虚拟语气MOOD全英教案

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VERB(VI)MOOD“Mood”istheformoftheverbwhichshowsthespeakertherelationbetweentheaction(orstate)expressedby

’sattitudetowards

thepredicateverbandthe

objective

reality.

[语气是一种动词形式，用来表示发言人对谓语动词所表示的动作（或

状态）与客观实质之间的关系的态度。]

Therearethreemoods:theindicativemood,theimperativemoodandthe

subjunctivemood.

Theindicativemood(fact-mood事实语气)showsthatthespeakerconsidersthe

actionorstatedenotedbythepredicateasanactualfact.Itisusedinstatements

(bothaffirmativeornegative)offacts,inquestionsoffactsandinexclamations

offacts,.

Theforcesofthethirdworldaregrowingfromdaytoday.(affirmative

statement)

Shedidn’thelpmewithmywork.(negativestatement)

WillitdoifweletyouhaveananswerbyFriday?(question)

Howhotitistoday!(exclamation)

Theimperativemood(will-mood意志语气)conveysthespeaker’swilltourge

thepersonaddressedtofulfilanaction.Thismaybeexpressedintheformofa

command,arequest,awarning,etc.Ithasonlyonesimpleform.theplainrootformoftheverb)forthesecondpersonsingularorplural,.Givehimwhathelpyoucan.

Donotmakethesamemistakeagain.

Thesubjectofanimperativeisseldomexpressedunlessitisemphatic.Ifit

isemphatic,thesubjectisplacedbeforetheverbintheusualplaceofthesubject,.

Youbemorecareful.(Lawrence)

“Don’tyouloseaminute.”(Conrad)

Withthefirstandthethirdpersonitisprecededby“let”(or“have”)

andanaccusative,.

Letmesee.(让我想一想，让我看一看。)

Letushelpyou.(让我们帮助你吧。)

Let’sgo.(Thesecondpersonisincludedin“us”,whichisshortenedto‘s.)

(我们走吧。)

2)Theimperativemoodmaybeusedtoexpressaconditioninacompound

sentence,.Makehasteandyouwillaccomplishtheworkontime.(Ifyoumakehaste,you

willaccomplishtheworkontime.)

3)Theemphaticimperativeisformedwiththehelpoftheauxiliary

verb

“do”,.

“Willyou?”isoftenaddedtotheimperative,.Bringmethatdictionary,willyou?

“Shallwe?”isoftenaddedtosuchanimperativesentenceasfollows:

Let’sgo,shallwe?

Thesubjunctivemood(thought-mood想象语气)doesn’trefertofactsbutthe

speaker’sthought.Itexpresseswishes,suggestions,supposition,etc.,.

IwishIcouldseehimimmediately.wish(thefactisthatIcan’tsee

himimmediately.)

Hesuggeststhattheregulations[should]berevisedatonce.suggestion

(Whethertheregulationswillberevisedatonceisuncertainthoughhesuggestthat

theyshould.)

IfIhadhadtimelastweek,Ishouldhavecometoseeyou.supposition.

(Ihadnotimelastweek,soIdidn’tcometoseeyou.)

TheUseoftheSubjunctiveintheUnrealConditionalSentence

Conditionalsentencesmaybedividedintotwokinds:realconditionalsentences

andunrealconditionalsentences.Bothrefertosupposition.

Insentencesofrealconditiontheindicativemoodisusedbecausethesuppositionmay

cometrue,.

Youcanfinishtheworkbyyourselfifyoutryhard.

Ifitrains,Ishallstayathome.

2)Inunrealconditionalsentencestheverbsareinthesubjunctivemoodbecausethe

suppositioninsuchsentencesiseitherdoubtfulorcontrarytothefact,

IfIwereyou(but,infact,Ican’tbeyou)Iwouldstudymuchharder.

contrarytothefact

IfIshouldhavefreetimetomorrow(butIdon’tthinkIshallhavefreetime),

Iwouldhelpyouwithyourgrammar.futuredoubtfulsupposition

Comparethefollowing:

a.IamsurewhetherI’llseehim.(indicative)

Ididn’tmeethimthere.(indicative)

IfIhadmethimthere,Iwouldhaveaskedhimtocome.(unrealcondition)

Asentenceofunrealconditionmayrefertothepresent,thepast,orthefuture.Itmay

alsorefertonoparticulartime.Thefollowingarevariousverbformsforitaccordingtosenseandsomepointsforattention:

(a)Suppositioncontrarytothepresentfact

In“If”ClauseIn“Result”ClauseVerbfrom

Example

thepastfrom

Ifhehadmoretime

now,hewould

should/would+

form

lendhishelpto

the

root

work

Indication

(Understood)

Otherexamples:

ButIknowthathehasnomoretimenow.

