2023年考研考博考博英语西安交通大学考试高频考点参考题库含答案

2023年考研考博考博英语西安交通大学考试高频考点参考题库带答案（图片大小可自由调整）答案解析附后第1卷一.综合题(共20题)1.单选题Aprilthe3rdwasthedayweattemptedtoreachMountEverest.Themorningsawusailupandrushingaboutthebungalowatdaybreak.Webumpeddowntheninemilesofdustytrack,eachclutchingacameraoroneofthemoredelicateinstrumentstoourchestsinanendeavortomakeourbodiesabsorbasmanyoftheshocksfromthebumptrackaspossible.Thegroundstaffwasalreadybusyonourarrival.Theshedswheretheaircraftwerekepthadbeenopenedandthegreatmachineswerebeingmanhandledoutontothetarmac.Thebottlesofoxygenwerecarefullyplacedintheirclipsandconnectedtothesystem.Theverticalcamerasweretitledandtested,andairframesandengineswereinspectedandtestedineverydetail.Pilotsandobserversfussedaroundtheirequipment,tryingonmanytimesbeforereadjustingstraps,electricleadsandoxygenfeedpipesthathadalreadybeenadjustedtoanicety.Theythenrecheckedthechartswhichhadbeencarefullypreparedtoallowaccuratelyfortheincreasingwindspeedsduringtheclimb—alltryingtokeepthemselvesoccupiedduringthattensehalf-hourwaitforthereturnofthereconnaissancemachine.Therehadbeensomuchpreparationforthisflight,andtherewasstillsomuchoftheunknownaboutit,thatthecrewscouldnothelpbeingslightlyaffectedbythegeneralexcitement.Waitingisalwaysunpleasant,andwewereallrelievedtoseethereconnaissancemachinedivingdownthroughthedusthaze.TheAirCommodorewhocommandeditbroughtwelcomenews.Thoughhehadbeenunabletoclimbabovethedust,hehadbeenabletoseetowardsthemountainsthroughthetopofthehazeandtherewasacloudlesssky.Thiswassplendid:nocloudtomarthephotography.Wehadpromisednottoattempttheflightifthewindexceeded40milesanhour,butthiswasthefirsttimewehadfoundthewindunder100milesanhour.Weworkedouttheimplicationsandreckonedthat,providedwedidnotspendmorethanfifteenminutesatthesummit,wecouldgetbackinsideourpetrolendurance.Wemightwaitfordaysandweeksandnotgetanotheropportunity.TheAirCommodoreweighedthepositioncarefullyandgavetheword"Go".1.Theauthorandhiscolleaguesheldtheirinstrumentsclosetotheirchestsbecause（）.2.Whenthemembersoftheexpeditionarrivedattheaerodrome,thegroundstaffwere（）.3.Thecrewsoftheaircraftkeptcheckingtheirequipment（）.4.ThepurposeofthisexpeditiontoMountEverestwasto（）.5.Thepilotstooktheopportunityto（）.6.Theword"tarmac"inline6ofparagraph1mostprobablymeans（）.7.Theword“They”inline3ofparagraph2refersto（）.问题1选项A.thereweresomanypeopleinthecarB.thedustmighthaveobscuredtheircamerasC.thesurfaceofthetrackwasveryunevenD.theywantedtoprotectthemselvesfrombumps问题2选项A.maneuveringtheaircraftintopositionontherunwayB.attachingtheclipstothebottlesofoxygenC.waitingtoremovethemachinesfromtheshedsD.makingtoremovethemachinesfromthesheds问题3选项A.toensurethatthestrapsoftheiroxygenmaskswereadjustableB.topinpointthepositionofthereconnaissanceplaneC.toverifytheaccuracyofthewindspeedsshownintheirchartsD.tokeepthemselvesbusyuntilitwastimetotakeoff问题4选项A.investigatetheatmosphericconditionsonthemountainB.makeanaerialsurveyofthesummitC.testthebreathingapparatusathighaltitudeD.penetratethedusthazesurroundingthemountain问题5选项A.testtheflyingspeedoverthesummitofthemountainB.reachMountainEverestdespitethehighrateofwindC.fussaroundtheirequipmentD.driveawayunpleasantwaiting问题6选项A.anofficeB.aplaceC.apavedsurfaceforplanestotakeoffD.arunway问题7选项A.strapsB.electricleadsC.oxygenfeedpipesD.pilotsandobservers2.翻译题1.