英美概况-英国部分-第四章-Chapter-4课件

CHAPTERFOURECONOMYoftheUnitedKingdom

FamousQuotation

Workwhileyouwork;Playwhileyouplay.Thisistheway;Tobecheerfulandgay.—A.D.Stoddart

BritishPhilosopherNewwords

predominant:adj.havingmorepowerorinfluencethanothers占优势的；主导的

—Hatemongeringisthepredominantideainthebookbyaracist.

在种族主义者写的书中，煽动仇恨是主要的观点。dismantlement:n.theactoftakingsomethingapart(asapieceofmachinery)拆除

—Thedismantlementappraisaldateshallbethedateofissuanceoflicenseforhousedismantlement.

拆迁估价时点一般为房屋拆迁许可证颁发之日。Newwordsprosperity:n.thestateofbeingsuccessful,especiallyfinancially兴旺；繁荣；成功；昌盛

—Thenewgovernmentusheredinaperiodof

prosperity.

新政府的成立带来了一个繁荣的时期。recession:n.adifficulttimefortheeconomyofacountry,whenthereislesstradeandindustrialactivitythanusualandmorepeopleareunemployed经济衰退；经济萎缩

—Intherecession,ourfirmwentthroughabadtime.

我们公司在经济衰退时期历尽艰辛。Newwordsshrink:

v.tobecomesmaller,especiallywhenwashedinwaterthatistoohot;tomakeclothes,fabric,etc.smallerinthisway（使）缩水，收缩，缩小，皱缩

—Theeconomyisshrinkinginsteadofgrowing.

经济正在萎缩而不是在增长中。stagnation:

n.Ifsomethingsuchasabusinessorsocietystagnates,itstopschangingorprogressing.淤塞，停滞，不景气

—Thiscountryhadnowentereduponalongperiodofstagnation.

从此，这个国家进入了一个长期不景气的时期。Newwordsbarley:n.agrainofbarley大麦

—Thepeasantsarereapingafieldofbarley.

农民们正在收割大麦。oats:n.annualgrassofEuropeandNorthAfrica;grainsusedasfoodandfodder燕麦

—Oatsmainlygrowincoolclimate.

燕麦主要生长在气候凉爽的地区。Newwordshemp:

n.aplantfiber大麻

—Hempcanbeusedforclothandropes.

大麻可用来做衣服和绳子。stockpiles:

n.somethingkeptbackorsavedforfutureuseoraspecialpurpose储存

—Getahustleontostockpiletheseessentialmaterial.

赶快把这些重要材料贮放起来。Newwordspottery:n.ceramicwaremadefromclayandbakedinakiln陶器

—Thearchaeologistsfoundgoldcoinsandpotteryinthelowestlevelofthesite.

考古学家在发掘地最下层找到一些金币和陶器。cutlery:n.knives,forksandspoons,usedforeatingandservingfood餐具（刀、叉和匙）

—Acutlerysetincludesknives,forks,spoonsetc.

一套餐具包括刀,叉,匙等。Newwordsoptical:

adj.connectedwiththesenseofsightortherelationshipbetweenlightandsight视力的；视觉的；光学的

—IthoughtIsawaghostbutitwasjustanopticalillusion.

我以为我看见鬼了,其实只是一种幻觉。treble:v.

tobecome,ortomakesomething,threetimesasmuchorasmany（使）成三倍，增加两倍

—Profitsinourcompanyhavetrebledinthelasttwoyears.

我们公司的利润在这两年中增加了三倍。Newwordsstatic:adj.notmoving,changingordeveloping静止的；静态的；停滞的

—Houseprices,whichhavebeenstaticforseveralmonths,arenowrisingagain.

房价稳定了几个月,现在又上涨了。crash:n.asuddenseriousfallinthepriceorvalueofsomething;theoccasionwhenabusiness,etc.fails暴跌；倒闭；破产；失败

—Thegreatfinancialcrashin1929ruinedinternationaltrade.1929年的经济大萧条摧毁了国际贸易。Newwordsimplement:

v.tomakesomethingthathasbeenofficiallydecidedstarttohappenorbeused使生效；贯彻；执行；实施

—Itisnottheproperwaytoimplementapolicybyforce.

强迫推行一项政策不是办法。mortgage:

n.alegalagreementbywhichabankorsimilarorganizationlendsyoumoneytobuyahouse,etc.,andyoupaythemoneybackoveraparticularnumberofyears;thesumofmoneythatyouborrow按揭（由银行等提供房产抵押借款）；按揭贷款

—Payingmymortgagewasanenormousweightoffmymind!

我还了抵押借款，如释重负！Newwordsdelinquency:n.nonpaymentofadebtwhendue逾期债款

—Delinquencyisfailuretopayadebtortax.

逾期债款是指未按时偿还债务或税款。default:

n.failuretodosomethingthatmustbedonebylaw,especiallypayingadebt违约（尤指未偿付债务）

—Idefaultontheinstallmentpayment.

我没有付分期应付的款。Newwordssubprime:

n.次优级抵押贷款（次贷）

—Subprimemortgagesareloanstopeoplewhomaynothaveenoughmoneytorepaythem.

