialismsratherthanacronyms.IncaselikeHVPS(HighValuePaymentSystem).Thetermacronymisrestrictedtoformsthatpronounceableasnormalwords.Followingexamplesareinitialismsandacronyms:UNOUnitedNationsOrganizationGATTGeneralAgreementonTradeandTariffsOPECOrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountriesAPECAsia-PacificEconomicCooperationVATValueAddedTaxWTOWorldTradeOrganizationEECEuropeanEconomiccommunityCIFCost,InsuranceandFreightFOBFreeOnBoardETDEstimatedTimeofDepartureB/LbillofladingL/CletterofcreditAcertainsurveyindicatesthattherearetensofthousandsofabbreviationinEnglish,whicharewidelyusedbothindailylivesandinprofessionalareas.Sothisisjustashortdemonstrationofprofessionalabbreviatedterms.4.2.2TechnicaltermLikeallothervarietiesthathavedevelopedaspecificgroupofwords,businessEnglishhasalsodevelopeditsowngroupofwords,whichareoftenappliedinthetermsofbusinesswriting.Technicaltermsareexclusivelyusedinpolitics,economy,culturalandallkindsofscientificfieldandmeaningarefixedandsubjectiveandcanonlybeunderstoodbyprofessionalpeople.Thosetermsbearspecialmeaningwithrepetitiveuseandlong-termpractice.ThispartisbecomingthemajorpartofspecialEnglish.However,tooformalandtoospecializedwordsarerarelyfoundininternationalbusinesslettersjustbecausetheyaretoodifficulttounderstandforcommonpeople.Butwhencomestospecificreferenceastopackage,payment,insurance,bank,andshipmenttheyareofgreatnecessity,becausetheyareaccurate,singleandwithoutambiguityandindividualcoloring.Inordertoexpresseverybusinesssectorandsomerelatednotecorrectly,businessstylehasgottousetheclearandprecisetechnicalterms.Herefollowsaresomeillustration.endorser背书人factoring保理profit/lossstatement损益帐off-contractbuying非契约购买billoflading提单shippingmark唛头generalaverage共同海损irrevocableL/C不可撤销信用证Liquiditymanagement（对清偿能力的管理）isakeyelementintheevaluationofcapitaladequacy(资本充足程度)Ifthe“ForceMajure”(不可抗力)causelastsover60days,wehavetherighttocancelthecontractortheundeliveredpartthecontract.SomeoftechnicaltermsinbusinessexpressesarecomingfromLatinlanguageandFrench,butsomecomefromordinaryEnglish,yetmanyofthemhavechangedtheirmeanings.Forexample,“Offer”asacommonwordindailyEnglish,means“toputforward;tosaywhatoneiswillingtopay,giveorexampleetc.”Butinbusinesstranslationsitisapromisetosupplygoodsonthetermsandconditionsstated.Inanofferthesellernotonlyquotesthepriceofthegoodshewishestosellbutalsoindicatesallnecessarytermsofsalesforthebuyers’considerationandacceptance.Wemake/send/airmailafirmoffer/non-firmoffer/counteroffer/finaloffer.Othersuchexamplesarecover,claim,quotation,policy,average,honor,outstanding,etc.It’sveryimportanttonoticetheirdifferentmeaningsusedinbusinesstransactions.4.2.3LiterarywordDifferentstyleneedsdifferentwords,thatistosay,wordshavedifferentstylisticcolor.Literarywordsareoftenusedintheformalwritings,suchaslegalEnglish,treatment,contractandsoon.InbusinessEnglishwriting,themeaningandrangeforrightandobligationofbothpartiesshallbeconfirmeddirectlyandclearly,withoutpersonalattitudes.Theusageoftheseliteraryorlearnedwordsinbusinesswritingmakesthewholepassagebeseriousandsolemn.HereIalsotakesomeexamples:TheAgreementshallcommenceonthisdayandautomaticallyterminateuponthebankruptcyorinsolvencyofeitherofthepartieshereto.(commenceismorefor