高职高专核心英语综合教程下册Unit-1-Internet-and-Computers课件

HigherVocationalEnglishUnit1:InternetandComputersBackgroundReferences

1．TheinventionofthefirstcomputerintheworldbyJohnMauchlyandJ.PresperEckertin1946.BackgroundReferences

In1943JohnMauchly,anAmericanphysicist,andJ.PresperEckert,anAmericanengineer,proposedanelectronicdigitalcomputer,calledtheElectronicNumericalIntegratorAndComputer(ENIAC),whichwasbuiltattheMooreSchoolofEngineeringattheUniversityofPennsylvaniainPhiladelphia.ThecomputerwasbasedonsomeconceptsdevelopedbyJohnAtanasoff,aphysicsteacheratIowaStateCollege,whowouldusedthevacuumtubestospeedupcalculations.BackgroundReferences

IttooktheresearchteamaboutoneyeartodesigntheENIACand18monthsand500,000taxdollarstobuilditwiththesupportofAmericanmilitary.ENIACwascompletedin1946andisregardedasthefirstsuccessful,generaldigitalcomputer.Itcontained17,468vacuumtubes,alongwith70,000resistors,10,000capacitors,1,500relays,6,000manualswitchesand5millionsolderedjoints.Itcovered1800squarefeet(167squaremeters)offloorspace,weighed30tons,consumed160kilowattsofelectricalpower.BackgroundReferences

ManyofENIAC'sfirsttaskswereformilitarypurposes,suchascalculatingballisticfiringtablesanddesigningatomicweapons.TheENIACisimportanthistorically,becauseitlaidthefoundationsforthemodernelectroniccomputingindustry.Morethananyothermachine,theENIACdemonstratedthathigh-speeddigitalcomputingwaspossibleusingthethen-availablevacuumtubetechnology.BackgroundReferences

2．William(Bill)H.Gates

BackgroundReferences

BILLGATESischairmanandchiefsoftwarearchitectofMicrosoftCorporation,theleadingprovider,worldwide,ofsoftwareforthepersonalcomputer.BornonOctober28,1955,GatesandhistwosistersgrewupinSeattle.HeattendedpublicelementaryschoolandtheprivateLakesideSchoolwherehebeganhiscareerinpersonalcomputersoftware,programmingcomputersat13.In1973,GatesenteredHarvardUniversityasafreshman.BackgroundReferences

Butinhisjunioryear,GatesdroppedoutofHarvardtodevotehisenergiestoMicrosoft,acompanyhebeganin1975withPaulAllenwholeftthecompanyin1983.GatesoversawtheinventionandmarketingoftheMS-DOSoperatingsystem,theWindowsoperatinginterface,theInternetExplorerbrowser,andamultitudeofotherpopularcomputerproducts.Alongthewayhegainedareputationforfiercecompetitivenessandaggressivebusinesssavvy.BackgroundReferences

Duringthe1990srisingMicrosoftstockpricesmadeGatestheworld'swealthiestman.Hiswealthhasattimesexceeded$75billion,makingGatesapopularsymboloftheascendantcomputergeekofthelate20thcentury.InJuneof2006,Gatesannouncedthathewouldstepdownfromday-to-dayinvolvementinMicrosoftbyJulyof2008.HesaidhewouldthenremainchairmanoftheMicrosoftboardwhilefocusingonhischaritablefoundation,theBillandMelindaGatesFoundation.PartI:SpeakingActivityActivity1:Direction:Lookattheabovepicturesaboutmeansofcommunication.Whichonedoyouliketousetocommunicatewithyourfriends?Whataretheiradvantagesanddisadvantages?Haveadiscussionwithyourpartnerandfillinthefollowingform.AdvantagesDisadvantages

Letter_________________

MobilePhone_________________

Computer(Internet)______________PartI:SpeakingActivityActivity2:Directions:Whataretheusesforcomputersathome?atschool?inafactory?inarestaurant?MatchphrasesincolumnAwithcolumnB.ThentrytoaddmoreusesforeachitemincolumnC.ABCcommunicatewithfriendsathome____________playcomputergamesopenanaccountatschool_____________paythetelephonebillcreateworktimetableinafactory_____________conductworkingrobotsfindbooksinthelibraryatabank_____________showtheteacher’steachingplanskipimportantnewsdepositorwithdrawmoneyPartI:SpeakingActivityActivity3:QuestionnaireDirection:Formgroupswithyourclassmates.Chooseoneasthequestionmasterinyourgroup.Thequestionmasteraskamemberonequestionandthenmoveontoanothergroupmembertoaskthenextquestion.Writedownthemember’snameandtakenotesonthemember’sreplies.

