托福综合写作小范围

Piercethroughthickicesheettobreatheeyewitnesssee曾malenarwhalsCompeteforterritorySensoroceanproperties比如temperatureetc)，而且是importantinnarwhals'survival目击者看到的情况很有可能只是独角鲸把itsheadicesheethavealreadybeguntobreak的地方。thanmaleThetopicisaboutthefunctionalityofNarwhal‘stusks;Narwhalsareakindofwhaleinocean;however,sinbothreadingandlisteningcontentaredifferentforthefunctionofthetusk.Firstofall,thelecturerindicatesthatthetuskcannotbeusedtobreakicesheetsintheoceanbecausethetusksarebendableandnothardenoughtopiercethroughthethickice.Eventhoughsomepeoplewitnessedtheice-breakingphenomenonNarwhalsdidasthereadingexins;itistruepartlybecausetheicesheethavealreadybrokenintosmalleronesorthinnerones,whichmakesitmucheasiertobreak.Secondly,thereadinginsiststhatthetuskisusedasweaponsformaleNarwhalstocompeteforterritoryforsuperiormatingopportunities.Likewise,thisstandpointisrefutedbythespeakerwhothinksthatobservationfromadistancemakespeopleconfusedaboutwhattheyactuallywereng.Theywerecommunicating,notfightingeachother.MaleNarwhalsrubtogetherasawayofcommutation.Lastly,ifthetusk,possessedmostlybymale,isreallyessentialinthesurvivalgameforsuchcreatureintheocean,thelifespanofmaleshouldbelongerthanthatofthefemalethatrarelyhavetusks.HoweverthefactisthatfemaleNarwhalshavelongerlifespanthanmaleNarwhals.ThereadingsaystuskscanbeusedtosensethechangesoftheirlivingenvironmentandarevitaltoalltheNarwhals.Sothisdoesnotmakesense.Asabovementioned,thereadingandthelisteningcontentsareopposing.【TheHohokam人类的原因】 GROUPS)所以，有找到fence可以证明：ThetopicisaboutthereasontheHohokampeoplewentextinctandvanished.ThecontentofbothmaterialsinreadingandlisteningareThefirstpointisaboutfoodscarcityproblem.Fromthereading,theirrigationsystemtheHohokampeopleusedcausealkalinequalityofthewaterthatleadstoinfertilizationonthelandHowever,thelisteningcontentindicatesthatfallow,themethodofleavinglandunseeded,allowedthelandto efertileagainbyrainwaterwashingawaythesaltywater.Besides,theHohokampeoplehadbeenusingsucharablemethodforthousandsofyears.Thiswasacommonpractice,sothelandwouldnot eunabletofarminashortperiodoftime.Secondly,accordingtothespeaker,thetreementionedwasabletogrowfastwiththenurtureoftheMotherNature.Iftheywereonlyusedformaterialsofsettingupfiresorbuildinghouses,theywouldnotbeusedupeasily.Thislikewiserefutestheauthorfromthepassageinthattheychoppeddowntoomanytreesthattheir―meatsource‖,livedon.Inotherwords,whenthoseanimalsdiedout,theHohokampeoplewerecutoffthefood.Atlastfromthereading,Navajogroups,theinvasivepeoplehassuccessfullyoccupiedthecetheHohokampeoplelived.Thusthereweresomefortificationsleftasevidence.Fromthelistening,however,mightnotbeemployedforwars.Maybetheywerejustusedfordefendingagainstinvadingpeopleandtheyneverusedit.Ontopofthat,therewerenothingelseleftexpectthosefences.Thereshouldbemoreevidenceleftiftherewerewars.Allpointsmentionedabove,thespeakerandtheauthorholddifferentviewsonthisissueforhowtheHohokampeoplevanished.