英语语法复习grammar

第一讲词法主讲：朱坤领英语语法主要包括两大部分——词法和句法考虑到同学们需要在语法方面补一下课，我将把英语中的主要语法项目相对系统地讲解一下。我首先要讲的是词法。需要向大家指出的是，我的讲解同时适合

于大学英语（A）和大学英语（B）的同学。希望我的讲解对同学们能有所裨益。英语的词类英语的词类主要包括：名词、动词、形容词、副词、冠词、代词、数词、介词、连词等。下面我简要地讲一下大家对各个词类需要注意的问题。（一）名词1、名词的种类（1）普通名词a)

可数名词：boy,girl,studentb)

不可数名词：crew,union,

water（2）专有名词：London,

Hong

Kong2、名词的类别转化。不同种类之间的名词有时是可以相互转化的。（1）可数名词与不可数名词之间

It

is

not

a

large

wood

–

it

contains

scarcelyany

trees.Put

some

wood

on

thefire.（2）个体名词与物质、抽象名词之间

The

prisonerwasgiven

onlybreadandwater.Crocodiles

live

in

these

waters.3、名词的数1）名词复数形式的规则变化a）一般情况下，单数名词+s：bags,studentsb)以s，x，ch，sh结尾的词，单数名词+es：glasses,

boxes,

matches,

brushesc)以辅音字母+y结尾的词，变y

为

i +es：cities,

bodiesd)以o结尾的名词，通常是单数+es：heroes,potatoes,tomatoes但词尾为两个元音的词或外来词仍加s：radios,

zoos,photose)

以f或fe

结尾的词，多数变f为

v

+es:

wives,

knives但有些词只加s：proofs,roofs,chiefs,gulfs2）集体名词的数(family,team,

committee,police等)The

team

are

full

of

enthusiasm.(指队员)Thisteam

is

pretty

strong.(指整个队)4、名词的所有格及意义1）’s所有格形式及其意义This

is

Tom’s

book.2）of

所有格形式及其意义I

bought

amap

of

China

yesterday.3）of

+名词所有格形式及其意义He

isa

friend

of

mysister’s.4）名词所有格修饰的词的省略This

book

is

not

mine,

but

Peter’s.二、冠词1、冠词的分类：定冠词，不定冠词，零冠词2、下面我们复习一下定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词的基本用法1）定冠词的用法a)在一般名词前表示特指This

is

the

library

where

Lu

Xun

once

worked.b)用于形容词前表示某一类人the

rich,

the

poor,

the

disabledc)与表示世界上独一无二的东西的名词连用the

sun,

the

moon,

the

earth,

the

skyd)用于表示阶级、政党的名词前the

Democratic

Party,

the

working

classe)用于序数词、形容词最高级和表方位的名词前the

first,

the

best,

the

back

of

a

chair2）不定冠词的用法a)表示“一个”或“某一个”

The

University

of

Arizona

is

a

stateuniversity.b)表示“某一类”

An

expert

inradio

engineeringwill

give

usa

lecture

on

Friday.3）零冠词的用法a)用于专有名词、抽象名词和物质名词

China,importance,

iron,

money,nature(做“大自然”讲时)b)用于复数名词表示某一类时c)用于称呼、节假日、季节、月份、星期（但是，中国的传统节日前，需要用the）d)用于某些固定词组中

at

school,

in

danger,

by

bus,

on

foot,

go

tobed

/

school

/

work

/hospital三、代词代词的分类和句法功能1、人称代词：I,you,he/she/it,we,they。可用作主语、宾语和表语I

have

something

to

tell

you.Oh,

it’s

you,

John,

my

dear.2、物主代词：my,your,his/her/its,our,their等。可作定语。May

I

borrow

your

dictionary?另外，名词性物主代词可作宾语和表语。--Whose

pen

is

this?--It’s

hers/mine.3、反身代词：myself,

yourself,himself/herself/itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves。作宾语、表语和同位语。

The

girl

is

too

young

to

look

after

herself.（宾语）I

fixed

the

window

myself.（同位语）Thegrandma

in

the

play

is

myself.（表语）4、指示代词：this,

these,

that,

those,

such,same,it。作主语、表语、宾语和定语。This

is

a

truck.（主语）How

do

you

like

these?（宾语）

I

have

never

seen

such

a

beautiful

citybefore.（定语）5、相互代词：each

other,one

another。作宾语。其所有格形式each

other’s,oneanother’s作定语。Do

you

oftensee

oneanother?(宾语)