根据牛顿的发现,白光是所有可见光叠加而成的。这就是加色概念的典型例子。例如去掉蓝色色调,白光就会变为黄色,还有其他例子等等。然而当把颜料的所有颜色混合,我们会得到黑色,这就是典型的减色理论,黑色代表所有颜色都存在。加色是透射光的领域的概念,减色是色素、染料和化学品的领域的概念。2.但是我们对创新的追求究竟是为了实现什么呢?创新就是一种重要的新产品或者新程序,或者是一项制度,能够在实际生活中大范围的应用,对经济和社会有着革命性的意义,就是以更低成本实现更高的工作效益。遗憾的是我们现在几乎把一切事情都用创新来形容,因为不是所有创新都能给社会财富的増长和生活的改善提供一个长久的平台。3.睡眠问题研究者发现,总的来说,大多数人都是随着年龄的增加,睡眠问题却越来越少,上了年纪的人反而对失眠有更好的承受力。睡眠模式的大多改变都发生在20岁到60岁之间。那些经历着睡眠问题的人,应该去看医生才好。因为他们经历的问题也许是某种生病的迹象,也许是一些药物的副作用。ChooseONLYONEtextformthefollowingandtranslateitintoEnglish.WriteyourtranslationontheAnswerSheetprovidedifmorethanONEtranslationappearsontheAnswerSheet,onlythefirstortheindicatedonewouldbescored

3.单选题Becauseofhisnobleorigin,heclaimed,hewas（）toasocialpositionhighabovethoseofthecommons.问题1选项A.providedB.creditedC.grantedD.entitled4.单选题ThepeopleatthepartyworriedaboutJanetbecausenoonewasaware（）shehadgone.问题1选项A.wherethatB.ofwhereC.oftheplacewhereD.theplace5.写作题Inthepastfewyears,severalplagiarism（抄袭,剽窃）caseshavebeenexposedinChina.Someinvolveprofessorsandfamousscholarswhilesomeothersinvolvegraduatestudentswhoareworkingasresearchers.Pleasewriteacompositionofnolessthan200wordsonyourattitudetowardsplagiarism.Youmayalsoillustrateyouropiniononacademicintegrity（正直）andgivesuggestionsonhowtopreserveitintheacademicworld.6.翻译题Passage1人体移植器官非常短缺。虽然实验室里能够培育出膀胱和皮肤,但形成更加错综复杂的器官和血管网络则非常棘手,例如心脏、肾、肝、肺、胰腺,胆囊和肌肉组织。从猪身体上进行异种器官移植是另一个新途径。每一个这样的移植器官都是自然发育的复杂器官。只要人体接受它们,这将形成源源不断的人体移植器官来源。Passage2近日,美国一个机场开始采用一种新的安检技术。在乘客接受安检时,只有远程的管理局工作人员才能看到图像,但看不到乘客万人,而现场安检人员则相反。这种图像不能被保存、传输和打印,看过之后将会立刻被删除。此外,远程工作人员看到的图像面部经过模糊化处理。预计这种方法将很快得到推广使用。Passage3手表定理在企业经营管理方面给我们一种非常直观的启发,就是对同一个人或同一个组织的管理不能同时采用两种不同的方法,不能同时设置两个不同的目标。否则将使这个企业或这个人天所适从。手表定理所指的另一层含义在于每个人都不能同时挑选两种不同的价值观,否则,你的行为将陷于混乱。ChooseONLYONEtextformthefollowingandtranslateitintoEnglish.WriteyourtranslationontheAnswerSheetprovidedifmorethanONEtranslationappearsontheAnswerSheet,onlythefirstortheindicatedonewouldbescored7.单选题Thehelicopterisanincrediblyversatilemachine.Itcanfly,straightupordown,hoverlikeafly,andgoforwards,backwards,orsideways.Itthereforeneedsnolong,preparedrunwaylikeanormalairplanedoes.Itcanoperatefromaflatroofinthecityorfromaclearinginthejunglewithequalease.However,helicoptersarenowherenearasfastasnormalfixed-wingairplanesandhaveatopspeedofonlyabout200milesanhour.Thehelicopterhasoftenbeencalledthe'flyingwindmill'becauseofthelong,rotatingblades,orrotor,ontopofitsbody.Thismainrotorservesasbothpropellerandwingstoprovidethethrusttodrivethehelicopteralongandthelifttoraiseitofftheground.Therotorbladeshavethesameaero-foilshapesasairplanewingsandpropellerstogeneratetherequiredliftandthrust.Whenthemainrotorrotates,thebodyofthehelicopterlendstospinbyreactionintheoppositedirection.Tocounteractthiseffect,asmallrotorismountedsidewaysonthetail.Thethrustproducedbythistailrotorinnormalflightjustbalancestheturningtendencyofthehelicopterbodywhichthereforeremainssteady.Boththemainandthetailrotorsaredrivenbythehelicopterenginethroughthesamegearbox.Anotherwayofmaintainingstabilityintheairistohavetwinmainrotorswhicheachrotateinoppositedirections.Then,the"spinning"tendencyofonecancelsthatoftheother.Movementofthehelicopterinadirection-forwards,backwards,sideways,upordown-isachievedsimplybyvaryingthepitchoftherotorblades.Thepitchistheangleatwhichthebladesslicethroughor'bite'theair.Toflystraightupwardsallthebladesaresetatthesamesharppitch.Inthispositiontheyachievemaximumlift.Todescend,thepitchofthebladesisreducedsothattheliftisinsufficienttosupportthehelicopter'sweight.Thepilotadjuststhepitchforupordownmovementbymovingthecollective-pitchstick.Thisisalsolinkedtotheenginethrottlessothatmorepowerisappliedasthepitchincreases.Thisistoovercomethegreaterairresistancewiththesharperpitch.Conversely,theengineisthrottledbackwhenthepitchisreducedfordescentbecausethereislessairresistance.Toflyforwards,thepitchoftherotorbladesisvariedastheyrotate.Forforwardmotion,thepitchismadeleastatthefrontandgraduallyincreasedastheblademovesbackwards.Thishastheeffectofsweepingtheairbackwards,andthereforepushingthehelicopterforwards.Thesamegoesforanyhorizontalmovement——thepitchismadeleastinthedesireddirectionoftravel.Thecyclic-pitchstickcontrolsthepitchoftherotorforhorizontalflight.1.Fromthefirstparagraphwecaninferthat（）.2.What'sthebasicfunctionofthemainrotorofahelicopter?3.Themovementofthehelicopterinanydirectioniscontrolledby（）.4.Toflyforwards,ahelicopterhasto（）.5.Theword"descend"inline4ofparagraph4canbebestreplacedby（）.6.Thephrase"Thisposition"inline4ofparagraph4refersto（）.7.Whatisthemostappropriatetitleforthispassage?问题1选项A.nothingisperfectB.generallyspeaking,helicoptersarebetterthanotherairplanesC.fixed-wingairplaneshaveatopspeedofabout200milesperhourD.helicoptersarenotatallversatile问题2选项A.Tocounteractthespinningofahelicopter.B.Tomaintainstabilityintheair.C.Torotateinoppositedirection.D.Toproducetheforcetodriveitalongandthelifttoraiseitofftheground.问题3选项A.asmallrotorB.itstailC.varyingthepitchoftherotorbladesD.counteractingmaximumlift问题4选项A.supportthehelicopter'sweightB.sweeptheairbackwardsandpushthehelicopterforwardsC.belinkedtotheenginethrottleD.slicethroughtheair问题5选项A.settleB.comeC.godownD.decrease问题6选项A."Toflystraightupwards"B."thesamesharppitch"C."Thepitch"D.''achievemaximumlift”问题7选项A.TheHelicopterB.ThePitchC.RotatingBladesD.TheflyingHelicopter8.单选题Foruntoldcenturiesmandependedalmostentirelyonhishuntingabilitytoobtainfood.Fromsunrisetosundown,armedwithclubsandspears,andaidedbytrainedwilddogs,hesearchedforgame—hisforemostsourceoffoodwithhisprimitiveweapons,thelargestandswiftestanimalsofteneludedhim,andthehunterandhisfamilyfrequentlywentfordayswithoutmeat.Whilethemenwerehuntinggame,thewomenandchildrensearchedforediblevegetation.Fromnearbyplantsandtreestheygatheredberries,nuts,grain,androots.Thesemeagerstaplesstayedthepainofhungerwhenthehuntersreturnedemptyhanded.Whenthesuppliesofgameandplantsinanareawereexhausted,theentiretribewasforcedtomoveontoanewandhopefullybetterregion.Thusmanledanomadicexistence.Hecouldneversettleinoneplaceforlongbecausehisgrowingpopulationoutstrippedtheavailablesupplyoffoodinthearea.Thenmanmadeoneofhisgreatestdiscoveries—agriculture.Thisrevelationofraisingplantsanddomesticatinganimalswasoneofthemajorstepsincivilization.Agriculturedidnotbyitselfcreatecivilization,butwithoutitmancouldnothavesettledinoneplacelongenoughtobuildapermanenthome.Anthropologistsareuncertainaboutwhenorhowmanfirstlearnedtofarm.Theysuggestitmayhaveresultedfromcasualobservation.Atribeormanytribesoverawideareamighthavestayedinoneplacelongenoughtoseeatruebearfruitformorethanoneseason.Theymayalsohaveobservedthatyoungplantsgrewoutofgroundtoproducefoodastheymatured.Or