QuestionsName

NotesAreyouakeenInternetuser?Howskilledareyou?2.HowmanyhoursdoyouspendsurfingtheInterneteveryday?Haveyourparentsevermadeanycomplaintforthat?WheredoyouusuallyusetheInternet?Doyouneedtopayforityourself?4.WhatareyoureasonsforsurfingtheInternet?Whatdoyoudoformostofthetime?5.DoyouusuallytrusttheinformationfromtheInternet?Why/Whynot?PartI:SpeakingActivityPartI:SpeakingActivityconvenienta.方便的,便利的accountn.帐户login登陆（网站，计算机系统）cellphonen.无线电话NewWords&Expressionscreditn.信誉，信用computeriten.电脑技术人员PartI:SpeakingActivitysystemn.系统crashv.(机器或系统）崩溃illegala.不合法的virusn.病毒PC个人计算机softwaren.软件installv.安装datan.数据，资料，信息NewWords&ExpressionsMay:AuntCindy,doyoushoponlineoften?Cindy:Yes.It'sveryconvenientandthepriceismuchlower.May:Lastweek,Itriedtobuysomebooksonline,butIdidn'tknowhowtopayforthem?Cindy:Youshouldopenanaccountattheonlinebankfirst.Afterthat,youcanbuyanythingonline.May:Aretheremanythingsonline?Cindy:Sure.Youcanfindeverythingallovertheworld.Let'scheckitoutonline!(Theyloginashoppingwebsite.)PartI:SpeakingActivityConversation1May:Oh,what'sthis?Second-handcellphonestore?Cindy:Yeah,thisoneisveryfamouswithagoodcreditamongon-linecustomers.It'slikeanopenfreemarket.Ifyouwanttochangeyourcellphoneforanewone,youcanselltheoldonehere.PartI:SpeakingActivityConversation1Computerite:WhatcanIdo?Tom:ThesystemcrashedwhenIwassurfingontheInternet.Computerite:Didyougotoanyillegalwebsite?Tom:No,Butdoesthatmatter?Computerite:Yes,yourcomputercanbeeasilyinfectedbyvirusifyoudothat.Tom:Isee.I'dbetternevertry.Computerite:That'swise.Tom:Doyouknowwhat'swrongwithmyPC?PartI:SpeakingActivityConversation2Computerite:Oneminute.Oh,yes,itwasinfectedbyavirus,andyouhadnoantivirussoftware.Tom:Isanti-virussoftwarenecessaryforaPC?Computerite:Ofcourse.You'dbetterlearnsomethingaboutit.Tom:I'mafraidyes.ButwhataboutthedataIstoredinthecomputer?Computerite:Don'tworry,itshouldhavebeenprotectedautomatically.AndItakeananti-virussoftwarewithme.Doyouwantmetoinstallitnow?Tom:Yes,please.I'llreallyappreciatethat.PartI:SpeakingActivityConversation2crashv.毁坏，（计算机系统）崩溃YellowCraneTower黄鹤楼Vegetablen.蔬菜energyn.精力，能量pinka.粉红色的.Newwords&expressions010203PartII:ListeningPractice:warm-upListentothesong“歌名”AnswersTrytoRememberslowmellowgrassgraincallowfellowwillowbillow

PartII:ListeningPractice:warm-upTrytorememberthekindofSeptemberWhenlifewasslowandoh,somellowTrytorememberthekindofSeptemberWhengrasswasgreenAndgrainwasyellowTrytorememberthekindofSeptemberWhenyouwereatenderAndcallowfellowTrytorememberandifyourememberThenfollow,followTrytorememberwhenlifewassotenderThatnooneweptexceptthewillowTrytorememberthekindofSeptemberWhenlovewasanemberabouttobillowTrytorememberandifyourememberThenfollow,follow,follow