We

have

respected

each

other’s

territorialintegrity.(定语)6、不定代词：all,

each,

every,either,neither,one,none,little,

few,many,much,

other,another,some,any,no

以及由some,any,no

和由every构成的合成代词，如something,anybody等，大多数作主语、宾语、表语或定语。All

went

away

quietly.(主语)Iknowlittle

about

the

plan.(宾语)That

is

all

for

today.(表语)Were

there

many

people

at

the

meeting?(定语)7、疑问代词：who,whom,whose,what及其用法。1）在特殊疑问句中。What

is

your

name?Who

is

coming

to

dinner?2）在复合句中。

Who

will

be

in

charge

of

the

work

is

notdecided

yet.(引导主语从句)

Do

you

knowwhois

comingtogiveus

thelecture

on

modern

drama

today?(引导宾语从句)8、关系代词：who,whose,whom,which和that。引导定语从句。The

film

which/that

I

saw

last

night

is

good.

The

engineer,

whose

brother

is

my

friend,

isnow

working

in

a

big

company

now.四、数词1、基数词和序数词基数词：表示数目的词。如one,two,

three。序数词：表示事物顺序的词。如first,second,third。2、分数的表示法¼:

one

fourth,

aquarter¾:

three

fourths,

threequarters3、小数的表示法0.5:

zero

point

five0.025:

zero

point

zero

two

five7.8:

seven

point

eight4、倍数和百分比的表示法1）倍数+形容词/副词的比较级+than

The

price

is

3

times

higher

than

last

year.(今年的价格比去年高三倍)2）倍数+as+形容词/副词+as

Theluggageis4timesaslightasmine.(这件行李只有我的行李的四分之一重。或：比我的行李轻三倍。)3）倍数+名词

This

room

isfive

timesthesize

of

thatone.(这个房子是那个房子的五倍大。或：比那个房子大四倍。)4）动词+by+百分比

The

price

rose

by

20%this

year,comparedwith

the

same

period

last

year.(与去年同期相比，物价提高了20%。)5）double/triple/quadruple+名词

We

shall

double

the

output

of

our

industrythis

year.(今年我们将使工业产量翻一

番。)

The

boss

should

quadruple

our

wages.(老板应当把我们的工资翻两番。)五、形容词和副词（一）形容词1、形容词的句法作用1）作定语He

is

a

competent

engineer.2）作表语The

city

is

beautiful.3）作复合宾语的一部分Who

left

the

door

open?4）作状语He

spent

seven

days

in

the

snow,

cold

and

hungry.2、形容词词组1）形容词+介词词组He

isbusywithhiswork.2）形容词+不定式短语He

will

be

happy

toacceptyour

invitation.3）形容词+that从句I’m

sure

that

he

will

come.4）形容词转用作名词The

richshould

help

thepoor.（二）副词1、副词的句法作用1）作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词、全句，也可以修饰数词、不定代词或名词。You

shouldn’t

stay

up

too

late.(修饰副词)Heis

very

pleased.(修饰形容词)He

usually

goes

tobed

at

ten.(修饰动词)

The

ship

loaded

approximately

300

tonsofcoal.(修饰数词)2、带ly和不带ly的副词:high,highly;most,

mostly;

near,nearly

People

usually

think

highly

of

theconquerors.(表方式、方法、程度)Please

hold

the

flag

high.(表结果)

The

next

flight

does

not

go

direct

to

Paris.(表方式)（三）形容词和副词的比较级和最高级1、比较级和最高级的构成1)

单音节词和少数双音节词young

–

younger

–youngestlarge

–

larger

–

largestbusy-busier–

busiestbig

–bigger–biggest2）多音节词powerful-

more

powerful

–

most

powerful

important

–

more

important

–

mostimportant3)一些形容词/副词特殊的比较级和最高级形式（形容词/副词的不规则变化）good-

better-bestwell

-

better-bestbad-

worse

–worstbadly-

worse

–worst2、形容词、副词比较级的表达形式1）“比较级+than”结构Thisclass

isbiggerthanthat

one.Sheplays

table

tennisbetter

than

I.2）“as…as”

或“notso…as”结构Our

old

mother

has

been

as

busy

asbefore.