,asoneanthropologistsuggests,ahandfulofwildgroinmayhavethrownontotheground,andlatertheseedsgrewintonewplants.Regardlessoftheexactcircumstances,mandideventuallyrecognizethathecouldhaveadependablesourceoffoodifheplantedseedsandlaterharvestedhiscrop.Aftermanlearnedthathecouldgrowfood,thenextstepwasmasteringcropcultivation.Theearlyfarmerrealizedthathecouldgrowmorefoodiftheseedswerecoveredwithbrokenground.Thisinsightledtothemakingofthefirstfarmequipment-sticksshapedintospadesandhoes.Fromexaminationoftheremainsoftheearliestknownfarmingtools,archaeologistshavedeterminedthatthisoccurredaboutseventhousandyearsago.TheseimplementswerefoundintheareaknownastheFertileCrescent,whichliesbetweentheeastcoastoftheMediterraneanSeaandPersianGulf.Evidencealsoindicatesthatthefarmersofthisarea—possiblythefirstintheworld—cultivatedlargewheatcrops.Totendthesecrops,thehoeandspadesweretransformedintoplows.Aboutthesametimeasthegrowingofthefirstcrops,man,relyingontheexperiencehehadgainedintrainingwilddogstoaidinhunting,begandomesticatingotheranimals.Overtheyears,hedevelopedherdsofanimalsforfoodandtoaidinhiswork.Withthecultivationofcropsandthedomestication,ofanimals,manhadafairlydependableandpermanentfoodsupply.Thisaccomplishmentallowedhimtimeforotherwork.Insteadofspendingmostofhiswakinghourshuntingforfood,hewasabletoestablishvillages,andhehadleisuretimetopondernewideasandkeeprecordsofeventsinhislife.Withthediscoveryofagriculture,manceasedhisanimal-likeexistenceandbegantobuildthefoundationforcivilization.1.Theword"elude"inthefirstparagraphmostprobablymeans（）.2.Whatisthesignificanceofraisingplantsanddomesticatinganimals?3.Fromthispassagewecanconcludethat（）.4.Accordingtothepassage,withthediscoveryofagriculture（）.5.Duringtheperiodinwhichmanwashuntingforanimalsforfood,mancouldneverliveinoneplacepermanentlybecause（）.6.Withregardtowhenandhowmanfirstlearnedtofarm,thepassage（）.7.Manstoppedhisanimal-likelivingafterhe（）..问题1选项A.abandonB.desertC.escapeD.mummify问题2选项A.Mendidn'thavetoleadanomadiclife.B.Theydidn'thavetosearchforediblevegetation.C.Thelargestandswiftestanimalscouldn'teludethemanymore.D.Thisindicatesthatmenenteredthecivilizedsociety.问题3选项A.menmasteredcultivationmethodfromtheirexperiencesB.theylearnedhowtochaseanimalsfromwatchingthemrunC.mensearchedforgamewithprimitiveweaponsD.sometimestheywereaidedbysometrainedwilddogs问题4选项A.menspentmostoftheirtimehuntingforfoodB.civilizationbeganC.theearlyfarmermadethefirstfarmequipmentD.menbegandomesticatingotheranimals问题5选项A.helivedanomadiclifeB.thepopulationgrewsoquicklyC.thefoodsupplieswereexhaustedD.theanimalsoftenescapedhishunting问题6选项A.explainsindetailsB.providessomeguessesC.doesn'tmentionitatallD.offerssureanswersbyanthropologists问题7选项A.stoppedhuntinganimalsB.learnedtomaketoolsforhuntingC.traineddogstoaidinhuntingD.discoveredagriculture9.