Ifhewereherenow,hewouldnotletthematterendthisway(butheisnothere)

HowniceitwouldbeifIweretherenow.

Note1)Withtheverb“tobe”,“were”isusedforallpersonsandbothnumbers

inthepast

form.Incolloquialspeech,“was”isoftenusedinsteadof“were”forthefirst

andthethirdpersonsingular.Nevertheless,wemustsay“IfI(he,she)were(not

was)you”

Note2)Theaboveverbformisalsousedinthesuppositioncontrarytothe

factreferringtonoparticulartime,.

Iftherewerenowater,therewouldbenolifeontheearth.

Nomatterhowperfectthebird’swingis,itcouldneverliftthebirdifit

werenotsupportedbyair.

Note3)Theaboveverbformisalsousedinthesentenceofrejectedconcession

(虚假退步句)referringtothepresent,.

EvenifIwerethere,Ishouldn’tbeabletosolvetheproblembymyself.(In

fact,Iamnotthere.)referringtothepresent

Eventhoughwedidn’thaveneededmaterials,weshould(would)findsubstitutes

forthem.

Cf:EvenifIhadbeenthere,Ishouldn’t(wouldn’t)havebeenabletosolve

theproblembymyself.(Infact,Iwasnotthere.)referringtothepast

(b)Suppositioncontrarytothepastfact.

In“If”ClauseIn“Result”Clause

VerbfromHad+pastparticipleshould/would+have+past

participle

ExampleIfhehadhadmoretimebefore,hewouldhavelenthishelp

tothework.

IndicationButhehadnomoretimebefore,sohedidn’tlendhishelp

(Understood)tothework.

Otherexamples:

Ifhehadnotbeenillandmissedmanyclasses(buthewasillandmissedmanyclasses),he

wouldhavemadegreaterprogress.

Note:thisformmayalsobeusedtorefertocertaincasesoffuturedoubtful

supposition,.

Ifyouhadn’tfinishedtheworkbytheendofthismonth,youwouldprobably

becriticized.

Ifhehadn’tgotbackbythetimeyoucomeagain,hewouldcertainlyhavebeen

attheseasideinothers’company.

(c)Futuredoubtfulsupposition

Therearethreetenseformsexpressingthefuturedoubtfulsupposition:

A.Verbfrom

Example

In“If”ClauseIn“Result”Clausewereto+rootformshould/would+rootformIfheweretohavemoretimebefore,hewouldlendhishelptothework.

Indication

ButIthink

it

ishighly

improbable

thathewill

havemoretime

(Understood)

tomorrow

B.Verbfrom

Example

Indication

(Understood)

C.

In“If”ClauseIn“Result”Clause

should+rootformshould/would+rootfrom

Ifheshouldhavemoretimebefore,hewouldlendhishelpto

thework.

Butwhetherhewillhavemoretimetomorrowisdependentupon

chance

In“If”ClauseIn“Result”Clause

Verbfromthepastformshould/would+rootfrom

ExampleIfhehadmoretimetomorrow,hewouldlendhishelptothe

work.

IndicationButIthinkitisimprobablethathewillhavemoretime

(Understood)tomorrow.

Note1)Intheabove-mentionedunrealconditionalsentences,boththe“If”

clauseandthe

“Result”clauseineachsentencerefertotwoactionswhichoccuratthesametime.

Iftheactionsexpressedinthetwoclausesdonottakeplaceatthesametime,

differenttenseformsareusedasthesenserequires.

Examinethefollowingexamples:

IfChinahadnotbeenliberated(contrarytothepastfact),thepeasantsand

workerswouldstillbeleadingamiserablelife(contrarytothepresentfact).

Ifthecriminalwerehonest(contrarytothefact),

hewouldhavemadeacleanbreastofthewholethinglongago(contrarytothe

pastfact).

Note2)“should”or“would”canbereplacedby“could”or“might”,etc.

asthesenserequires,.

Ifhecouldhelpme,hewould.(Hecan’thelpme.)

Ifhewouldhelpus,hecould.(Hewon’thelpusthoughhecan.)

Ifhemightcome,hewouldcomeearly.(Hemaynotcome.)