TrytorememberDirection:Listentothefollowingfiveshortdialogues.Aftereachdialogue,thereisaquestion.Boththedialoguesandquestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Ex1：DialogueTranscriptPartII:ListeningPracticeClickthelink1.A)ItwasstolenB)ShelostitC)ThesystemcrashedD)Shecrashedthescreen2.A)ShelikestolistentomusicB)TheremustbesomeotherreasonsC)ShelikestosearchsomemusicD)Thereisinformationaboutmusic3.A)ThemanlikesYellowCraneTowerverymuch.B)Accordingtothewoman,thetowerisagoodplacetovisit.C)Therearemanyfamouspoemsaboutthetower.D)Thewomanalwaysfindsinformationonline.Direction:Listentothefollowingfiveshortdialogues.Aftereachdialogue,thereisaquestion.Boththedialoguesandquestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Ex1：DialogueTranscriptPartII:ListeningPracticeClickthelink4.A)Heoftenbuyssomevegetable.B)Heoftenbuyssomefruit.C)BothAandB.D)Heoftenplaysthefarminggame.5.A)ThemanshouldnotplayInternetgames.B)Themanshouldtakemoretimeandenergytostudy.C)Internetgamesarebadtotheman’sstudy.D)Internetgamesaretheman’sfavorites.Direction:Listentothe2conversationstwice.Aftereachconversation,therearequestions.Boththeconversationsandquestionswillbespokentwotimes.Ex2：ConversationTranscriptPartII:ListeningPracticeClickthelink1.A)forherholidayB)forhervocationC)forherjobD)forherinterests2.A)Becausehermotherisoldfashioned.B)BecausehermothernevertriedInternetforaplaneticketC)Becausehermotherdon’tknowhowtogetonline.D)Becausehermotherdon’tknowwheretogetacheapplaneticket.Direction:Listentothe2conversationstwice.Aftereachconversation,therearequestions.Boththeconversationsandquestionswillbespokentwotimes.Ex2：ConversationTranscriptPartII:ListeningPracticeClickthelink3.A)asupermarketB)apresentshopC)anonlinestoreD)letherchooseonebyherself4.A)People’sworkinghabitB)People’sshoppinghabit.C)People’slivinghabitD)People’scommunicationhabit5.A)apinkradioB)aredcellphoneC)apinkmobilephoneD)apinktelephonePartII:ListeningPracticeDirections:Youwillheararecordedpassage.Afterthatyouwillhearfivequestions.Boththepassageandquestionswillbereadtwotimes.将本练习习题按下面的格式粘贴出来1、Whatwasthecomputerlikein1960s?Atthattime,thecomputerwasboth_______and__________.2、WhousedtheInternetatfirst?Atfirst,theInternetwasjustused_____________________.3、WherehadtheInternetbeenusedby1970s?By1970s,ithadbeenusedin______________,___________and____________.Exercise3：PassageAnswersClickthelinklarge

expensive

bythegovernmentuniversities

bankshospitalsPartII:ListeningPracticeDirections:Youwillheararecordedpassage.Afterthatyouwillhearfivequestions.Boththepassageandquestionswillbereadtwotimes.4、Whatwasthecomputerlikeinatthebeginningof1990s?Atthebeginningof1990s,computersbecamebothcheaperand__________________.5、AccordingtothepassagewhyhasInternetbecomethemostimportantpartofpeople'slife?WiththeInternet,it'seasytogetthe_______________weneed,improvingthe____________ofourstudyandwork.Exercise3：PassageAnswersClickthelinkeasiertooperate

information

efficiencyPartII:ListeningPracticePost-listeningActivity

Directions:TheInternettechnologydevelopsveryfast.Whatwillitbelikeinthenext50years?Whatchangesdoyouthinkitwillbringtoourlife?Imagineaboutthechangesthatwilltakeplacenext50yearsinthefollowingareas.Post-listeningActivityPartII:ListeningPracticePost-listeningActivity

