大学思辨英语教程-精读3教学课件Unit-10

Unit10

ReligionandSociety

TextA

TheProtestantEthicandtheSpiritofCapitalism

MaxWeberLearning

ObjectivesReadingSkills

CriticalThinkingCommunicativeCommunicativeCompetenceInterculturalCompetenceIdentifymainideasinparagraphs,multi-paragraphunitsandthewholetextUnderstandhowspecialideas,paragraphsandlargeportionsofthetextrelatetoeachotherandthewholeUnderstandthetextbyrelyingheavilyonbackgroundknowledgeLearning

ObjectivesBuildarangeofreligion-andeconomy-relatedvocabularyAchievelanguageaccuracythroughsenserelationsandwordformationSelectlanguageformsappropriatetothetopicCommunicativeCompetenceReadingSkillsCriticalThinkingLearning

ObjectivesIdentifytheunstatedassumptionsinWeber’sreasoningandassesstheirvalidityMakeinterdisciplinaryconnectionsbetweeneconomicandreligiousstudiesCompareandevaluatetwoopposingpropositionsBeawareofthedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenWesternandChinesereligionsReinterprettraditionalChinesecultureinlightofWeber’stheoryExplainhowthelargerreligiouscultureshapesindividuallifeInterculturalCompetenceLeadinReligionisusuallyassociatedwithfaith,meditation,prayer,thespirituallifeandsometimesatendencytodespisewealthandamateriallife.Bycontrast,capitalismisthepursuitofmaximizingprofitsandaccumulatingwealth.LeadinHaveyoueverthoughtoftherelationshipbetweenreligionandcapitalism?Canyouimaginethepossibilityofreligioncontributingtothedevelopmentofcapitalism?Whatroledoesreligionplayinasociety?Howdoesreligioninfluencethewaypeoplethinkandbehave?Inparticular,howdidChristianityadapttoandcontributetothemoderntransformationofWesternsociety?Keepyourquestionsanddoubtsinmindwhileyouread“TheProtestantEthicandtheSpiritofCapitalism,”amasterpiecebyMaxWeber,oneofthefoundersofmodernsociology.LeadinItshouldbenotedthatnoteveryoneagreeswithMaxWeber’sargumentontherelationshipbetweenProtestantismandcapitalism.Youmayhaveyourownreservationsafterreadinghisarticle.TextBisasummaryofFelixRachfahl’sreviewofTheProtestantEthic,inwhichhequestionsWeber’sconceptofa“capitalistspirit”andcriticizeshisanalysisoftheeconomicinfluenceofCalvinism.BackgroundKnowledge1.AbouttheauthorMaxWeber(April1864–June1920)isaGermansociologist,philosopher,jurist,andpoliticaleconomist.Weberisoftencited,withÉmileDurkheimandKarlMarx,asamongthethreefoundersofsociology.Weberwasakeyproponentofmethodologicalantipositivism,arguingforthestudyofsocialactionthroughinterpretive(ratherthanpurelyempiricist)means,basedonunderstandingthepurposeandmeaningthatindividualsattachtotheirownactions.Hewasalsothefirsttocategorizesocialauthorityintodistinctforms,whichhelabeledascharismatic,traditional,andrational-legal.Hisanalysisofbureaucracyemphasizedthatmodernstateinstitutionsareincreasinglybasedonrational-legalauthority.Weberisbestknownforhisthesiscombiningeconomicsociologyandthesociologyofreligion,elaboratedinhisbookTheProtestantEthicandtheSpiritofCapitalism.InTheProtestantEthicandtheSpiritofCapitalism,WeberputforwardthethesisthatCalvinistethicandideasinfluencedthedevelopmentofcapitalism.TheProtestantworkethic,theCalvinistworkethicorthePuritanworkethic,isaconceptintheology,sociology,economicsandhistorywhichemphasizesthathardwork,disciplineandfrugalityarearesultofaperson’ssubscriptiontothevaluesespousedbytheProtestantfaith,particularlyCalvinism.continuedBackgroundKnowledgeWeberarguedthattheProtestantethic(ormorespecifically,Calvinistethic)motivatedthebelieverstoworkhard,besuccessfulinbusinessandreinvesttheirprofitsinfurtherdevelopmentratherthanfrivolouspleasures;Thenotionofcallingtaughtpeopletoseetheirworkasa“calling”byGod,whichtheyweretousetoglorifyGod;Predestinationmeantthatamaterialwealthcouldbetakenasasignofsalvationintheafterlife.Thebelieversthusjustifiedpursuitofprofitwithreligion,asinsteadofbeingfuelledbymorallysuspectgreedorambition,theiractionsweremotivatedbyahighlymoralandrespectedphilosophy.ThisWebercalledthe“spiritofcapitalism”.ThistheoryisoftenviewedasareversalofMarx’sthesisthattheeconomic“base”ofsocietydeterminesallotheraspectsofit.continuedBackgroundKnowledgeWeberdefinesspiritofcapitalismastheideasandespritthatfavortherationalpursuitofeconomicgain:“Weshallneverthelessprovisionallyusetheexpression‘spiritofcapitalism’forthatattitudewhich,inthepursuitofacalling,strivessystematicallyforprofitforitsownsakeinthemannerexemplifiedbyBenjaminFranklin.”continuedBackgroundKnowledge2.Protestant:anadherentofanyofthoseChristianbodiesthatseparatedfromtheChurchofRomeduringtheReformation,especiallyintheacceptanceoftheBibleasthesolesourceofrevelation,injustificationbyfaithalone,andintheuniversalpriesthoodofallthebelievers.BackgroundKnowledge3.Quaker:amemberoftheReligiousSocietyofFriends,aChristiansectfoundedbyGeorgeFoxabout1650,whosecentralbeliefisthedoctrineoftheInnerLight.Quakersrejectsacraments,ritual,andformalministry,holdmeetingsatwhichanymembermayspeak,andhavepromotedmanycausesforsocialreform.BackgroundKnowledge4.Puritan:amemberofagroupofEnglishProtestantswhointhe1500sand1600sadvocatedstrictreligiousdisciplinealongwithsimplificationoftheceremoniesandcreedsoftheChurchofEngland.BackgroundKnowledge5.Mammonism:thepursuitofmaterialwealthandpossessions,especiallyadedicationtorichesthatistantamounttodevotion.BackgroundKnowledge6.GoodworksGoodworks,orsimplyworks,withinChristiantheologyareaperson’s(exterior)actionsordeeds,contrastingwithinteriorqualitiessuchasgraceorfaith.TheChristian’sgoodworksarerootedinChrist,andhavecosmicpurposesthatGodordainedbeforetheworldbegan.BackgroundKnowledge7.CallingAcalling,inthereligioussenseoftheword,isareligiousvocation(whichcomesfromtheLatinfor“call”)thatmaybeprofessionalorvoluntaryand,idiosyncratictodifferentreligions,maycomefromanotherperson,fromadivinemessenger,orfromwithinoneself.BackgroundKnowledge8.CalvinismCalvinismisasystemofChristiantheologyadvancedbyJohnCalvin,aProtestantReformerinthesixteenthcentury,andfurtherdevelopedbyhisfollowers,associatesandadmirers.ThetermalsoreferstothedoctrinesandpracticesoftheReformedchurches,ofwhichCalvinwasanearlyleader.CalvinismismarkedbystrongemphasisonthesovereigntyofGod,thedepravityofhumankind,andthedoctrineofpredestination.BackgroundKnowledge9.Reformation:A16th-centurymovementinWesternEuropethataimedatreformingsomedoctrinesandpracticesoftheRomanCatholicChurchandresultedintheestablishmentoftheProtestantchurches.BackgroundKnowledge10.Methodist:AmemberofanevangelicalProtestantchurchfoundedontheprinciplesofJohnandCharlesWesleyinEnglandintheearly1700sandcharacterizedbyreligiousdevotion,spiritualperfectionandactiveconcernwithpublicmorals.BackgroundKnowledge11.Bunyan’spilgrim:ThePilgrim’sProgress,religiousallegoryintwoparts(1678and1684)bytheEnglishwriterJohnBunyan,asymbolicvisionofthegoodman’spilgrimagethroughlife,atonetimesecondonlytotheBibleinpopularity.WithoutdoubtthemostfamousChristianallegorystillinprint,ThePilgrim’sProgresswasfirstpublishedinthereignofCharlesIIandwascompletedwhileitsauthorwasimprisonedforoffencesagainsttheConventicleAct(whichprohibitedtheconductingofreligiousservicesotherthanthatoftheChurchofEngland).BackgroundKnowledge

TextStructureTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisEvaluationandexplorationTextStructurePartPara(s).MainideaI.