单选题RobertSpring,a19thcenturyforger,wassogoodathisprofessionthathewasabletomakehislivingfor15yearsbysellingfalsesignaturesoffamousAmericans.SpringwasborninEnglandin1813andarrivedinPhiladelphiain1858toopenabookstore.AtfirstheprospectedbysellinghissmallbutgenuinecollectionofearlyUSautographs.Discoveringhisabilityatcopyinghandwriting,hebeganimitatingsignaturesofGeorgeWashingtonandBenFranklinandwritingthemonthetitlepagesofoldbooks.Tolessenthechanceofdetection,hesenthisforgeriestoEnglandandCanadaforsaleandcirculation.Forgershaveahardtimesellingtheirproducts.Aforgercan'tapproacharespectablebuyerbutmustdealwithpeoplewhodon'thavemuchknowledgeinthefield.Forgershavemanywaystomaketheirworklookreal.Forexample,theybuyoldbookstousetheagedpaperofthetitlepage,andtheycantreatpaperandinkwithchemicals.Inspring'stime,rightaftertheCivilWar.BritainwasstillfondoftheSouthernstates,soSpringinventedarespectablemaidenladyknownasMissFannyJackson,theonlydaughterofGeneral“Stonewall”Jackson.ForseveralyearsMissFanny'sfinancialproblemsforcedhertosellagreatnumberoflettersandmanuscriptsbelongingtoherfamousfather.Springhadtoworkveryhardtosatisfythedemand.AllthisactivitydidnotpreventSpringfromdyinginpoverty,leavingsharp-eyedexpertsthedifficulttaskofseparatinghisforgeriesformtheoriginals.1.WhydidSpringsellhisfalseautographsinEnglandandCanada?2.AftertheCivilWartherewasagreatdemandinBritainfor（）.3.RobertSpringspent15years（）.4.WhowasMissFannyJackson?5.HowdidRobertSpringstarttosellforgeries?6.AllofthefollowingarewaysaforgerusesEXCEPT（）.7.WecaninferthatGeneral“StonewallJackson”was（）.8.Wecaninferthatsharp-eyedexpertsarethosewho（）.问题1选项A.TherewasagreaterdemandtherethaninAmerican.B.Therewaslesschanceofbeingdetectedthere.C.BritainwasSpring'sbirthplace.D.ThepriceswerehigherinEnglandandCanada.问题2选项A.southernmoneyB.signatureofGeorgeWashingtonandBenFranklinC.southernmanuscriptsandlettersD.CivilWarbattleplans问题3选项A.runningabookstoreinPhiladelphiaB.correspondingwithMissFannyJacksonC.asaforgerD.asrespectabledealer问题4选项A.TheonlydaughterofGeneral“Stonewall”Jackson.B.Alittleknowngirlwhosoldherfather'spapertoRobertSpring.C.RobertSpring'sdaughter.D.AnimaginarypersoncreatedbySpring问题5选项A.Hediscoveredthathehadtheabilityofcopyinghandwriting.B.Hewasalmostdyinginpoverty.C.ThecollectionofearlyUSautographswasallsoldout.D.Hewastryingtomakealiving.问题6选项A.BuyingoldbookstousetheagedpaperofthetitlepageB.treatingpaperwithchemicalsC.treatinginkwithchemicalsD.addingnewpaperintotheoldbooks问题7选项A.arealpersonB.animaginarypersonC.anunknownpersonD.notageneralatall问题8选项A.havegoodeyesighttoreadbooksB.arehighlyskilledatdistinguishingtheforgeriesandtheoriginalsC.haveakeeninsightintounderstandingworldaffairsD.canseefarintothedistance10.单选题AreportsubmittedtotheUnitedStatesCongressin1971emphaticallyrecommendeda（）nationalefforttoadoptmetricsystem.问题1选项A.concertedB.representativeC.respectiveD.spontaneous11.单选题Hadelectroniccomputersnotbeeninvented,manyproblemsofspaceflight（）.问题1选项A.couldnothavebeensolvedB.couldbesolvedC.cannotbesolvedD.couldnothavesolved12.单选题Whywouldanywomaninherrightmindchoosetowalkontheballsofherfeetwithherheelsproppedupbyspikes?Thehistoricalansweristhathighheelsreflectaristocratictastes—specifically,thetastesoftheseventeenth-centuryFrenchcourt,whichfirstpopularizedtheminEurope.Notonlydidheelskeepthewearer'sfeetrelativelymudfree,theyalsocreatedaphysicalelevationtomatchthesocialelevationofthestylish,exaggeratedthestruttinggaitofthenobleclasses,andtheysuggested,bytheirveryprecariousness,thattheirownerscouldaffordnottoworryaboutfallingontheirfaces.Indeed,asBernardRudofskypointsout,seventeenth-centurywearersofhighheels,menandwomen,frequentlyhadtobetransportedinsedanchairsbecausetheycouldnotmanagecobblestonesonfoot.Some“heels”inthaterawereactuallyfull-soledplatforms,andtowalkonthesethingsatall,oneneededtheconstantelbowsupportoftwoservants.Thehelplessnessassociatedwiththeraised-heelstyleencouragedthenotionthatheeledpersonswereabovehavingtocareforthemselves.Inviewofthis,itisnotsurprisingthateventodayitiswomen,almostexclusively,whowearheels.Highheelsarethecobbler'scontributiontowhatIhavecalledthepedestalploy.Theylinkphysicalincapacitywiththenotionofwomanasa“higherbeing”一toohightogetalongonherown.Womenhavetakentohighheels,ofcourse,becausetheyfeel,correctly,thattheyincreasetheirattractivenesstomen.Partofthatincreasedattractivenesshastodowithmalefantasiesoffemalefragility.AsfashioniconoclastElizabethHawesputsit,“Theideaisthathe,inhisheavyshoes,shouldfeelstrongerandmorecapablethansheonherfragilestilts.Nevermindtherealities.”Anotherpartofitmaybebiological.Inhisdiscussionofrumpdisplayamongmammals,DaleGuthrienotesthatthe“linesofthebuttocks,thigh,calfandanklehaveanativesexualstimulation,butthiscanbeincreasedwithhigh-heeledshoes;thecurvesareexaggeratedwhentheheelislifted.”Heelsalsoexaggeratethelateralmotionofbuttocks.Theultimatefunctionofhighheels,therefore,maybetofuelthemalebeliefthatwomenarebothimpotentandseductive.1.Thepassageismainlyabout（）.2.Fromhistoricalpointofview,highheels（）.3.Womenonhighheelssuggestthat（）.4.Themostimportantreasonforwomen'spreferencetohighheelsisthat（）.5.Themen'sattitudestowardswomen'swearinghighheelsarethat（）.问题1选项A.highheelsB.functionsofhighheelsC.historyofhighheelsD.womenonhighheels问题2选项A.weretheexclusivepassionofwomenB.werewornbybothmenandwomenC.symbolizedthetastesofaristocracyD.werethecharacteristicsofnobleclasses问题3选项A.theyarealwayshelplessashighheelsB.theyaredependableaswellasfragileC.theyalwayshavesomesuperiorityD.highheelsarestillfashionable问题4选项A.biologicalweak-pointscanbereducedB.attractivenesstomenisincreasedC.socialelevationcanbeshownD.aristocratictastesarereflected问题5选项A.theyareconsideredweakerthanmenB.theyareregardedasbiologicallyincapableC.theyarejustinbiologicalneed.D.theyarethoughttobecharmingandfeeble13.单选题Sleepisafunnything.We’retaughtthatweshouldgetsevenoreighthoursanight,butalotofusgetbyjustfineonless,andsomeofusactuallysleeptoomuch.AstudyoutoftheUniversityofBuffalolastmonthreportedthatpeoplewhoroutinelysleepmorethaneighthoursadayandarestilltiredarenearlythreetimesaslikelytodieofstroke—probablyasaresultofanunderlyingdisorderthatkeepsthemfromsnoozingsoundly.Doctorshavetheirownspecialsleepproblems.Residentsarefamouslysleepdeprived.WhenIwastrainingtobecomeaneurosurgeon,itwasnotunusualtowork40hoursinarowwithoutrest.Mostofustookitinstride,confidentwecouldstilldeliverthehighestqualityofmedicalcare.Maybeweshouldn’thavebeensosureofourselves.AnarticleintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationpointsoutthatinthemorningafter24hoursofsleeplessness,aperson’smotorperson’smotorperformanceiscomparabletothatofsomeonewhoislegallyintoxicated.Curiously,surgeonswhobelievethatoperatingundertheinfluenceisgroundsfordismissaloftendon’tthinktwiceaboutoperatingwithoutenoughsleep.“Icouldtellyouhorrorstories,”saysJaysAgrawal,presidentoftheAmericanMedicalStudentAssociation,whichrunsawebsitewhereresidentscanpostanonymousanecdotes.Someareterrifying.“Iwasoperatingafterbeingupforover36hours,”onewrites.“Iliterallyfellasleepstandingupandnearlyfaceplantedintothewound.”