AreaFuturechanges1.work_________2.education_________3.medicalcare_________4.consumption__________Post-listeningActivityPartIII:ReadingComprehensionPre-readingActivity:FreeDiscussionDirection:Today,theInternetisoneofthemostpowerfultoolsthroughouttheworld.However,atthesametimetheInternetprovidesservicesforus,itisinevitablyinvadingourprivacytosomedegree.HowtoprotectourselveswhenwearesurfingtheInternet?Whatareyoursuggestionsforraisingpeople’sawarenessofonlinesafety?Haveadiscussionwithyourclassmatesaroundthetopic.TextA:Let’sKilltheViruses

Nowadaysmoreandmorepeopleareusingacomputer.Alotofthemuseitattheirworkplace,butanincreasingnumberofcomputerusershavealsodiscoveredtheneedtohaveacomputeratHome.AtthesametimethenumberofInternetsurfersincreased.Thisisagoodthingbecausepeoplearerealizingtheadvantagesofferedbytheworldoftechnology.Assoonastheydiscoverthis,theystartusingcomputersandtheInternetmoreandmore,butatthesametimenotconsideringthethreatsthatarecominginfromallsides.Theyshouldknowthatifyoudon'tprotectyourself,nobodywill.Thesethreatsarenowcomingfromeverywhereandtheyaregrowinginnumberandcomplexity.Themostseriousoneisthecomputervirus.Atfirst,viruseswerenotthatharmful.Theyweredesignedtoperformasimpletask,likeflashingasinglemessageontotheuser'scomputerscreen.Alsothespreadratewasslow,becausenotmanypeoplewereconnectedtotheInternet.Butnowthemajorityofvirusesareprogramsintentionallywrittentoobstructwith,orharmotherprogramsorcomputersystems.Andtheyarespreadingveryfast.

TextA:Let’sKilltheViruses

Manycompaniesandpeoplehavehadalotoftroublesbecauseoftheseviruses.Andsotheneedforantivirussoftwarewasborn.Atfirstoneverysimpleantivirusappearedandthiswasenough.Now,asthethreatisgrowingantivirussoftwarearebecomingalotmorecomplex.Someofthemhavealsoincludedafirewallsoastobetterprotecttheusers.Inordertoincreasethecompetition,otherantivirussoftwareproducershavealsocomeupwithawonderfulidea:toofferfreescanonline.Thismustbeabighelpforpeoplethatarefrequentlyusingacomputermostlyfortheirpersonaluse,meaningitisnotattachedtoanetworkandusestheInternetonlyfromtimetotime.Now,theydon'thavetospendalotofmoneytobuyantivirussoftwarethatwillbeusedveryrarely.

TextA:Let’sKilltheViruses

Mostoftheseantivirusprogramshavetobeboughtinorderforyoutousethemattheirfullcapacity.Alsoyouhavetheoptiontotestasocalled"freetrialversion".Thesetrialversionsincludeallormostofthesoftware'sfeatures,andareavailabletobecheckedoutbytheuserforashortperiodoftime,usually30days.Afterthese30days,theprogramcannolongerbeused.Otherantivirussoftwareproducersuseanothermethod;theyofferafreetrialversionthatyoucankeepforever.Butitisnotfullyoperational,meaningsomeoftheoptionsoftheprogramcannotbeusedastheyarenotactivated.Afteryouhavetriedaprogramandyouconsideritisfitforyourneed,thenyou'llhavetobuyittoprotectyourcomputeratitsfullcapacity.IncreasediscoveradvantageEveryadvantagehasitsdisadvantage.

Thefactoryhastoincreaseproductiontomeettheextrademand.Themorewestudy,themorewediscoverourignorance.TextA：LanguagePointsPartIII:ReadingComprehensionprotectHeiswearingsunglassestoprotecthiseyesformthestrongsunlight.frequentlyconsiderharmful

Freezingwinterisharmfultoorangetrees

HejourneyedfrequentlytoParisandotherplaces.

We'llconsideryourproposal.

TextA：LanguagePointsPartIII:ReadingComprehensionavailableThesegoodsareavailabletomembersonly.PartIII:ReadingComprehension1.WhyisitagoodthingthatthenumberofInternetsurfersincreased?TEXTA，Exercise1——Answers2.WhatshouldpeopleknowiftheystartusingtheInternet?3.Werecomputervirusesveryharmfulwhentheywerefirstdesigned?Why?4.Whataremostofthepresentcomputerviruseslike?Thisisagoodthingbecausepeoplearerealizingtheadvantagesofferedbytheworldoftechnology.