The

word

robot

is

not

asmodern

as

youmight

imagine.3）“themore…themore”

“no

more

than”“no

less

than”

“not…any

more

than”

“notso

much…as”结构Tom

is

no

better

than

peter.The

sooner

he

comes,the

better.3、形容词、副词最高级的表达形式

This

isthe

most

difficult

work

I

have

everdone.He

runs

(the)

fastest

in

the

class.六、动词1、动词的分类1）及物动词I

bought

a

dictionary

yesterday.2）不及物动词Hesitsatthetable.3）系动词John

isanEnglish

teacher.Trees

turn

green

when

spring

comes.4）助动词（be,will,have）Will

he

come

with

me?5)

情态动词（can,

may,must）

We

are

sure

that

she

can

come

to

themeeting.2、某些动词第三人称单数不规则变化have

–hasgo–

goes3、动词过去式和过去分词的规则变化和不规则变化ask

–asked

–askedgo

–

went

–gone4、时态1）一般现在时用动词原形，第三人称单数加sI

usuallyget

upatsix

inthemorning.Heusually

getsup

at

sixin

the

morning.2)一般过去时，通常在动词词尾加ed，但有些动词的过去式有特殊的形式（不规则变化）Themeeting

lastedfor

3

hours.I

forgot

to

bring

the

book

with

me.3）一般将来时a)

will/shall+动词原形Tom

will

meet

you

at

the

airport.We

shall

wash

the

dishes.b)am/is/are

going

to+动词原形；am/is/are+动词现在分词；am/is/are +

to

(about

to)+动词原形It

is

going

to

rain.Theyare

to

meetat

the

gateat

two

o’clock.The

meeting

is

about

to

begin.We

are

leaving

for

Nanjing

tomorrow.4）过去将来时a)

would/should+动词原形

It

was

settled

that

we

should

start

the

nextmorning.

She

said

she

would

raise

thequestion

at

themeeting.b)was/were

going

to+动词原形；was/were+现在分词；was/were+to+动词原形；was/were+aboutto+动词原形

I

was

going

to

return

some

books

thatafternoon.Iwasjustaboutto

callyouwhenhecame

in.

We

asked

him

where

we

were

going

to

worknext

week.5）现在完成时：have/has+过去分词Ihave

notread

thenovel

before.She

hasbeen

illfor

3

days.6）过去完成式：had+过去分词

By

the

end

of

last

semester,

they

hadlearned

10

lessons.7）现在进行式：am/is/are+现在分词I

amreading

abook.They

are

compiling

a

dictionary.8）过去进行式：was/were+现在分词I

waswriting

aletterwhen

hecamein.9）将来进行时：will/shall+be+现在分词

Thistimetomorrow

theywill

be

watchingTV.10）过去将来进行时：would/should+be+现在分词

He

askedmewhat

Iwould

bedoingthenextday.11）现在完成进行时：have/has+been+现在分词How

long

hasit

been

raining?12）过去完成进行时：had+been+现在分词It

had

been

raining

for

2days.5、被动语态1）被动语态的构成：be+过去分词Smoking

is

not

allowed

here.The

window

was

broken

by

aboy.2）被动语态的时态：一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，现在进行时，过去进行时，现在完成时，过去完成时The

issue

is

being

discussed.The

point

hadbeen

raised

againandagain.The

plan

would

have

been

approved

that

day.3）几种特殊结构a)含有情态动词的被动语态结构：情态动词+be+过去分词

The

plan

ought

to

be

put

into

practice

assoon

as

possible.b)短语动词的被动语态结构：动词+介词的被动语态结构Thistopic

has

been

talked

about

for

years.动词+副词的被动语态结构The

meeting

will

beputoff

tillnextweek.动词+副词+介词的被动语态结构：The

noisehas

to

be

putup

with.c)要求双宾语的动词的被动语态结构主动语态：We

gave

him

some

books.被动语态：Hewas

given

some

books(byus).Some

books

were

given

to

him

(by

us).d)要求复合宾语的动词的被动语态结构主动语态：Her

friends

advised

her

to

takethe

medicine.被动语态：She

was

advised

to

take

thismedicine.主动语态：We

found

him

reading

in

room.被动语态：He

was

found

reading

intheroom.6、语气语气有如下四类：1）陈述语气：陈述事实或提出想法2）疑问语气：提出问题3）祈使语气：表示请求、邀请或命令等4）虚拟语气：表示纯然假想的情况或主观愿望请大家注意：虚拟语气是重中之重！！虚拟语气虚拟语气在形式上分为三类：1）现在虚拟语气：主要用动词原形God

