加拿大与大英帝国CanadaAndEmpire课件

Canada&TheBritishEmpireKevinJ.BenoyWhatKindofNationalism?BritishSubjectsInthelate19th&early20thcenturymostCanadianswereofrecentBritishextraction.TheyfeltastrongkinshiptoGreatBritain.BritishSubjectsCanadawasanintegralpartofthisworldempire.WewereBritishsubjectsandproudofit.BritishSubjectsDuringthe19thcentury,GreatBritainhadthelargestfleetintheworld,maintaininga2powerstandard–herfleetwaslargerthanthenexttwonationalfleetscombined.Britainwascommittedto“SplendidIsolation”–stayingoutofinternationalcommitmentsandonlycommittingwhenBritaincouldforcethebalanceofpowerinBritain’sinterests.BritishCanadiansfeltprideinBritishpowerBritishSubjectsBritishsubjectswereenormouslyproudofthesizeoftheBritishEmpire–whichwasbetween1/6&1/5oftheworld’slandmassandcontainedasimilarproportionoftheworld’speople.LikeAmericanstoday,theBritishsawthemselvesastremendouslypowerful.CanadiensFrenchCanadiansfeltnosuchconnectiontothingsBritish.TheyhadbeenisolatedfromEuropesincebefore“theConquest”,beginningin1759.CanadaFirstOfcoursethereweresomeEnglishCanadianswhowantedanindependentCanada.However,this“CanadaFirst”movementwassmallinnumberandresentfuloftheCanadiens–theonlyothergroupwhosupportedadistinctlyCanadiannationalism.CharlesMair–ofCanadaFirstImperialFederationAttheendofthe19thcenturytherewasevenamovementtostrengthentieswithBritain.In1884theImperialFederationLeaguewasfoundedinBritain.Proponentswantedtostrengthen,notloosen,tiesbetweenBritainanditscolonies.ImperialFederationTheideawastocreateasinglefederalImperialstate,withasuper-ParliamentinLondon.TheColonieswouldbemereprovinceswithinthis.ABritishNationTheoverwhelmingbulkofCanada’spopulationandparticularlythecontrollingelite,feltthemselvesBritishthroughandthrough.ImperialEntanglementsImperialEntanglementsEvenasaself-governingdominionwithintheBritishEmpire,therewasthedangerofgettingcaughtupinconflictswithlittleornothingtodowithCanada.Afterall,aglobalempirehadtomaintainitself.Againstrebels.Againstotherimperialpowers.Sudan,1885In1881areligiousleaderintheSudan,MohammadAhmed,declaredhimselftheMahdi–themessiahofIslam.Hesetouttoclearhiscountryofforeigninfluences–includingtheEgyptians,whohesawasimpureMoslems–andtheirallies,theBritish.GordonofKhartoumABritishforce,underthecommandofGeneralCharlesGordon,wasundersiegeatKhartoum.BritaincalledonitscoloniestocontributetoaforcetoputdowntheradicalIslamicforces.Sudan,1885SirJohnA.MacdonaldunderstoodthatthoughBritishCanadamightsupportsendingtroops,Quebecwouldbestronglyopposed.TheconflictendedbeforeanyCanadiancommitmentwasneeded.