Theyshouldknowthatifyoudon'tprotectyourself,nobodywill.

Atfirst,viruseswerenotthatharmful.Theyweredesignedtoperformasimpletask,likeflashingasinglemessageontotheuser'scomputerscreen.Alsothespreadratewasslow.

Nowthemajorityofvirusesareprogramsintentionallywrittentoobstructwith,orharmotherprogramsorcomputersystems.Andtheyarespreadingveryfast.

PartIII:ReadingComprehension5.Inordertobetterprotectuserswhatareincludedinsomeantivirussoftware?TEXTA，Exercise1——Answers6.Howdoessomeantivirussoftwareproducersincreasethecompetitionoftheirproducts?7.Whatdoesthe‘freetrialversion’oftheantivirusprogramsmean?8.Ifyouwanttoexperimentwiththefullcapacityofsomeantivirussoftwarewhatshouldyoudo?Someofthemhavealsoincludedafirewallsoastobetterprotecttheusers.Otherantivirussoftwareproducershavealsocomeupwithawonderfulidea:toofferfreescanonline.Thesetrialversionsincludeallormostofthesoftware'sfeatures,andareavailabletobecheckedoutbytheuserforashortperiodoftime,usually30days.Afteryouhavetriedaprogramandyouconsideritisfitforyourneed,thenyou'llhavetobuyittoprotectyourcomputeratitsfullcapacity.PartIII:ReadingComprehensionTEXTA，Exercise2——Answers1.Hejourneyed__________toParisandotherplaces.2.Occasionallywehave_____________somemoneymakingideas.3.Motherhens__________theiryoungbyinstinct.4.Ithinkifyoufliptheblueswitchnearthebottomitwill________theairconditioner.5.The__________ofAmericawasmadebyColumbus.

frequently

comeupwith

protect

activate

discoveryPartIII:ReadingComprehensionTEXTA，Exercise2——Answers6.Thegrowing___________ofcomputerhardwareandoperatingsystemsoftenmakesthemmorelikelytobreakdown.7.Theirteamwaspunishedfor_____________wastingtime.8.Stepsmustbetakentopreventthe_________ofinfluenza.9.Youshouldtake_____________oflivinginalargecitywheremostofthegoodsareconvenient10.Theirlanguageisfacedwiththe_______ofextinction.

complexity

intentionally

spread

advantage

threatPartIII:ReadingComprehension1.()笔记本电脑()杀毒软件3.()调制解调器()因特网帐户2.()网络销售商()网上聊天4.()键盘()版本5.()电脑交友服务()服务器TEXTAExercise3AnswersnqjchfkpdiTEXTAExercise4Answers1.拥有汽车的人数一直在逐渐上升(increase)Therehasbeenagradualincreaseinthenumberofpeopleowningcars.

2.他想出一个推广产品的好方法(comeupwith)3.污染对我们的生存造成一大威

胁（poseathreatto）4.大火迅速蔓延到邻近的建筑物(spread)5.在业余时间里我利用一切可能的机会参与社会实践活动。（takeadvantageof）粘贴答案要求一致PartIII:ReadingComprehensionHecameupwithagoodideafortheproductpromotion.Pollutionposesagreatthreattoourexistence.Thefirerapidlyspreadtoadjoiningbuildings.

Itakeadvantageofallpossibleopportunitiestoparticipateinsocialpracticeinmysparetime.PartIII:ReadingComprehensionThegoldenruleinpurchasinganythingovertheInternetistofindoutwhoyouaredealingwith.Buyersshouldalsopaycloseattentiontothetermsandconditionsofsale,suchaswhetherthereareanyhiddenextrasintheformofdeliverycosts.Ofcourse,itisessentialthatthefirmcanguaranteethesecurityofpersonalinformationandcreditcardnumbers.Otherwise,youmayendupbeingchargedmorethanyoubargainedfor.TEXTA，Exercise5了解交易的对象是上网购物的金科玉律。买方也应该仔细留交易的条款及条件，譬如是否要负担帐面外额外的运送费。当然，最重要的是该公司必须保证能对消费者的个人资料和信用卡号保密。否则，到头来你被收取的费用可能会大出意料。TEXTBAdvantagesandDisadvantagesoftheInternet