1-4Protestant

Asceticism

ledtothe

accumulationof

wealth.II.5-6III.7-9Puritanoutlookfavoredarationalbourgeoiseconomicliferatherthanfeudalwayoflife.Religionsolvedtheproblemofthesecularizingeffectofwealthbyadvisingpeopleofwealthtogivealltheycan.

continuedPartPara(s).MainideaIV.10-11V.12-13Abourgeois

economicethic

developedin

accordancewith

thewillofGod.Thesearchforreligiouspurposepassedoverintothepursuitofmoney,solongasittookplacelegally.TextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisEvaluationandexplorationTextStructurePartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVPartVDetailedAnalysisPartIComprehensionCheck1.WhatisMaxWeber’sfundamentalpurposeinthiswriting?Whatishiscentralclaim?Purpose:toexplainthelinkbetweentheProtestantasceticismandthecapitalisticethic.Centralclaim:Theintensityofreligiousasceticismgraduallypassedoverintoabourgeoiseconomicethic.2.Whatinferencescanyoumakefromthefollowingsentences?(Payspecialattentiontothewordsinboldtype.)a.Ontheotherhand,ithadthepsychologicaleffectoffreeingtheacquisitionofgoodsfromtheinhibitionsoftraditionalisticethics.(Para.1)b....whichtheircodecondemnedasidolatryoftheflesh,howevernaturaltheyhadappearedtothefeudalmind.(Para.2)a.Traditionalisticethics(Catholicethics)inhibittheacquisitionofwealth.b.Forthefeudalmind,livingaluxuriouslifetogratifythedesireofthefleshisonlynatural.PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVPartVDetailedAnalysis3.WhatisthemainideaofPara.3?Whilecondemningthepursuitofrichesfortheirownsake,asceticismlooksupontheattainmentofwealthasafruitoflaborinacallingasasignofGod’sblessing.PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVPartVDetailedAnalysis4.Unstatedassumptionisacertainfactorconditionnotexplicitlyprovidedbutwhichmustbeassumedinorderfortheargument’sconclusiontobereadilyinferable.Iftheassumptionscouldbechallenged,theconclusionismostlikelyquestionable.Whatistheunwrittenassumptionsinthefollowingstatement?Assessthevalidity.Whatwascondemnedascovetousness,Mammonism,etc.,wasthepursuitofrichesfortheirownsake.Forwealthinitselfwasatemptation.(Para.3)Assumption:Thepursuitofrichesfortheirownsakeisbad(PursuingwealthtopleaseGodisgood).PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVPartVDetailedAnalysisIt’savalidassumption.However,therecouldbevariousreasonstopursuewealthapartfromthereasoninthisassumption,e.g.tosurviveandhaveabetterlife,topassittoone’schildren,tohelpthepoorintheformofcharitydonationoreducationimprovement,NOTjusttopleaseGod.PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVPartVDetailedAnalysiscontinued

1.asceticism(Para.1,line1)thepracticeoflivingwithoutanyphysicalpleasuresorcomforts,especiallyforreligious禁欲主义Derivation:asceticadjectivePartIWordStudyPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVPartVDetailedAnalysis

2.recapitulate(Para.1,line1)verb[intransitive,transitive]

formaltorepeatthemainpointsofsomethingthathasjustbeensaid概括e.g.Torecapitulate,alldevelopmentrightsandvalueswerevestedinthestate.Derivation:recapitulationnoun[countable,uncountable]PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVPartVDetailedAnalysis

3.idolatry(Para.2,line2)noun[uncountable]

thepracticeofworshippingidols偶像崇拜e.g.EvenduringtheReformationitwasbiblicalsceneslikelytopromotesuperstitionandidolatrythatcamedown.

Derivation:idolatrousadjectivePartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVPartVDetailedAnalysis

4.ostentation(Para.2,line11)noun[uncountable]

formalwhenyoudeliberatelytrytoshowpeoplehowrichorcleveryouare,inordertomakethemadmireyou炫耀e.g.Herlifestylewasremarkablyfreefromostentation.PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVPartVDetailedAnalysis

5.sordid(Para.2,line12)adjective

1)involvingimmoralordishonestbehavior不道德的；龌龊的e.g.Shediscoveredthetruthabouthissordidpast.2)verydirtyandunpleasant肮脏的e.g.asordidlittleroom

PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVPartVDetailedAnalysis

6.avarice(Para.3,line2)noun[uncountable]

formaladesiretohavealotofmoneythatisconsideredtobetoostrong贪婪e.g.Herbusinessempirebroughtherwealthbeyondthedreamsofavarice.Synonym:greedDerivation:avariciousadjectiveavariciouslyadverbPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVPartVDetailedAnalysis

7.covetousness(Para.3,line2)noun[uncountable]

averystrongdesiretohavesomethingthatsomeoneelsehas贪心e.g.Covetousnessiscondemnedasagreatsin.Derivation:covetousadjectivecovetously

adverbPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVPartVDetailedAnalysis

8.conformity(Para.3,line6)noun[uncountable]

behaviorthatobeystheacceptedrulesofsocietyoragroup,andisthesameasthatofmostotherpeople遵守e.g.anemphasisonconformityandcontrol

conformitytoconformitytosocialexpectationsDerivation:conformistnounconformistadjectiveconformverbPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVPartVDetailedAnalysis

9.reprehensible(Para.3,line8)adjectiveformalreprehensiblebehaviorisverybadanddeservescriticism应受指责的e.g.Ifindtheirbehaviormorallyreprehensible.

PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVPartVDetailedAnalysis

10.susceptible(Para.4,line6)adjectiveasusceptiblepersoniseasilyinfluencedorattractedbysomeoneorsomething易受影响的e.g.AlotofTVadvertisingisaimedatsusceptibleyoungchildren.susceptibleofsomethingformalifsomethingissusceptibleofanaction,thatactioncanbedonetoite.g.Workingconditionsaresusceptibleofimprovementbylegislation.PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVPartVDetailedAnalysis1.Theydidnotwishtoimposemortificationonthemanofwealth,buttheuseofhismeansfornecessaryandpracticalthings.(Para.2)PartISentenceAnalysisParaphrasethesentencePartVPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisTheProtestantsdidnotwishtoforceontoarichmanasenseofshame.Theyonlywanthimtousethemoneyfornecessary,sensibleandusefulthings.2.Whatwascondemnedascovetousness,Mammonism,etc.,wasthepursuitofrichesfortheirownsake.(Para.3)ParaphrasethesentencePartVPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisWhatwascondemnedasgreedandmoneyworshiping,wastoaccumulatewealthforthepurposeofaccumulatingwealth.3.For,inconformitywiththeOldTestamentandinanalogytotheethicalvaluationofgoodworks,asceticismlookeduponthepursuitofwealthasanendinitselfashighlyreprehensible…(Para.3)ParaphrasethesentencePartVPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisThisisbecauseaccordingtotheteachingsintheOldTestament,andalsoinaccordwiththestandardofgoodbehaviorfromtheethicalpointofview,asceticismwouldviewhimasdeservingseverecriticismifonepursueswealthasthefinalgoalofone’slife.4.Howstrongthisinfluencewasisnot,unfortunately,susceptibleofexactstatisticaldemonstration.(Para.4)ParaphrasethesentencePartVPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisHowstrongtheProtestantasceticisminfluencedtheaccumulationofwealthis,unfortunately,notlikelytobeprovedwithexactstatistics.1.What,accordingtoWeber,arethetwoelementscombinedtoformtheEnglishnationalcharacter?TwoelementsformingtheEnglishnationalcharacter:oneisanunspoilednaïvejoyoflife;theotherisstrictlyregulated,reservedself-control,andconventionalethicalconduct.PartIIComprehensionCheckPartVPartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis2.WhatarethetwosharplycontrastedwaysoflifethattheearlyhistoryoftheNorthAmericanColoniesisdominatedby?PartVPartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisTwosharplycontrastedwaysoflifeintheNorthAmericanColonies:oneisthatoftheadventurers,whowantedtosetupplantationswiththelaborofindenturedservants,andliveasfeudallords;theotheristhespecificallymiddle-classoutlookofthePuritans.3.Whataretheunwrittenassumptionsinthefollowingstatement?Assessthevalidity.EnglishMercantilistwritersoftheseventeenthcenturyattributedthesuperiorityofDutchcapitaltoEnglishtothecircumstancethatnewlyacquiredwealththeredidnotregularlyseekinvestmentinland.Also,sinceitisnotsimplyaquestionofthepurchaseofland,itdidnotthereseektotransferitselftofeudalhabitsoflife,andtherebytoremoveitselffromthepossibilityofcapitalisticinvestment.(Para.5)PartVPartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisAssumption:TheEnglishwayofacquiringwealthtoinvestinlandandmaintainingthetraditionalfeudalwayoflifeisbackward/conservative/negative.Thevaliditydependsontheperspectiveandunderstandingonthewayoflife.Ifeconomicprosperityandmaterialisticaffluencewereregardedasabetterwayoflife,theEnglishwaywouldbebackwardindeed.However,ifpeople’spsychological,spiritualwellbeingandotherfactorsweretakenintoconsideration,thetraditionalwayoflifemightnotbeinferiortothecapitalistone.PartVPartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysiscontinued4.WhatdoesWeberrefertobya“Puritanoutlook”?Puritanoutlook,accordingtoWeber,isthestrictlyregulated,reservedself-control,andconventionalethicalconductthatcharacterizepuritans.PartVPartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis5.IfPuritansdidnotspendnewlyacquiredwealthonthepurchaseofland,whatdidtheydowiththewealth?WhatisthesignificanceofthisactaccordingtoWeber?Puritansdidnotregularlyspendnewlyacquiredwealthonthepurchaseofland,instead,theyspentitincapitalisticinvestment.ThoughPuritanssharedhighesteemforagriculture,theydidnotwanttobecomelandlordsorsquires,butrationalcultivators.Significance:Whennewlyacquiredwealthdidnotseekinvestmentinland,itdidnottransferPuritanstofeudalhabitsoflife.Itthenencouragedthedevelopmentofarationalbourgeoiseconomiclife.PartVPartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartIIWordStudy1.antipathy(Para.5,line3)noun[uncountable]