(ThoughAustralianforcesweresent.)TheAnglo-BoerWarTheAnglo-BoerWar-OriginsAnotherImperialcrisisaroseinSouthernAfrica.Inthelate19thcenturyathreepowerstruggletookplacetherebetween:TheBritishTheBoersTheZuluAnglo-BoerWar-OriginsShakaZululedthemostpowerfulAfricanmilitaryforcetoeveremerge.Afterinitialset-backs–likethecompleteannihalationoftheBritish24thregimentatIsandlhwana-BritishfirepowereventuallybroketheZulu,whohadconqueredmuchofsouthernAfrica.Anglo-BoerWar-OriginsBritishsupremacyinSouthernAfricairkedtheBoers(Afrikaaners)–descendantsofearlyDutchsettlerswhohadtrekkedoutoftheCapeareatoescapeBritishrule.In1880-1881theBoerswontherighttoself-government–thoughtheoreticallyunderBritishoversight.Anglo-BoerWar-OriginsIn1885goldwasdiscoveredinTransvaal,oneoftheBoerrepublics.Uitlandersfloodedin,asdidBritishinvestment.TheBoersfearedbeingswampedbythenewcomersandrestrictedtheirvotingrights.Theyalsoheavilytaxedthegoldbusiness.InvestorsandBritishresidentsoftheTransvaalhopedBritainwouldintervene.Anglo-BoerWar-OriginsIn1895aBritishbusinessman,CecilRhodes,financedanattempttoseizecontroloftheTransvaal,inwhatcametobeknownastheJamesonraid.Itfailed,butconvincedtheBoersthattheBritishwouldtryagain–possiblyusingtheBritisharmyinCapeColonyandNatal.Afterall,LordMilner,theBritishGovernoroftheCapepubliclyfavouredannexation.Anglo-BoerWar-OriginsTheAfrikaanerrepublicsofTransvaalandOrangeFreeStatespentheavilyonmodernarmaments,buyingmainlyfromGermany.Anglo-BoerWarIn1899itlookedasthoughtheBritishwereseekingwar.TheBoersstruckfirst.OnOctober11,theBoersinvadedCapeColonyandNatal.Ladysmith,MafekingandKimberlywereencircled.TheBritishsufferedonesetbackafteranother.Anglo-BoerWarBritaincalledontheEmpiretohelp.PrimeMinisterLaurierwastornbetweentwoimpossiblepositions:SupportBritainandloseallsupportinQuebec.AvoidcommittingCanadaandenrageBritishCanada.BritishCanadianviewofLaurier’sditheringAnglo-BoerWarLaurierhadtocompromise.Hedecidedtosendvolunteers,providingthatBritainpaidtheirexpenses.7,000Canadiansoldiers(including12femalenurses)servedinSouthernAfricaovera3yearperiod.Anglo-BoerWarIn1900thetideofbattleturned.BritishforcestookcontrolofmostBoerterritory.SuperiorBritishforcesforcedtheBoerstoturntoguerillatactics.FromSeptember,1900totheendofthewar,inmay,1902,anastyguerillastruggledrainedbothsides.ThreegenerationsofBoerguerillafightersAnglo-BoerWarTheBoersthrewofftheiruniformsandfoughtasymmetricalwarfare.TheBritishadoptedatacticofdenyingtheBoersfoodandsupplies.Blockhousesdefendedrailandtelegraphlines.Anglo-BoerWarMorecontroversially,theBritishforcedBoerciviliansinto“ConcentrationCamps,”sothatthecountrysidecouldbeafree-firezoneforBritishforcesandBoerfarmswereburneddowntodenytheguerillassupplies.Anglo-BoerWarPoorsupplysystemsandthecontinuingwarmeantcampconditionswereoftenpoor.Womenandchildrenwereoftenshortoffoodandmedicine.Areportafterthewarconcludedthat27,927Boersand14,154Blacks–25%and14%respectively–diedofstarvationandexposure.Anglo-BoerWarOppositiontothewarinCanadawasstrongestinQuebec.HenriBourassa,aformerLauriersupporterandLiberalMP,resignedoverthewarandwasre-electedasanindependent.Inhisnewspaper“LeDevoir”heopposedthewarandarguedforanationalistpolicyforthecountry.Anglo-BoerWarThewarendedwiththeTreatyofVeeriningen.22,000BritishEmpiresoldierslosttheirlives–themajoritythroughdisease.Between6,000and7,000Boerfightersdiedandaround28,000civilians.AdirectresultofthewarwasthefoundingofSouthAfrica–acountrythatcametobedominatedbythelargeBoerpopulation.JanSmuts,aformerBoercommander,becamePrimeMinisteroftheCountry.TheAnglo-BoerWar