bless

you.It

is

essential

that

theban

be

lifted.2）过去虚拟语气：和陈述语气的过去式相同，但动词be

要用were

形式Imagine

your

child

played

truant.

She

treated

me

as

though

I

were

(was)

astranger.3）过去完成式：和陈述语气中的过去完成式相同I

wish

I

hadn’tdone

so.If

I

had

seen

her,

I

would

have

toldher.虚拟语气的用法1、用于虚拟条件，表示现在及将来情况的虚拟条件句从句相当于过去式的形式主句would/should+动词原形比如：If

I

were

you,

I

would

take

the

job.

If

they

knew

English,they

wouldbeable

towork

better.1）在主句中，除了would

之外，谓语动词有时也可以用might,

could。If

you

tried

again

you

might

succeed.If

I

could

type,

I

might

save

a

lotof

time.2）在条件从句中有时还可以用“were

to+不定式”或“should+不定式”这两种形式：

If

he

were

(was)

to

resign,

who

would

takehis

place?

If

the

toys

should

arrive

in

a

damagedcondition,

please

inform

us

immediately.3）在某些条件从句中（如包括were和should的从句中），if有时可以省略，这时次序要改为倒装。Were

I

Tom

I

would

refuse.

Should

you

require

anything

just

give

me

aring.4）从句有时可用If

it

were

not

for

这种句型，表示“若不是”。

If

it

weren’t

for

your

help,

we

would

beinserious

trouble.

Were

it

not

for

their

loan,

our

life

would

bevery

difficult.5）在极少数情况下，从句中的谓语可用动词原形，主句中的谓语可用陈述语气。

If

any

person

be

found

guilty,

he

shall

havethe

right

of

appeal.

If

that

be

the

official

view,

it

cannot

beaccepted.2、表示过去情况的虚拟条件句主句would

have+过去分词从句had+过去分词(相当于过去完成式)比如：If

hehadcome

afewminutesearlier,you

would

havemet

him.1）主句中的谓语动词也可以用might和could；有时也可以用should(应当)。If

my

father

hadlived,he

couldhavedoneall

this

for

me.

If

we

had

found

him

earlier,

we

might

havesaved

his

life.

If

he

had

apologized,

you

should

havedoneso

too.2）从句中也可用had

not

been

for

来构成谓语，表示“要不是”。

If

it

had

not

been

foryour

timely

help,

wewould

have

got

into

serious

trouble.3）if有时可以省略，但后面的部分需改为倒装语序。

Had

shebeenasked,

shewouldhavedoneit.4）含蓄条件句有些句子虽然不含虚拟语气，但意思和条件句差不多。这种句子也可能使用虚拟语气。I

might

see

her

personally,

it

would

be

better.Such

a

thing

wouldn’t

have

happenedelsewhere.5）某些情态动词的使用某些情态动词，特别是should,would,could,might,在口语中用得很多，使语气变得客气委婉。Would

you

mind

shutting

the

window?I

should

be

glad

totalktohim.3、条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生时间不一致的情况，称为错综时间条件句。

If

I

were

you,

I

would

have

gone

to

thetheaterlastnight.(我要是你，我昨晚是会去看戏的。)

If

you

had

not

satup

solate

last

night,

youwouldn’tbe

so

sleepy

now

at

class.(你若昨晚没熬夜那么久，今天的课你就不会那么困了。)4、用介词短语表示虚拟条件

Without

his

help

I

could

not

havecompletedthe

Ph.

Ddissertation.