次级抵押贷款是指一种贷款人可能没有足够钱来偿还的贷款。foreclosure:

n.theactofforeclosingonmoneythathasbeenborrowed;anexampleofthis抵押品赎回权的取消

—Foreclosureis,unfortunately,therightoutcomeforperhapshalfofAmerica'sproblemmortgages.

遗憾的是，也许对半数没收房产问题来说，没收是合理的结局。Newwordssymptom:n.asignthatsomethingexists,especiallysomethingbad征候；征兆

—Inthatsituation,awagefreeze,whethervoluntaryorimposedbytheGovernment,dealswithasymptomofinflationratherthanwithinflationitself.

在那种情况下,工资冻结,无论是自动还是国家强制进行的,是对付通货膨胀的症状,而不是通货膨胀本身。outlet:

n.ashop/storeoranorganizationthatsellsgoodsmadebyaparticularcompanyorofaparticulartype专营店；经销店

—Thiscosmeticsfirmhas34outletsinBritain.

这家化妆品公司在英国有34个经销店。Economy

Keypoints1.GeneralIntroduction1.1Overview1.2PerformanceofUKEconomysinceWorldWarII1.3RecentPerformance1.4MajorCitiesandIndustriesKeypoints2.EconomicSectors2.1Agriculture2.2Manufacturing2.3ServiceIndustries2.3.1Finance2.3.2RealestateKeypoints3.GlobalFinancialCrisisImpactsuponU.S.andtheWorldEconomy3.1CausesofFinancialCrisis3.2ImpactuponUK3.3MeasurestoDealwithRecession1.GeneralIntroduction1.1Overviewtheworld’ssixthlargestbynominalGDPthethirdlargesteconomyinEuropeamemberoftheG8,theOECD,theWTO,andtheEUthefirstcountryintheworldtoindustrialiseinthe18thand19thcenturiesstillpossessesasignificantroleintheglobaleconomy1.1OverviewnominalGDP名义国内生产总值，以当年价格计算的最终产品或服务的价值。GDPpercapita人均国内生产总值，将一个国家核算期内（通常是一年）实现的国内生产总值与这个国家的常住人口（目前使用户籍人口）相比进行计算，得到人均国内生产总值。1.1OverviewOECD经济合作与发展组织，全称OrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment，简称经合组织（OECD），是由30个市场经济国家组成的政府间国际经济组织，旨在共同应对全球化带来的经济、社会和政府治理等方面的挑战，并把握全球化带来的机遇。1.2PerformanceofUKEconomysinceWorldWarIIagrowthin

prosperityinthe1950sand1960sfollowingthesevereshockofthe1973oilcrisisandthe1973–1974stockmarketcrash

Britisheconomywentintorecessionin1974AnewperiodofeconomicsbeganwiththecomingoftheMargaretThatchergovernmentin19791.2PerformanceofUKEconomysinceWorldWarIIMargaretThatcher

玛格丽特·撒切尔，鼎鼎有名的英国伦敦铁娘子，英国保守党人，1979年至1990年任英国首相。1982年和1984年曾两次以首相身份访华，1984年12月访华时同中国政府总理正式签署了中英关于香港问题的联合声明。1.2PerformanceofUKEconomysinceWorldWarIIAfteramildrecessionintheearly1990s,therefollowedthelongestperiodofstableeconomicgrowthThisboomendedin2008whentheUnitedKingdomenteredarecessionbroughtaboutbytheglobalfinancialcrisis1.3RecentPerformanceTheUKenteredarecessioninQ3of2008.AsofJune2009,theeconomyhadshrunkby5.6%comparedtotheyearbeforeTheUKeconomyisnowclearlyexperiencingoneofitsworstrecessionsinrecenthistory1.4MajorCitiesandIndustries1.4.1London

thecapitalofbothEnglandandtheUnitedKingdomamajorcentreforinternationalbusinessandcommerceandisoneoffour“commandcenters”fortheworldeconomylargestindustryremainsfinance

1.4.1LondonWhatfactorscauseLondon’ssuccessasaserviceindustryandbusinesscentre?1.Englishbeingthenativeanddominantlanguageofbusiness2.Englishlawbeingthemostimportantandmostusedcontractlawininternationalbusiness1.4.1London3.Governmentpoliciessuchaslowtaxes,particularlyforforeigners,abusinessfriendlyenvironment,goodtransportinfrastructureandaderegulatedeconomy1.4.1LondonLondonhasover480overseasbanks,morethananyothercityintheworldLondonishometobanks,brokers,insurersandlegalandaccountingfirmsmediacompaniesareconcentratedinLondonTourismisoneofLondon’sprimeindustries1.4.1LondonthemediadistributionindustryisLondon’ssecondmostcompetitivesectorTheBBCisakeyemployer,whileotherbroadcastersalsohaveheadquartersaroundthecityManynationalnewspapersareeditedinLondon,havingtraditionallybeenassociatedwithFleetStreetinLondon

1.4.2Liverpoolthecityhasseenalargegrowthintheservicesector,bothpublicandprivatePublicsectorsinclude:partsoftheNationalHealthServiceRevenueandCustoms