PartIII:ReadingComprehension10年前，大多数人几乎没有听说过互联网。今天，互联网已经成为全世界最强大的信息工具之一。互联网是一个提供各种服务和资源的集合体。几乎所有的家庭都拥有互联网。可是在人们连接到互联网之前，他们有必要了解其利弊。首先，儿童使用网络已经成为一个大问题。当孩子们在网上和其他人交谈时，他们意识不到与他们交谈的人实际上有可能是会伤害他们的人。不论是在浏览网页，阅读网络新闻，或是在使用电子邮件时，孩子们都可能会接触到极不恰当的网络信息材料。为了保证孩子的安全，父母和老师必须了解这些网络上的危害。积极的引导和保护孩子上网。TEXTBAdvantagesandDisadvantagesoftheInternet

PartIII:ReadingComprehension互联网的另外一个主要缺点是对个人隐私的危害。通过网络发送的电子信息可以很容易地被偷窥和跟踪，找到谈话的双方以及谈话的内容。人们在上网时，会不断的向网站发送信息。同时人们也应该意识到任何收集，出售，或者是分享他们提供在网络上的信息的行为都会增加不法分子窃取个人信息的机会。除了所有这些可怕的缺点外，网络还是有很多的好处。事实上，利远大于弊。最普遍的就是利用网络来进行调查，研究。孩子和学生们是用网络进行调查，研究最多的人群。现在学生利用网络来进行调查，研究几乎成了一种规定。在美国30%的老师布置的作业需要在网络上做调查。在教室里66%的老师利用网络来教学。互联网已经成为了做调查，研究的最大来源之一。TEXTBAdvantagesandDisadvantagesoftheInternet

PartIII:ReadingComprehension

娱乐是另外一个人们上网的普遍原因。下载游戏，到聊天室聊天，浏览网页是人们已经找到的一些比较流行的网络娱乐方式。互联网上有大量的游戏可供免费下载；因为可以遇到一些有趣的新朋友，所以网上聊天室受人青睐。事实上，互联网已经成为人们寻找人生伴侣的一种途径。而当人们浏览网页时，他们可以找到很多需要的东西。音乐，业余爱好，新闻报导等等内容都能在网上找到。网络购物已经成为一种非常成功的购物方式，也是互联网的一大优势。不论人们想买什么，都能在网上找到。人们甚至可以足不出户，只用鼠标点击他们想购买的东西，就会有人送货上门了。一些公司通过网络销售赚的金银满钵。总的来说，今天的社会正处于一个科技繁荣的时期。人们既可以选择利用这个时代的技术优势，也可以任其流逝对于科技的便利视若无睹。尽管互联网是一个很强大的工具，有很多的好处，但人们也需要清楚的意识到他的弊端不能忽视。TEXTBExerciseTenyearsago,theInternetwasusedbymostpeopleinthecity.()2.Accordingtothepassage,beforepeopleconnecttotheInternet,theyneedtoknowhowtousethecomputer.()3.Whenchildrenaresurfingtheweb,theparentsmustkeepaneyeonthembecausetheymayprobablybreakdownthecomputersystem.()4.People’sprivacycanbeeasilytrackedthroughelectronicmessagessentovertheInternet.()5.Inauthor’sopinion,thedisadvantagesoftheInternetoutweighitsadvantages.()FPartIII:ReadingComprehensionFFTFTEXTBExercise6.ScientistsandresearchersareamongthetoppeoplewhousetheInternetforresearch.()7.Chatroomsarepopularonthenetbecauseuserscantalkwithfriendsintheroomatnocharge.()8.SomecompanieshavemadetheirpilebysellingtheirgoodsovertheInternet.()FPartIII:ReadingComprehensionFT