【甲壳虫】阅读：AmericanBuryingbeetles大量减少的三个可能的原因/理论beetlehabitat，人为的环境改造，使得环境破碎，fragmentationofhabitatorDiscontinuity造成其灭现提出这种beetle有一个特性，可以嗅到很远地方的食物，然后在找食物，但是竞争不过scavengerm ThetopicisabouthowtheAmericanburyingbeetlesgoesextinctinawidescale.ThereadingandlisteningpointsofviewaredifferentstoTobeginwith,fromthereading,itsaysthatpoisonouspesticide,suchasDDTmadealarge-scalewipeoutinthebeetlealongwithothercreaturesthatarefoodtoAmericanburyingbeetles.Fromthelistening,however,priortotheusageofDDT,therewereunknownreasonsofbeetlelossalready.Inaddition,DDThasbeenusedinseveralpartsoftheUS,especiallyintheMiddleWest,formorethantwentyyears,anditdidnotbringanyextinctiontoothersimilarbeetlesandwhyonlysuchkindofAmericanburyingbeetles?Thus,thereisnodirectcorrelationlinkedbetweenthispesticideandthebeetleextinction.Secondly,duetothereadingmaterial,thefragmentationofhabitatledtotheextinctionofthebeetles.However,othersimilarbeetlesandcreatureswerealsoencounteringsuchfragmentationofhabitatbyhumanbehavior.Theyarealsolivinginthesamenature,yettheywerestillstableinnumbers.Inotherwords,suchhumaninterruptionasfragmentationofhabitatisnotthecause.ThereisnoreasontojustsingleoutAmericanburyingbeetlesandwipethemout.Thirdly,theolfactorysensitivityofAmericanburyingbeetlesissuperiorthatitcansmellthefoodasfarastwoaway.However,theauthorindicatesthatotherscavengerstookprevalenceovertheminlocatingfoodbetter,leadingtothescantyoffoodsource.Thismaybesomewhattrue,howeverthereisanotheradvantageforthisspecialbeetle—chemicalweapon-,whichmeansitwillsecretastrongodorthatcanpreventotherscavengersfrom―stnit.SuchstrongaciditymakesAmericanburyingbeetlesfeedontheirfoodexclusively.Fromtheabovementionedpoints,extinctionofthebeetlesisnotthatsimpleaswhattheauthorputsforward.Thus,thecontentofthetwosourcesisopposing.(3).othertechnology，比如风力发电；Thetopicisaboutwhetherornotthenuclearpowerisabetterpowersourceamongotheralternatives.Thereadingandlisteningmaterialholdadifferentviewpointstowardthisdebatedissue.Tobeginwith,thereadingindicatesthattheoverheatingofthenuclearreactorwillreleaseradioactivityinleakagethatdoesgreatharmtonotjusthumanbeings,butthewholeenvironment.However,thespeakerrefutesandsaysthatwiththeadvancedtechnology-PebbleBedReactor--,theproblemcanbesolved.Whenthereactorisabouttooverheat,itwillautomaticallybesloweddowninspeedandtheheatingproblemcanbeInthesecondce,speakersaysthatnuclearpowerisnotexpensivebasedonthelongterm.However,theauthorclaimsthecostofbuildingtheunclearntiswaytoomuchandoilorcoalntisthebetterchoice.Forthispoint,thelisteningindicatesthattheconstructionofunclearntisindeedmoreexpensive,yetthefuel,Uranium,isverycheapincomparisonofthefueltotheoilorcoalnt.Forthelongrun,unclearntsareabetterchoicetothisenergygenerationissue.Thirdly,windpowerseemsagreatalternativeenergysinceitisrenewable.Nevertheless,thespeakerindicatesthatwindpowergeneratedfromwindturbineisfromournatureandthusisnotreliableandstable.Usually,countriesusingsuchpowerallhaveabackuppowernt,whichiswaytootroublesome.Nuclearreactorscangenerateasteadyamountofpowerwithoutanylimitations.Thus,viewedfromtheabovereasons,thereadingandthelisteningareopposingtoeachotherintheissueofunclearnts.阅读：naturalgasThisarticletalksaboutwhetherornottheextractionofnaturalgascanbereducedsinceitiscontroversialforeitherbringingmorebenefitstohumanbeingsorleadingtomoredisasters,thespeakerandtheauthorholdadifferenttowardthisissue.Tobeginwith,thereadingsaysthatthenaturalgasisnotacleanenergybecauseitreleasesgreenhousegasesandweshoulddevelopcleanerenergyinstead.Yet,fromthespeaker,duetotheutilizationofenergyinourmodemsociety,thosecleanerenergies，suchaswindpowerorsolarpowerhasdifficultysatisfyingtheneeds;additionally,thegreenhousegasesemittedfromthenaturalgasisonlyhalfasmuchasthatreleasedbyburningcoal.Secondly,fromthespeaker,modemtechnologycantransportedwastewaterintoamuchdeepergroundthatisseparatedfromtheaquifer.Inotherwords,theprotectionofthecleanwatersourceissolid.However，thewriterindicates,theprocessofexploitingnaturalgascanreleasetoxicwastewaterthatcancontaminatecleanwatersource.Fromthelistening,itisindeedtrue,yetthetechnologyisrevolutionizedandthedistancebetweenthewastewaterandthecleanwatersourceissetafar.Soitisperfectlyfine.Thirdly,thewritingsaysthatduringtheextractionofthenaturalgas，itcausesnegativeimpacts,suchasnoiseandlight,totheneighboringcommunities,whichisindeedanunpleasantfeelingandlivingenvironment.However,fromthespeaker,theadvantagesarefarmorethanthedisadvantages,forthedevelopmentofthenaturalgasbrings ernmentrevenuesfromthenaturalgasconstructingsite,increasesjobopportunities.Inaddition,italsopromotestheimprovementofthelocalcommunitiessincethecompaniesalwayscontributetothelocalcommunityforbetterenvironment.Thus,thelocalpeoplewillnotbeunpleasantandsupportthedevelopmentinstead.Fromthepointsabove,thelisteningcontentisopposingtothereadingmaterialonthedevelopmentofthenaturalgas.3ThedodobirdisanextinctspeciesnativetotheislandofMauritius.ThereadingpassageattributestheextinctionofthedodototheDutchsettlementontheisland.However,thelecturerejectsthisview.First,thereadingstatesthatthedodoisaflightlessandsodefenselessbird,buttheywereunafraidofhumans,makingiteasypreyfortheDutchsettlersontheisland.However,thelecturerarguesthattheDutchsettlersfoundthatthedodomeatwasunpleasanttoeat.Actually,theDutchcalledthedodo,intheirnativelanguage,thedisgustingbird.Second,thereadingclaimsthatwhentheDutchsettledontheisland,theyhaddestroyedthe,whichseverelyreducedtheterritoryinwhichdodoscouldliveandreproduce.Thelectureradmitsthattherewasdeationontheisland,buthearguesthatdeationdidnotcovertheentireisland.Healsopointstothefactthatmanyotherbirdspeciesdidnot eextinctbecauseofdeation.Finally,incontrasttothereading‗sargumentthatadiseasebroughtbytheDutchmayhavekilledthedodos,theprofessorsaysthedodopopulationmayalreadyhavebeendeclining.Hethenblamestheextinctionofthedodoonnaturaldisasterssuchasmassivecyclonesthatdestroyedtheirnestsandeggs.第二个阅读说是天气变化忽然特冷特干燥导致农作物没法正常生长了；说在同一时期还有另外俩Civilization他们都有办法供给他们自己的食物所以H不会有这么大的Decline第三个阅读是说有传染病蔓延通过水传染的；里的女人说H的人都是很好的工程师他们在设计的是时候肯定会注意一个C第三个理由我怎么听到他们的水利工程系统很棒，所以在处理drinkingwater时会很，所以不会被传ThereadingpassageputsforwardthreehypothesestoexinthedeclineoftheHarappancivilization.However,thelecturerchallengesthesehypothesesandusesevidencetoprovethatallofthemarebasedonflawedspeculations.ThefirsthypothesisisthatthedeclineofHarappancivilizationwascausedbyinvasionfromanomadictribe.However,thelecturearguesthattheHarappanculturecoveredahugeexpanseofterritory,soevenifthenomadpeopleinvadedHarappanland,suchinvasionwasconfinedtoasmallnumberofHarappancitiesonly,soit‘sunlikelytohaveledtothetotaldestructionoftheHarappanculture.ThesecondhypothesisisthatclimatechangehadledtothecollapseofHarappanagriculture.Withnofoodavailable,theHarappanpeoplehadtoabandontheirhome.Reasonableasitmaysound,thereareflawsinthisargumenttoo,because,asthelectureindicates,theEgyptiancivilization,acontemporaryoftheHarappancivilization,wasabletomakeadjustmenttoitsagricultureandmanagedtocopedwiththesameunhospitableclimatechanges.ThereisnoreasonwhytheHarappanpeoplecouldnothavealsoadaptedsuccessfullytoclimateThethirdhypothesisputstheblameonwatercontamination,ingthatawater-bornediseasehaddtheHarappanpeopletomigratetootherlocations,leadingtothedeclineoftheentirecivilization.Thistheoryisnotvalidaccordingtothelecture.TheprofessorexinsthatHarappanpeoplewereexcellentengineerswhohadcreatedadvancedcsystemsthatshouldbecapableofpreventingthetransmissionofdiseasethroughwater.