HomeOfficeagenciessuchastheCriminalRecordsBureauandtheIdentityandPassportService,formerlytheUKPassportAgency1.4.2Liverpool

privateserviceindustryinclude:BarclaysJPMorganandtheBankofIrelandTourismisamajorfactorintheeconomy1.4.3BirminghamapowerhouseoftheIndustrialRevolutioninEnglandtheworkshopoftheworldTwoofBritain’s“bigfour”banks—LloydsBankandtheMidlandBank(nowHSBCBankplc)inBirminghamTourismisalsoanincreasinglyimportantpartofthelocaleconomy1.4.3BirminghamLloyd’sBank莱斯银行，是一间英国历史最悠久的银行，也是伯明翰的第一间银行。HSBCplc总部设于伦敦的汇丰集团是全球规模最大的银行及金融机构之一。汇丰集团在欧洲、亚太地区、美洲、中东及非洲76个国家和地区拥有约9,500间附属机构。汇丰银行在全球拥有超过1亿1千万的顾客.2.EconomicSectors2.1Agriculturelandsurfaceissmall,butagricultureisveryintensiveandhighlyproductiveReasons:climateismildandthereisplentyofrainfall

Nearly80%ofBritain’slandarea

canbeusedforagriculturalpurpose2.1AgricultureThemaincropsthataregrownarewheat,barley,oats,andcornforanimalfeeds,potatoesandsugarbeetThemainlivestockwhichareraisedarecattle,chickensandsheep

2.1AgricultureAgricultureissubsidizedbytheEuropeanUnion’sCommonAgriculturalPolicy(CAP)Thispolicyseekstoensurethatfarmersgetreasonableincome.ItalsoaimstoprovideconsumersoftheEUwithaffordablefoodsupplies

2.1AgricultureTohelpfarmers,thegovernmentpurchasesallsurplusproductsandstoresthemforlatersaleMeanwhile,thegovernmentsubsidizesagriculturalexportsbypayingexporters2.1AgricultureButagriculturalproductscomingintoBritainfromnon-EUcountriesaretaxedmorethan40%oftheBritishfarmers’incomecomesfromthegovernmentsubsidies

2.1AgricultureManyBritishpeoplecriticizeCAPTheBritishfarmingsectorissmallerthanthefarmingsectorsofmostEUnationsTosolvetheproblem,EUnowencouragesfarmerstotakelandoutofproduction,Italsotriestoplaceproductionquotasoncertainproducts2.1AgricultureCommonAgriculturalPolicy(CAP)共同农业政策，这是立法和欧洲联盟通过提供一个共同的，统一农业的政策的一套做法。它的目的是确保农业也可以长期保持在一个生活的中心地带。2.2Manufacturing

BritainisthebirthplaceoftheIndustrialRevolution,whennewproducingmethodsareinventedtextiles,shipbuilding,iron,andsteelemergedasimportantindustries.Coalbecamethemostimportantindustrialfuel2.2ManufacturingBritain’sironandsteelindustryremainsimportantEngineeringandalliedindustriesisthesinglelargestsector2.2ManufacturingAnotheralliedindustriesiselectronics,audioandopticalequipmentOtherimportantsectorsincludefood,drink,tobacco,paper,printing,publishingandtextiles2.3ServiceIndustries2.3.1FinanceTheUKisoneoftheworld’sleadingfinancialcentersTheLondonStockExchangeisoneofthelargestexchangesintheworld2.3.1FinanceThepoundsterlingisthebasicunitofcurrencyinBritaintheUKiscontinuouslyusingitstraditionalcurrencyofthepound,whileotherEUnationshaveadoptedtheeuroastheirsinglecurrencyfrom1January,20022.3.2RealestateTheUKpropertymarketboomedforthesevenyearsupto2008Causes:sustainedeconomicgrowth,anexpansioninhouseholdnumbers,lowinterestrates,thegrowthinpropertyinvestment,andplanningrestrictionsonthesupplyofnewhousing2.3.2Realestate3.GlobalFinancialCrisisImpactsuponU.S.andtheWorldEconomy3.1CausesofFinancialCrisisTheimmediatecauseor

triggerofthecrisiswastheburstingoftheUnitedStateshousingbubblewhichstartedtoburstin2006,andthedeclineacceleratedin2007and20083.1CausesofFinancialCrisisAnotheranalysis,differentfromthemainstreamexplanation,isthatthefinancialcrisisismerelyasymptomofanother,deepercrisis,whichisasystemiccrisisofcapitalismitself.

3.2ImpactuponUK

theUKhasbeenhithardbytheglobalfinancialcrisisEconomicactivityhasweakenedsharply,theunemploymentratehasincreased,propertypriceshavedroppeddramatically,andinflationhasfallen3.2ImpactuponUK

Figure2:UKGDPfrom2003-20083.2ImpactuponUK

UKGDPshrankby1.6percentinthefourthquarterof2008ItisthebiggestquarterlyfallinGDPsince1980andthebiggestannualfallinGDPsincethelastrecessionin19913.3MeasurestoDealwithRecessionStandardmacroeconomicpolicyincludes