Note3)Inunrealconditionalsentencesexpressingfuturedoubtfulsupposition,

therootformoftheverbmaybeusedinthe“If”clauseand“shall”(“will”,“can”,“may”)canbeusedinsteadof“should”(“would”,“could”,“might”)

inthe“Result”clause.Comparesentences(1),(2)and(3)inthefollowinggroups:

A(1)Ifheishard-working,whycan’thefulfiltheplanaheadofschedule?(I

thinkhewillprobablybehard-working.)Ifheshouldbehard-working,hecouldfulfiltheplanontime.(Itseemsthathewon’tbehard-working.)

(3)Ifhebehard-working,hewill(would)fulfiltheplanontime.(Idon’t

knowwhetherhewillbehard-working.)

B(1)Ifheknowsit,hewilltellus.(Itseemshewillknowit.)

(2)Ifheshouldknowit,hewouldtellus.(Itseemshewon’tknowit.)

(3)Ifheknowit,hewill(would)tellus.(Whetherhewillknowitisuncertain.)

InsentencesA(2)andB(2),whilethesubjunctivemoodisusedinthe“If”

clauses,theindicativemoodmaybeusedinthe“Result”clauses.Thus,A(2)and

B(2)turninto:

Ifheshouldbehard-working,hecanfulfiltheplanontime.

Ifheshouldknowit,hewilltellus.

Here,“shouldbe”and“shouldknow”donotexpresssuppositionscontraryto

anticipationbutuncertainty.Theymaybereplacedbythepresentforms“is”and

“knows”respectivelyandthesentenceswillthusbecomerealconditional.

Besides,theimperativemoodmaybeusedinthe“Result”clausesiftheverb

formofthe“If”clausesif“should+rootform”,.

IfyoushouldseeJohn,givehimmyregards.

Ifsheshouldfailthistime,tellhertotryagain.

Note4)Theconjunction“if”isfrequentlyomittedbeforewere,should,could,

had,etc.Inthiscasethesubjectoftheclausestandsafterthem,.

Hadyou(=Ifyouhad)invitedus,wewouldhavecometoyourparty.

WereI(=IfIwere)you,Iwoulddomorepracticeafterclass.

Note5)“Supposing”,“unless”,“incase”,“provided(that)”etc.canbe

usedastheconjunctioninsteadof“if”,.

Supposingtheywerenotthere,whatshouldwedo?

Unlesstheyshouldinviteme,Iwouldn’tgothere.

Takeanumbrellawithyouincaseitshouldrain.

Note6)Themeaningoftheconditionalclause(referringtoeitheranunreal

conditionorarealcondition)maybeimpliedinaphrase,aclauseorthecontext,.

Withyourassistance(=Ifwehadyourassistance),wemightfinishtheplan

carlier.

Withoutheavyindustry(=Iftherewerenoheavyindustry).Theplansfor

mechanizationandelectrificationofagriculturewouldbeimpossible.Butforyour

co-operation(=Ifithadn’tbeenforyourco-operation),ourmeetingwouldn’t

havebeensosuccessful.

Amoreresponsiblemanwouldhaveacteddifferently.(=Ifhehadbeenamore

responsibleman,hewouldhaveacteddifferently.)

OtherUsesandCorrespondingFormsoftheSubjunctive

Inthesimplesentencetoexpressdesire,.Glory[be]tothepeople!

LonglivethePeople’sRepublicofChina!

Note:Averbphraseformswiththemodalverb“may”isoftenusedtoexpress

desire,.

2)Insubordinateclauses:

Toexpresswish(anunfulfilleddesireoradesirethatisunlikelytobefulfilled),.

Iwish[that]hewerenotsoagitated=Itisapity(orIamsorry)[that]he

issoagitated.

Iwish(or:wished)Ihadgone(or:couldhavegone)tothefootballlastnight.

=Iam(or:was)sorrythatIdidn’t(or:couldn’t)gotothefootballmatchlast

night.

Iwishtheboyswouldbequiet.=Itisapity[that]theboyswon’tbequiet.

(2)Toexpressrejectedmanner(comparison),.

ThewholefamilygreetedmeasthoughIwereoneofthefamily.

Theyalsotalkpeaceandhaverepeatedlymadegesturesasiftheywerewilling

toeaseinternationaltension.(Infact,theyareunwillingtoeaseinternational

tension.)

Theenemyactsasifhehadknownourplanalready.

Weshouldchangetheplan.

(3)Toexpressrejectedconcession,