阅读：GMnt有好Theissuetalkedinbothcontentsisaboutwhetherornotgeneticmodifiedntsareadvantageoustohumansaswellastotheenvironment.Thestandsarecontradictorybetweenthereadingandthelisteningmaterials.Tobeingwith,thereadingsaysthatGMntscanbringprofitstotheenvironmentbymakingthetargetedntspeciesresistanttothepests,sopesticideusagewHInotbeoverused.However,thelecturerconsidersthatsuchgeneticallymodifiedgeneswillbetransferredtothewildnts.Withthis,thosentswillnotafraidoftheirarchfoe(naturalpeststhatfeedonthem)anylongerandthenumberofthentwillgrowinanuncontrolledway,producinganimbalancedenvironmentcycle.Secondly,thelecturersaysfarmersneedtobuyexpensiveseedsfromthoseprivateseedcompaniesinordertoyieldgoodproduction.Yet,itisverycostlyandisnotreallyhelfarmersmakemoremoneyfromthisGMntmethod.ThisiscontrarytothereadingpassageinthatGMntsmakethentmoretolerantfordryweatherandistomakemoreproductionofthecropthatcultivate.Thirdly,fromtheauthor,GMcropscanhelpenhancethedeficiencyofvitaminAtopeopleandthisistotheimprovementofthericenutrients.Nevertheless,thelecturersaysthateatingriceindeedmightnotbeabletogainVitaminA,yetchangingthehabitofdietsoundsmorepromisingtotacklethisproblem.Forexample,peoplesufferingfromVitaminAdeficiencycaneatmorevegetablesorfruitsthatcontainsuchVitamin.Allinall,GMcorpsmaysoundrosytous,yetitwillcausealotofharmstonts,farmersandourenvironment.ScientistsshouldnotjustholdaunilaltothisissueandbelieveGMOswillhelpus.存Thistopicisaboutwhetherornotthefishfarmingcescanbedamagingtothefishspecie,waterandthewholenearbyenvironment.Clearly,thecontentsinthereadingandlisteningaredifferent.Firstly,thereadingsaysthatfishfromthefishfarmsproducehigherconcentrationofwastetothenearbywaterresource,whichcausesseriousdamages.However,fromthelistening,itsaysthatfishfarmerscankeepacertainkindofmarineanimals,suchasMollusksthatfeedonthewasteofthefarmfishandthiswilllargelyreducethedegreeofwaterpollutionfishfarmsmake.Inthesecondce,fromthespeaker,scientistscannowgeneticallyalteredthefarmfish;inotherwords,thosefarmfishcannotreproduceagainwithlocalfishgroups.Thisyetisdifferentformthereadingcontentthatindicatestheinctionofthefarmfishandlocalfishwillgeneratephysicallypooreroffspring.Thirdly,thelecturerthinksthatthoseusedwaterfromfishfarmscanbere-usedtogrowakindofntthatisagreatsourceofproteinforbothhumanbeingsandthelivestock;forinstance,theshrimpfarmwaterwasdumpedintotheopenwater,butnowitisusedtocultivatesuchsalt-toleratent.Thereadingcontentlikewisesaysthatfishfarmswasteagreatdealoffreshwaterandthewatercannotbeusedforotherintentionsanylonger.AsiancarpGreatLakestwo-stepmeasureFirsttoxicchemicals把所有的鱼毒死。Second,native（2）说这样无法覆盖全面，carp可以游到otherside从而进入（3）教授说这种做法总来试过，unpredictableanddangerous.toxicchemicalwholeecosystem发生变化，不利于鱼类生长。