We

should

have

done

better

under

morefavorable

conditions.5、虚拟语气在其它从句中的应用。（这一部分是重点和难点）1）在suggest,

advise,

agree,

urge,

ask,

desire,move

(提议),

decree,

intend,

petition,

demand,insist,

order,propose,request, mend,command,

require

等动词及其相应的名词之后的that从句(宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句)中，虚拟语气形式为：should+动词原形（should常可省略）比如：

I

suggest

that

we(should)

holda

meetingtonight.

Thechairman

proposed

that

we

(should)discussthequestion

thenandthere.He

received

the

order

that

he

go

home

now.The

order

isthathe

go

homenow.2）在It

is

natural

(incredible,necessary,strange,important,

essential,

advisable,imperative,desirable,better等)that从句的句

型中，that所引导的主语从句要用虚拟语气，其形式是：should+动词原形（should常可省略）如：It

is

quitenatural

that

you

should

succeed.

It

will

be

better

thathe

shouldgo

to

seehisdoctor

this

afternoon.It

isimportantthat

he

work

hard.3）在wish后的that从句中，虚拟语气用过去式或过去完成式I

wish

that

I

were

young

again.I

wishyouhadcome

tomybirthday.相对地，hope

后的that

从句中，就不能用虚拟语气。Ihopethat

I

am

youngagain.4）would

rather

(sooner)后的宾语从句中，要用虚拟语气，意思是“宁愿”。

I’d

sooner

(rather)

you

didn’t

ask

methatquestion.--do

you

mind

if

I

smoke

here?--I’d

ratheryou

didn’t.5）在suppose后面的宾语从句中也可能包含虚拟语气，意思是“设想，假如”。Suppose

her

father

turned

her

out

ofdoors!

Suppose

they

did

not

believehim,

whatwould

theydo

tohim?6）在ifonly感叹句中，虚拟语气用过去完成式或would/could+动词原形If

onlyhe

had

not

drivenso

fast!If

onlyhehad

not

left!7）在wouldrather

后的that从句中，虚拟语气用过去式（be用were）或过去完成式。I’d

rather

youwent

home

now.

My

wife

would

rather

we

did

not

seeeachother

anymore.6）在It

is

(high)time

that

的主语从句中，虚拟语气用过去式。It

is(high)

timethatwebegan.7）在lest,for

fearthat,incase

引出的从句中，虚拟语气为should/might+动词原形，虚拟语气用动词的过去式（be用were）或had+过去分词。He

ran

away

lest

he

should/might

be

seen.

We

spoke

in

whispers

for

fear

that

wemight

wake

the

baby.8）在以asif(asthough)引出的虚拟语气表示比拟的从句中，根据上下文，从句谓语用动词过去式（be用were）或had+过去分词。You

speak

as

if

you

had

really

been

there.I

looks

as

ifitmightrain.7、情态动词1、can,

could,

may,might,

must,

ought

to,need,

dare的含义和用法1）can

和could：can一般与现在有关，could一般与过去有关①表示“一般的能力”I

canspeakEnglish.

She

couldsinglikean

angelwhenshewasa

kid.②用于否定句和疑问句中，表示“怀疑”、“猜测”、“不肯定”It

surely

can’t

be

five

o’clock

already?At

that

time

I

thought

it

couldn’t

betrue.③can/could+not+havedone

或can/could+主语+havedone，表示对过去发生事件的“怀疑”或“肯定”She

could

not

have

forgotten

my

address.Can

hehave

left

now?④表示可能性One

can

holdhis

breathfor

3minutes

withpractice.(表示有可能发生，但不一定真的发生)

Itcannotbetrue.(表示现实可能性，仅限于否定句)

You

could

be

right,but

I

don’t

think

youare.(表示现实可能性)⑤表示请求、允许、命令CanIhaveacupoftea?--Could

I

make

a

phone

call?--Yes,

you

can.(回答中不用could)2)may

和might①表示“允许”或“请求”MayIcome

in?MightImakeasuggestion?②may/might+have

done

表示对过去的推测

Mr.