Activity:BrainstormingPartIV:AppliedWritingDirection:Emailhasbecomethepremierwaytocommunicateinthecomputerera.DoyouknowhowtosendanEmailtoyourfriend?Shareyourexperiencewithyourpartnerandputthefollowingstepsinrightorder.a.clickthe"ComposeMail"or"WriteanEmail"linkb.registertobecomeamemberc.pickawebsited.putthesender’saddressin“From”boxe.Clickonthesendletterlinkf.Writeyouremailinthebigboxg.putthereceiver’saddressin“To”boxh.Writeasubject()---()---()---()---()---()---()---()cbadghfePartIV:AppliedWritingAnemailisusuallyashortdocument.Inordertostructureittoimproveitseffectiveness,payattentiontothefollowingpoints.1.SubjectfieldUsethistogiveyourreadersanideaofwhattheemailisabout.Ifyousendandreceivereplies,andifthesubjectchanges,thenchangethecontentofthesubjectfield.Itwillmakeyouremailsomucheasiertodealwith.2.SalutationsIntheUnitedStates,itisabadideatouse“sir”or“Mr.”unlessyouareabsolutelycertainthatyourcorrespondentismale.Similarly,itisprobablysafertouse“Ms.”Insteadof“Miss”or“Mrs.”Usingsomeone’sfirstnameisusuallyok.Thus,youcanusuallygetawaywitha“Dear”andthefirstname.Tips:HowtowriteanemailPartIV:AppliedWritingTips:HowtowriteanemailIfyouareaddressingagroupofpeople,youcansay“Dear”plustheunifyingattribute.e.g.:DearprojectManagers,/DearSanJoseLasersFans,3.LanguageissuesSomepeopleconsideremailtobeinformal.Whetheritisornot,isirrelevant.Poorwritingmakesabadimpression.Herearesomecommonfailings.Grammar:e.g.and/or,its/it’sSpelling:e.g.principle/principal,their/thereVocabulary:Don’tuselongorobscurewordsforthesakeofimpression.Shortandcommonwordshelptomaketheemaileasytounderstand.Unnecessaryinformation:Thiswastesareader’stimeandgetsinthewayofyourmessage,sobeasbriefaspossible.Whenyoureplytoamessage,removeallthetextthatisnotneeded.PartIV:AppliedWritingTaskDirection:WriteanEmailaccordingtotheinformationgivenbelow.收件人：Wanggang@发件人：Liuming@主题：下周末内容：以刘明的名义邀请王先生及夫人与你家下周一起到中山公园共度周末。现在那里正是最美丽的时节，已经是鲜花遍地。希望能和他们一起前往。PartIV:AppliedWritingSampleAnswerTo:Wanggang@From:Liuming@Subject:NextweekendDearMr.Wang,Ihopeyouandyourwifehaven’tanyplanfornextweekend,asI’dliketoinviteyoutospenditwithmyfamilyattheZhongshanPark.It’ssimplythemostbeautifulseasonnow,witheverythinginbloomthere.Weshouldbedelightedifyoucouldjoinus.Sincerely,LiumingGerund（动名词）1PartV:Grammar

动名词的用法：1.作主语动名词是由动词变化而来，所以，动名词的意义往往是表示某个动作或某件事情。例如：

Breathingbecamedifficultatthataltitude.在那个海拔高度呼吸变得很困难。ReadingEnglishaloudinthemorningwilldoyoualotofgood.早晨朗读英文会给你带来许多好处。应该注意动名词作主语时，对于一些比较长的动名词短语，一般采用"Itis…"和"Thereis"两种句式来表示。例如：

Itisnousewaitingforhimanylonger.等他是没有用的。Gerund（动名词）1PartV:Grammar

2.作定语

动名词作定语的情况并不是很普遍，一般只限于单个的动名词作定语，表示“用于……的”或表示“处于某件事情中的……”含义。例如：

swimmingpool游泳池readingmaterial阅读材料walkingstick手杖floatingneedle浮针openingspeech开幕词listeningaid助听器waitingroom候车室runningwater自来水3.作表语动名词作表语，容易与现在分词作表语相混淆。动名词表语表达的是“某件事”(与不定式短语的意义相近)，而现在分词表语表示“具有某个作用”。例如：Hispart-timejobispromotingnewproductsforthecompany.（动名词）他的业余工作是为那家公司推销新产品。Gerund（动名词）1PartV:Grammar

4.作宾语

动名词跟在及物动词后做宾语。例如：

Hemanagedtoescapesufferingfromthedisease.他设法避免患那种