ThereadingsaysthatthethreemethodsusedcanpreventAsiancarpsfromenteringtheGreatLakes;however,thelisteningpassagerefutestheideaandthinkstheycannotworkwell.Tobeginwith,inthelisteningcontent,itsaysthatitwillcostanextraexpenseforshipandcargomovementstotheshipssincethosewallsdonotjustconstrainfishbutalsofactoriesthatarebuiltnearthelake.However,thereadingcontentindicatesthatconstructingthewallincertainpartofthelakebuildanareaoflimitationforthefishanditalsoignorestheeconomicbenefitsofthecommercialactivitiesSecondly,theelectricitychargeddevice,formthelisteningcontent,cannoteffectivelydiscourageAsiancarpsenteringthelake.Itisthattheelectronicfieldcandeterfishmovingintothelake,yetthelakeishugeandthefishcanstill―wtotheothersideofthelakewherethereisnosuchdeviceemployed.However,thereadingindicatestheelectronicdevicewillcreateapowerelectronicfieldthateliminatesallthecarptryingtomoveintothelake.Thirdly,theauthorthinksthatatwo-stepmeasurementcanworkasthetoxicchemicalscanbecarriedouttokillAsiancarpsinthefirststep;oncethenumberofthefishdecreases,thesecondstep—introducingthenativespeciescanincreasethechancesofsurvivalforthem.However,thelisteningcontentcompleycontradictstheargumentandindicatesthatsuchtoxicsubstancemethodhasneverbeenusedinthesimilarsituation,sothisistoodangerousandunpredictable.Maybeitwillleadtoanenvironmentaldisasterthatwillmakethesituationevenworse.Inconclusion,fromthelisteningcontent,thethreemethodstryingtostopAsiancarpsenteringtheGreatLakearenotvaluabletothisissue.Thus,thecontentbothinthereadingandlisteningiscontradictory.Rhoneriver发现了一个阅读：passage里面认为是罗马的一个leader－大帝，原因有三雕塑特点和罗马铸币上相似（thestyleof发现雕塑的地点在一条河，以前人们想销毁它，因为有新的leader上任，留着它是不respect。：lecture完全反驳这个观点，原因有三。Thelectureandthereadingpassagebothtalkaboutalife-sizemarblebust,foundduringanarchaeologicalexcavationandretrievedfromthebedoftheriverRhone.WhiletheauthorofthepassageattributesthisbusttoJuliusCaesar,thelecturerrefuteseachoftheargumentspresentedinthereading.First,thestyleoftheportraitcouldnotbeusedasevidencetoshowthatthisbustwasthatofJuliusCaesar.AlthoughthebustwasmadeinastyleverypopularduringCaesar‘stime,thisstyle tobepopularmanyyearsafterCaesardied.Therefore,thisbustcouldverywellhavebeenmadeinamuchlatertimeforsomeoneotherthanCaesar.Second,thesimilaritiesbetweenthebustandtheportraitofCaesaronsilvercoinswereratherlimitedtothehaironly.Inotherfeaturessuchastheneckandthenose,therearemanyobviousdifferences.IfthebustwasCaesar‘s,thenitshouldhavelookedthesameinallfeaturestootherportraitsofCaesar.Finally,thelocationwherethebustwasfoundcouldnotproveanything.ArchaeologicalstudyalsoexcavatedotheritemsfromthesameceincludingasculpturefortheGodofNeptune.Thisindicatesthatpeoplecouldhavethrownthingsintotheriverbecausetheyeuselessratherthanbecauseofpoliticalreasons,aswhatthereading太贵2）有污染3）光对眼睛不好。CFL灯有这个问题,但是新的CFLphosphor混合了.所以光不单调了,对眼睛好了1volcaniceruption2meteoricexplosion;3sporesofredrain,redrain,因为和一般的雨差不多，而且雨水成分中没有火山喷发2个月之久的红色雨，在发生前地面上应该有大量的红色lichens,可是市民都没有看到这种现象。bureaucracyidea大公司最近几年不提供extrabenefits，比如退休金，更低的医疗。extrabenefitsAnincreasingnumberofpeoplechoosetostarttheirownbusinessinsteadofworkingfora .Thereadingpassageexinswhyself-employmenthas esopopular,whilethelecturerpointsoutseveralrisksassociatedwiththistrend.First,thereadingsaysthatbigcompaniesoftenhavetoomanybureaucraticregulationsandrules,makingitdifficultforindividualemployeestopursuetheirownideas.However,thelecturerarguesthatstartingone‘sownbusinessinvolvesevenmorerulesduringtheprocessofbusinessregistration.Second,thereadingstatesthatemploymentbybigcompaniesnowadaysisnotasstableasitusedtobe,leadingtoadecreasedsenseofsecurityamongemployees.However,thelecturerrefutesthispointbysayingthatstartingupanew