“PracticallyeverysurgicalresidentIknowhasfallenasleepatthewheeldrivinghomefromwork,”writesanother.“Iknowofthreewhohavehitparkedcars...Anotherhita‘Jerseybarrier’ontheNewJerseyTurnpike,going65m.p.h.”“Yourownpatientshavebecometheenemy,”writesathird,becausetheyare“theonethingthatstandsbetweenyouandafewhoursofsleep.”Agrawal’sorganizationissupportingthePatientandPhysicianSafetyandProtectionActof2001,introducedlastNovemberbyRepresentativeJohnConyersJr.ofMichigan.Itskeyprovisions,modeledonNewYorkState’sregulations,includean80-hourworkweekanda24-hourwork-shiftlimit.Mostdoctors,however,resistsuchinterference.Dr.CharlesBinkley,aseniorsurgeryresidentattheUniversityofMichigan,agreesthatsomethingneedstobedonebutbelieves“doctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconscience,notbythegovernment.”TheU.S.controlsthehoursofpilotsandtruckdrivers.Butuntilsuchasystemisaplacefordoctors,patientsareontheirown.Ifyou’reworriedaboutthepeopletreatingyouoralovedone,youshouldfeelfreetoaskhowmanyhoursofsleeptheyhavehadandifmore-restedstaffersareavailable.Doctors,fortheirpart,havetogiveuptheirposeofinfallibilityandgettheresttheyneed.1.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat（）.2.Speakingofthesleepproblemsdoctors’face,theauthorimpliesthat（）.3.Paragraphs3and4arewrittento（）.4.By“doctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconscience,notbythegovernment”(line6,paragraph5),Dr.CharlesBinkleymeansthat（）.5.Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree?问题1选项A.peoplewhosleepthan8hoursadayaremorepronetoillnessB.poorsleepqualitymaybeasignofphysicaldisorderC.strokeisoftenassociatedwithsleepD.toomuchsleepcanbeasharmfulaslackofsleep问题2选项A.doctorsoftenneedlittlesleeptokeepthemenergeticB.doctors’sleepisdeprivedbyresidentsC.doctorstendtoneglecttheirownsleepproblemsD.sleep-depriveddoctorsareintoxicated问题3选项A.entertaintheaudiencewithsomeanecdotesB.discussthecauseofdoctors’sleepproblemsC.showthehostilitydoctorsharboragainsttheirpatientsD.exemplifythedangerdoctorsfacecausedbylackofsleep问题4选项A.doctorsshouldnotabidebygovernment’sregulationsB.thegovernmentisinterferingtoomuchC.theregulationsaboutworkweekandworkshiftaretoospecificD.lawcannotforceadoctortosleepwhilehisconsciencecan问题5选项A.Patientsshouldcontrolthehoursoftheirdoctors.B.Pilotsandtruckdriversworkinsaferenvironmentsthanthatofdoctors’.C.Patientsarefacingmorerisksiftheirdoctorsarenotadequately-rested.D.Peopleconcernedhavetherighttoremovetheirdoctorsfromtheirpositions.14.单选题Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotography'sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineart,asdistinctfrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcentury,thedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththestruggletoestablishitasafineart.Againstthechargethatphotographywasasoulless,mechanicalcopyingofreality;photographersassertedthatitwasinsteadaprivilegedwayofseeing,arevoltagainstcommonplacevision,andnolessworthyanartthanpainting.Ironically,nowthatphotographyissecurelyestablishedasafineart,manyphotographersfinditpretentiousorirrelevanttolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersvariouslyclaimtobefinding,recording,impartiallyobserving,witnessingevents,exploringthemselves——anythingbutmakingworksofart.Inthenineteencentury,photography'sassociationwiththerealwo