White

may/might

have

missed

thetrain.③表示可能性We

may

go

swimming

tonight.I

might

get

a

job

soon.3)

must①表示“必须”或“应当”You

must

finish

your

job

before

6.②mustn’t

表示“不应该”或“不允许”You

mustn’t

waste

your

precious

time.③表示“肯定的推测”He

must

bein

the

classroom.④must+have

done

表示对过去的推测，有“一定”或“准是”的含义You

must

have

studied

English

before.4）ought

to①表示“义务”，强调客观情况

I

ought

to

go

and

see

my

mother

tomorrow,but

I

don’t

think

I

have

time

for

it.②ought

to+have

done表示某事物该做而没有做；ought

not

to+have

done表示某事不该发生而发生了You

ought

to

have

finished

it

earlier.You

oughtn’t

to

have

been

so

rude.③表示“劝告”You

ought

to

see

a

doctor.5）need①表示“需要”，只有在否定句、条件句和疑问句中才能做情态动词用NeedIcome

tomeet

you?I

don’t

think

that

need

to

be

thought

about.②needn’t+动词不定式：表示过去已经做了但不需做的动作

You

needn’t

have

watered

the

vegetable,

asitisgoing

torain.6)dare表示“敢于”I

dare

not

do

it.Darehetellthetruth?dare

也可做普通动词Do

you

dare

to

ask

him

for

help?

The

enemydidnotdaretocomeoutafterdark.2、shall,should,will,would用作情态动词1）shall在疑问句中，用于第一、三人称，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请求Shall

I

open

the

door

for

you?Shall

he

leave

now?2)

should①表示“劝告”、“建议”或“预测”You

should

drive

more

carefully.He

shouldbeathomenow.②should+have

done表示某事本应完成而未完成。should

not+have

done表示发生了不应当发生的事情You

should

have

stopped

at

the

red

light.You

should

not

have

quit

your

job.3)

will①表示“意志”、“意愿”和“决心”I

will

go

and

fetch

some

chalk.We

will

do

our

best

to

help

the

victims.②用于疑问句中的第二人称，表示“请求”、“询问”Will

you

follow

me?4)

would①表示过去时间的“意志”、“意愿”和“决心”

He

declared

that

he

would

do

anything

tohelp

us.②可用于表示在现在时间里，说话人的意志和请求

Would

you

please

tell

me

the

way

to

thetheatre?8、动词不定式1、动词不定式的构成①一般式主动语态：to+动词原形When

to

startthe

project

remains

undecided.②进行式主动语态：to

be+现在分词He

seems

toberecovering.③完成式主动语态：to

have+过去分词He

seems

to

have

studiedSpanish

before.④完成进行式：to

havebeen+现在分词⑤一般式的被动语态：to

be+过去分词He

ordered

the

boatto

be

discharged.⑥完成式的被动语态：tohavebeen+现在分词2、不定式的否定形式：not+动词不定式I

told

him

not

to

open

the

door.He

decided

not

to

go

home.

The

teacher

warned

the

pupils

no

to

go

skating

onthin

ice.3、不定式的逻辑主语：for+名词/代词宾格+不定式There

are

many

difficulties

for

us

to

e.

I

have

arranged

for

my

secretary

to

meet

you

atthe

airport.4、疑问词+不定式She

will

tell

you

which

bus

totake.

Do

you

know

how

to

expressthe

idea

inEnglish?5、不定式中to的省略1）在一般助动词或情态动词后

I

can/may

do

everythingfor

you

ifyouwant

meto.2）在make,

let,

watch,see,hear,notice,feel,have等动词后What

hesaidmade

me

feelsad.Do

you

see

my

sister

comein?6、不定式的句法功能：作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补语、主语补语、状语、定语等

To

master

a

language

is

not

an

easy

thing

todo.(主语)

或：

It

isnotaneasy

thing

tomaster

a

language.He

offered

to

help

us.(宾语)

The

greatest

happiness

is

to

work

for

thehappiness

of

all.(表语)Do

you

have

anything

to

say?(定语)We

are

eager

to

take

part

in

the

work.(状语)I

want

you

to

do

it.(宾补)9、现在分词1、现在分词的构成1）一般式主动语态：动词原形+ing2）一般式被动语态：being+过去分词3）完成式主动语态：having+过去分词4）完成式被动语态：having

been+过去分词5）现在分词的否定结构：not+现在分词2、现在分词的句法功能1）作定语This

is

a

touching

story.That

building

being

prepared

is

our

library.2）作状语Having

done

the

shopping,

she

went

home.

Relying

onour

ownefforts,

weovercam