involvesfarmorerisksandfarlessstabilitybecauseitcouldmeanthelossofalinvestmentorotherassets.Finally,thereadingsuggeststhatrecentlythereisatrendforbigcompaniestostopofferingextrabenefits,suchaspensionormedicalinsurance,totheiremployees.Yetthelecturerpointsoutthattheseextrabenefitsareevenlesslikelytobefoundinastart-up 腿骨结构和类似（3）MMTMT（1）TT（2）虽然有和类似的腿骨结构，但的骨头要比T恐龙的强壮的多，T恐龙腿骨的结构太脆弱，如果跑的话，很容易（3）MTTMTherehasbeensomecontroversyoverwhetherornotT.rexcouldrunfast.ThereadingpassageprovidesthreepiecesofevidencetoprovethatT.rexwasafastrunner.However,thelecturerarguesthatnoneoftheevidenceisconvincing.First,thereadingsuggeststhatT.rexmusthavebeenacapablerunnerbecauseitfedonherbivorousanimalwhichcouldrunveryfast.However,thelecturerarguesthatthismaynotserveasvalidproof,becauseT.rexhadveryacutesenseofsmellsotheycoulddetectandscavengeonthedeadbodiesofsmallanimalsinsteadofhavingtochasethem.Secondly,thereadingdrawscomparisonbetweenthelegbonesofT.rexandafastrunningtiger.Yetthelecturerrejectssuchcomparison.Hearguesthatinspiteofthesimilarity,thebonesofT.rexweretoofragiletosustainthehighpressurecausedbyhigh-speedrunning.Finally,fossilevidenceshowsthatT.rexhadtwopowerfullegsandlargetoes.RelativesoftheT.rexthatsharedthesefeatures,likethe[M-],werefastrunners.Againthisisdisprovedbytheprofessor,whoarguesthatinordertorun,aT.rexwouldhaveneededtocarry86%ofitshugebodymassassupportivemusclesinitslegs,whichcouldnothavebeenpossible.Reading:hydroelectricpowerntsthreelowlowthewaterpathsprotectwildlifeLecture:disagreeaccountoftheresearchcostforselectinglocationandbuildingcost,thecostofhydroelectricntsisnothydroelectricntsproducethesameamountofgreenhousegasesasfossilfuelntwaterpathscannotprotectallfishes,anexampleinEngland,akindoffishcannotusethewaterpathassalmonBesuspiciousofwhetherhydroelectricpowerisadvantageoustouscomparedwithotherpower,thespeakerholdsacontrarytothereadingpassage.Thefirstpointisaboutthecostanditmeansthatpriortoadamcanbebuilt,manystudieshavetoberesearchedandmadesureiftherockaroundthepotentialdamcansupporttheheavyandmassiveconstruction.Thedamscannotbebuiltjustanywherenearariversource.Inaddition,thecostofbuildingadamisenormous.Thisisnotcostcutting.However,thereadingthinksdamsarebuiltrightinthesourceanddonotneedextrafueltotransportthepower,soitismoreSecondly,accordingtothespeaker,eventhoughtheoperationofsuchntdoesnotgenerategreenhousegases,hydroelectricntsfloodedareasthatmakelargeamountsofntmaterialto poseanddecay.Thisis"thesource"ofproducinggreenhousegaseslikecarbondioxideandmethane.Fortropicalareaswherevegetationisdensest,thedamagetotheenvironmentisjustthesamecomparedtocoalnts.Thislikewiserefutestheauthorfromthepassageinthathydroelectricntsdonotcauseharmfulgasestothesurroundings.Thethirdpointisregardingthewildlife.Itistruethatsalmoncanbesavedintheresearchbecausetheyarestrongandgetupstreamfromthedam.ThisisnotthecaseforotherkindsoffishinEngland.Thefishcannotmoveverticallyuptobypassthedam.Tobemoreconcise,hydroelectricntsstillcausenegativeejectswildlife.Thus,allpointsfromthereadingpassagearedifferentfromthosestatedinthelisteningcontent.14.的DeathValley里300kg的大石头会动（movingstones），有人试着解释。