CanadianvolunteersforSouthAfricaonboardSS.Montereyca.1901Canadiansoldiersreturnedfromthewar,manyreceivinglandgrantsinrecognitionoftheirefforts.TheThomasNyeHouse,inNorthVancouver.Returningveterans,theNyesweregivenlargeparcelsinNorthVancouver,includingmuchofLynnValley.TheAnglo-BoerWarTheBoerwarrevealedhowisolatedBritainwasintheworld.OppositiontoBritishactioncamefromvirtuallyallcountries.Germanhostilitywasparticularlystrong.BritainforgedanalliancewithJapantoreduceherPacificcommitment.Britainsoughtfriendselsewheretoo.GermanKaiserWilhelmII–whoopposedBritishactioninSouthAfricaTheAlaskaBoundaryDispute

Britain’sCommitmenttoCanadaTheAlaskaBoundaryDisputeTheKlondikegoldrushof1896madetheexactlocationoftheborderbetweenB.C.andAlaskaapressingissue.ThisboundaryandtheownershipofterritoryalongthecoasthadbeenunclearsincetheUnitedStates’Alaskapurchase,fromRussia,in1867.PossessionofthelandattheheadofdeepinletswouldhaveallowedCanadaaccesstoB.C.acrosstheAlaskapanhandle.TheAlaskaBoundaryDisputeCanadiansbelievedthattheboundaryfollowedthesummitofthemountainrangesnearthecoast.TheAmericansclaimedalinewhichfollowedtheconfigurationofthecoastbutincludedtheheadsoftheinlets.BymovingtroopstotheregiontheAmericanpresident,TeddyRoosevelt,forcedtheissuetoaresolution.TheAlaskaBoundaryDisputeIn1903,anarbitrationtribunal,comprisedofthreeAmericans,twoCanadiansandoneBritishrepresentative,wasappointedtoendthedispute.LordAlverstonetheBritishchiefjusticerepresentedImperialinterests.GreatBritainhadnowishtoannoytheAmericansovertheissueandLordAlverstonewasinstructedtosidewiththem.LordAlverstoneTheAlaskaBoundaryDisputeTerritorygainedbytheUnitedStatesasaresultofthe1903boundarysettlement.TheAlaskaBoundaryDisputeThedecisionwasheavilyweightedintheAmericanfavorandCanadalostallaccesstothePacificacrosstheAlaskapanhandle.WhatwouldBritaindotosupportCanadainfuturedisputeswiththeUnitedStates?SomeworriedabouttheimplicationsofBritain’sdecision.USPresidentTheodoreRooseveltThe“TinPotNavy”The“TinPotNavy”In1906,BritainlaunchedHMSDreadnought,anewclassofwarship,morepowerfulthananythingseenbefore.However,italsomadeexistingBritishbattleshipsobsolete.WhenGermanybeganlaunchingsimilarvessels,anavalarmsracefollowed.Laurier’s“Tin-Pot”NavyBritain’scolonies,recognizingtheneedtomaintainnavalsupremacy,committedthemselvestohelp.Australia,andNewZealandbothpaidforbattleshipstobeaddedtotheRoyalNavy.InCanada,aNavalAidBillwasproposedbytheConservativestosendmoneydirectlytoBritain–liketheothercolonies.

Laurier’scompromisewasthetheNavalServiceBillof1910whichcreatedasmallCanadiannavycomprisedoftwoships.Laurier’s“Tin-Pot”NavyIILaurier’snavywasintendedtobeplacedatBritain’sdisposalintimeofwar.EnglishCanadiansscoffedattheprospectofCanada’snavybeingofmuchassistancetotheBritish.FrenchCanadiansledbyHenriBourassawereoutragedatthethoughtofCanadahelpingBritaininanyImperialconflict.Borden’sFailureInthe