formalafeelingofstrongdisliketowardssomeoneorsomething反感e.g.There’salwaysbeenacertainamountofantipathybetweenthetwodoctors.Synonym:hostilityPartVPartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis2.squire(Para.5,line12)noun

[countable]themanwhointhepastownedmostofthelandaroundacountryvillageinEngland乡绅PartVPartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis1.WhatdoesWeberrefertobythe“paradoxicalrelationships”inPara.8?WhatsolutiondoesWebersaythatreligionhadadoptedtodealwiththeparadox?Paradoxicalrelationship:Religionmustnecessarilyproducebothindustryandfrugality,andthesecannotbutproduceriches.Butasrichesincrease,sowillpride,angerandloveoftheworld,andhencetheessenceofreligionwilldecrease.Solution:Thosewhogainalltheycanandsavealltheycanareadvisedtogivealltheycan,sothattheywillgrowingraceandlayupatreasureinheaven.PartIIIComprehensionCheckPartVPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis

PartIIIWordStudy1.befall(Para.7,line6)verb[transitive]literaryifsomethingunpleasantordangerousbefallsyou,ithappenstoyou降临e.g.Weprayedthatnoharmshouldbefallthem.PartVPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis2.monastic(Para.7,line7)adjective1)relatingtomonksorlifeinamonastery僧侣的e.g.themonasticlife2)similartoamonk’swayofliving,forexamplequiet,simple,ornothavingsex如僧侣般的e.g.Heledarathermonasticlifestyle.Derivation:monasticism

noun[uncountable]PartVPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis3.secularize(Para.8,line2)verb[transitive]toremovethecontrolorinfluenceofreligiousgroupsfromasocietyoraninstitution使世俗化e.g.

Themodernattempttosecularizecivilizationsisreallyanattempttosubstitutenewreligionsforold.Derivation:secularization

noun[uncountable]PartVPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartIIISentenceAnalysisPartVPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis1.WithgreatregularitywefindthemostgenuineadherentsofPuritanismamongtheclasseswhichwererisingfromalowlystatus,thesmallbourgeoisandfarmers,whilethebeatipossidentes,evenamongQuakers,areoftenfoundtendingtorepudiatetheoldideals.(Para.7)Beatipossidentes(Latinexpression):thoseblessedpossessorsParaphrasethesentencePartVPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis2.FortheMethodistsineveryplacegrowdiligentandfrugal;consequentlytheyincreaseingoods.Hencetheyproportionatelyincreaseinpride,inanger,inthedesireoftheflesh,thedesireoftheeyes,andtheprideoflife.(Para.8)Methodistseverywherebecomemoreandmorehard-workingandthrifty.Asaresult,theyincreasetheirwealth.Hencetheygrowcorrespondinglyintheirpride,anger,sexualdesire,desireforthingspleasingtotheeye,andvaincravingforhonorandapplause.RobinsonCrusoeistheeconomicmanwhopursuesreligionandcarriesonmissionaryactivitiesonlyontheside,whereasBunyan’spilgrimignoreseconomicgainandengagedinthereligiousorspiritualsearchassuch.1.How,accordingtoWeber,doesRobinsonCrusoedifferfromBunyanintermsoftheirreligiouspursuit?PartIVComprehensionCheckPartVPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisBothworlds:one–theeconomicworldorsecularworld;theother–thespiritualworld,ortheKingdomofGodTomakethemostofbothworlds:tobecomesuccessfulinbothrealms.Andastimewentby,agoodreligiousconsciencesimplybecameagoodconscienceintheacquisitionofmoney.2.Whatdoestheprinciple“tomakethemostofbothworlds”mean?Whatdoes“bothworlds”referto?PartVPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis

PartIVWordStudy1.utilitarian(Para.10,line6)

adjective

formalintendedtobeusefulandpracticalratherthanattractiveorcomfortable实用的

e.g.uglyutilitarianbuildingsPartVPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis2.epoch(Para.11,line4)noun[countable]

aperiodofhistory时代e.g.Theking’sdeathmarkedtheendofanepoch.Synonym:eraPartVPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis3.bequeath(Para.11,line4)verb[transitive]

toofficiallyarrangeforsomeonetohavesomethingthatyouownafteryourdeath遗赠e.g.ShebequeathedhercollectionofpaintingstotheNationalGallery.PartVPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis

PartIVSentenceAnalysisPartVPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis1.Whatthegreatreligiousepochoftheseventeenthcenturybequeathedtoitsutilitariansuccessorwas,however,aboveallanamazinglygood,wemayevensayapharisaicallygood,conscienceintheacquisitionofmoney,solongasittookplacelegally.(Para.11)Theword“pharisaically”coinedbyWeberisassociatedwiththePharisees.Pharisees(chieflyChristianity)referstothemanneremphasizingtheobservanceofritualorpracticeoverthemeaning.PartVPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis2.Everytraceofthedeplacerevixpotesthasdisappeared.(Para.11)deplacerevixpotest(Latinexpression):ThisisashortenedformofaquotationapparentlyfromSt.Jerome:HomoMercatorvixautnumquampotestDeoplacere,“AmanwhoisamerchantcanscarcelyorneverpleaseGod.”

PartVComprehensionCheck

PartVPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis1.Whatcomfortingassurancedidbourgeoisbusinessmengetabouttheunequaldistributionofthewealthofthisworld?ReligiongavebourgeoisbusinessmenthecomfortingassurancethattheunequaldistributionofthewealthinthisworldwasthewillofGod,pursuedforasecretpurposeunknowntomen.

PartVWordStudy1.pecuniary(Para.12,line5)adjectiveformalrelatingtoorconsistingofmoney金钱上的e.g.

Hewastryingtogetapecuniaryadvantageforhimself.PartVPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis2.dispensation(Para.13,line2)noun[countable,uncountable]specialpermissionfromsomeoneinauthority,especiallyareligiousleader,todosomethingthatisnotusuallyallowed特许e.g.

Caroline’smarriagewasannulledbyspecialdispensationfromthechurch.PartVPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartVPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartVSentenceAnalysis1.Finally,itgavehimthecomfortingassurancethattheunequaldistributionofthegoodsofthisworldwasaspecialdispensationofDivineProvidence,whichinthesedifferences,asinparticulargrace,pursuedsecretendsunknowntomen.Translatethesentence最后，宗教苦行主义还给企业家提供了一种令人安慰的确信，现世财富分配的不平等，来自上帝旨意特别的安排，这些差别，正如有单独、特殊的恩宠一样，自然有其所要达到的秘密目的，而这一目的却不能为人所知道。PartVPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis2.Thisformulationofaleadingideaofcapitalisticeconomylaterenteredintothecurrenttheoriesoftheproductivityoflowwages.Translatethesentence这一对资本主义经济具有诱导性的观念简述，后来成为流行的低工资生产理论的一部分。EvaluationandExplorationDiscussthefollowingquestionsinsmallgroups.TextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisEvaluationandexplorationTextStructure(1)DoesMaxWebergiveacleardefinitionofthespiritofcapitalism?Whatdoyouthinkofhiswayofdefiningtheconcept?MaxWebberdefinesthespiritofcapitalismastheideasandespritthatfavortherationalpursuitofeconomicgainorprofit,topleaseGodaccordingtotheProtestantethics.Indeed,MaxWebbergraspsthekeyelementintheforcethatdrivesthecapitalisteconomy–pursuitofeconomicgai