第一种理论是风吹动的，因为存在关于山谷里有大风的，且天下雨的时候，muddy很变得很平，适合让风吹动石头没有到能吹到石头，并且给了张，石头陷在muddy里，按writer的理论，石头不应该陷下去的Thereadingpassagetriestoexinwhysomestonesindesertareasshowsignsofmovingslowlyacrossthesurface.However,allthethreetheoriesproposedinthereadingarerefutedbythelecturer.Thefirsttheoryisthatthestonesaremovedbythesofwinds.Thisismadepossiblebypowerfulwindstormsinthevalleyandmuddyandslipperysurfacesonrainydays.However,theprofessorarguesthatwindsstrongenoughtomovearockhaveneverbeenrecordedonEarth.Furthermore,there‘sevidenceshowingthatpartofthestonesisbeneaththemuddysurface,indicatingthatthestonesarenotslidingonthesurface.Thesecondtheoryisthattherocksmovebecauseofthefloatingicesheetsthatsurroundtherocks.However,thistheoryisalsonotpossiblebecause,asthespeakersays,thedesertareaisextremelydry,soitlackstheamountofwatertoformlargeicesheets.Eventhoughicecouldpossiblyformduringthenightwhenthetemperaturedrops,duringthedaytheicewouldmelt.Therefore,icesheetscouldnothavebeenthesaty.Finally,thereisthepossibilitythathumanoranimalinterventionratherthannaturalsmadethishappen.However,ifthisweretrue,theprofessorsays,thentherewouldhavebeentracesleftofhumansoranimalsmovingtherocks,andthesetraceswouldnothavebeeneasilyremovedinsuchmuddyces.Yetthefactisthatneitherthetracesofhumansnorthoseofhorsesexistnearthemovingrocks.Sothehumaninterventiontheoryishighlyunlikely.讲congestionpricing。说为了缓解交通拥堵，想要在city中的某个区域，这样就能缓解一下。阅读文章支持，三个理由这样做可以improvetime主要就是说节省时间可以改善环境improvethatarea's收的fee可以用于revenuethecitylecture中，professor他认为这样做有些不愿意花钱走这个区域就得绕路，更浪费时间。举了个例子：送快递的，他们要，所以送快递在区里面环境可能会好点，但是周围的车相对就会增多，noiseandairpollution就会多。所以不是整个city都能环境变有的人不能afford这个费用了，就会去坐subway，就得出的钱subway，这样一来收的那点钱可能还不够Theofcongestionpricingisendinsomeurbanareasinordertoalleviatetrafficcongestion.Thereadingpassageexinsthebenefitsofcongestionpricing,whilethelecturewarnsthatthishasanumberofnegativeeffects.Thereadingsuggeststhatcongestionpricingreducestrafficsodriverscanreachtheirdestinationinlesstime.However,thelecturercontendsthatnotallpeoplewillfindittime-saving.Somedriverswillgoroundthepricingzoneinordertoavoidcongestionsurcharges.Forexample,deliverydriverswilltakealongerroutetoavoidthisadditionalcost,sothedeliverytimeisincreased.Thesecondbenefitmentionedinthereadingisthatcongestionpricingimprovesurbanenvironment.However,thelecturerpointsoutthatthismaybetrueforareaswithinthechargingzonebecausethereislesstrafficthere.Butinthesurroundingareas,pollutionandnoisemayeworseasaresultofincreasedleveloftrafficthatmovestothoseFinally,accordingtothereading,congestionchargesareasourceofcityrevenuewhichcanbeusedbytheernmenttoimprovepublicfacilitiessuchasroadsandbridges.Yetthelecturerarguesthatthiswillleadsomepeopletoswitchfromdrivingtousingpublictransportationsuchasthesubway.Thiswillentailanadditionalcostforsubwaymaintenance,whichmayevenexceedtherevenuefromcongestionpricing.Thereforethewillnothelpimproveroadsandbridges.阅读：小额（microcredit）给poor没因为thepoor没有businessadministrative这样的话投资给poor的会减少。可以educatethem,并举了例 ,teachthemhowtofinance,howto可以给asmallofgroup,insteadof ，这样的话cost也不会增穷人从international机构中获得之后 ernmentsavemoney可以用于bridgesandroadInthelecture,thespeakermakesseveralpointsabouttheadvantagesofmicrocredit,awayusedtohelpthepoorforasuccessfulfuture;thismethodhoweverissupportedbythereadingpassage.Thefirstpointisaboutifmicrocreditreallyhelpsthepoorinbusiness.Fromthereading,itsaysthatborrowerscanonlybenefitfromsuchloanswhentheyhavetheknowle