Living-Environment-Quia生活环境的权威教学课件

NewYorkStateRequiredLabs–ReviewDiffusionThroughAMembraneMakingConnectionsBeaksofFinchesRelationshipsandBiodiversityDiffusionThroughaMembraneDiffusionThroughAMembraneindicator–chemicallyindicatesifasubstanceispresentbychangingcoloriodine=starchindicatorsolutionBenedict’ssolution=glucoseindicatorsolution–mustbeheatedDiffusionThroughAMembranediffusion–movementofmoleculesfromaregionofhighconcentrationtoaregionoflowconcentration–noenergyneeded(passivetransport)DiffusionThroughAMembrane

weusedadialysistubetosimulateasemi-permeablecellmembranethedialysistubewasfilledwithglucosesolutionandstarchsolution,sealed andrinsedwithwateritwasplacedinabeakerwithwaterandiodineandallowedtositDiffusionThroughAMembraneresultsofstarchtest–insideandoutsideofcellDiffusionThroughaMembraneresultsofglucosetest–outsideofcellDiffusionThroughaMembraneDiffusionThroughAMembraneglucosemoleculepartofastarchmoleculeDiffusionThroughaMembraneosmosis–diffusionofwateracrossasemi-permeablecellmembranefromregionofhighconcentrationtoaregionoflowconcentration–noenergyneeded(passivetransport)DiffusionThroughaMembraneDiffusionThroughaMembranecellwallcytoplasmredonioncellsintapwatercellmembraneDiffusionThroughaMembranebathingthecellsin10%NaCl=saltwater,by“wicking”itthrough

NaClDiffusionThroughaMembraneredonioncellsinsaltwatercytoplasmcellwallcellmembraneDiffusionThroughAMembranebathingthecellsindistilledwater,by“wicking”itthroughDiffusionThroughaMembranecellwallcytoplasmredonioncellsindistilledwater–returnedtonormalcellmembraneDiffusionThroughAMembraneWhichisindistilledwaterandwhichisinsaltwater?DiffusionThroughAMembraneApplications–saltonroadstomeltsnowintravenoussalinesolutionssaltyfoodsmakeyouthirstysaltonslugstokillthemsaltyfoodsdonotspoilaseasilygarglingwithsaltwaterdigestionofstarchtoglucose

MakingConnectionsMakingConnections–

PartA:LookingforPatternsA1.WhatIsYourPulseRate?pulse–resultsfromexpansionofarterieseachtimeyourheartbeatstosendasurgeofbloodthroughyourbodymeasuredpulsethreetimesandfoundaveragepulseratetalliedclassaveragepulseratesMakingConnections–

PartA:LookingforPatternsA1.WhatIsYourPulseRate?MakingConnections–

PartA:LookingforPatternsA1.WhatIsYourPulseRate?

afterexercise,pulseincreasedheartbeatsfaster-increasingcirculation-tocarrymore oxygenandnutrientstothecellsofthebodybreathefastertoobtainmoreO2andreleaseCO2

respiratoryandcirculatorysystemsworkingtogetherto maintainhomeostasisMakingConnections–PartA:LookingforPatternsA2.HowDoesFatigueAffectMusclePerformance?squeezedclothespinforoneminute–countedsqueezedagainforoneminuteusingsamehandthesecondtimenumberofsqueezeswaslowerdue tomusclefatigueMakingConnections–PartB:InvestigatingClaimsclaimsareacceptedifthereisevidencetosupportthemStudentAclaimsmoreclothespinsqueezesin1minuteifexercises1st–fasterpulserate,bloodgettingtomusclesfasterStudentBclaimsmoreclothespinsqueezesin1minuteifrests1st–exerciseusesenergy-restingpersonwillhavemoreenergyconductacontrolledexperimenttodeterminewhichclaimiscorrectMakingConnections–PartB:InvestigatingClaimsExperimentalDesignQuestion:Canyousqueezeaclothespinmoretimesinoneminuteifyouexerciseorrestbeforehand?Hypothesis:(tentativestatementabouttheexpectedrelationshipbetweenthevariables)Youcansqueezeaclothespinmoretimesinoneminuteifyourestfirst.Title:TheEffectofExerciseandRestonClothespinSqueezingRateMakingConnections–PartB:InvestigatingClaimsExperimentalDesignDependentvariable:(whatyoumeasure)numberoftimestheclothespincanbesqueezedinoneminuteIndependentvariable:(theonewevarytoseehowitaffectsthedependentvariable)amountofexerciseVariablesthatmustbecontrolled(keptconstant): typeofclothespin fingersused timeofexercise/rest timeofsqueezing samehandforeachtrial *usemaximumsamplesizeandnumberoftrialsinexperiment*MakingConnections–PartB:InvestigatingClaimsExperimentalDesignhalfofclassrestsandhalfofclassexercises–thenall countnumberofclothespinsqueezesinoneminuteORwholeclassrestsandcountsnumberofclothespinsqueezes inoneminute–thenwholeclassexercisesandcounts numberofclothespinsqueezesMakingConnections–PartB:InvestigatingClaimsFinalReportTitleHypothesisMaterialsandMethods–materialsusedandwhatyoudidDataCollected–includesdatatablesandgraphsDiscussionandConclusions–doesdatasupportorrefute hypothesisandexplanationSuggestionsforImprovement–sourcesoferror,variables thatmustbecontrolledandthatinfluencedoutcomeSuggestionsforfurtherresearch–newresearchquestionsMakingConnections–PartB:InvestigatingClaimsPeerReviewDefendingfindingsandconclusionstopeers: presentationaddressfinalreportanswerquestionsvisualaidsResultsandconclusionsacceptediftheycanberepeatedbyotherscientists

BeaksofFinchesBeaksofFinchesCharlesDarwinBeaksofFinchesDarwin’sfinchesshowgreatvariationinbeakadaptations–shapesandsizes-duetoisolationofbirdpopulationsonislandswithdifferentkindsandamountsoffoodBeaksofFinches

differenttoolsrepresentdifferentbeaksseeds(smallandlarge)representfoodtrayrepresentstheislandcuprepresentsfinchstomachBeaksofFinchesRoundOne:NoCompetition,OriginalIslandfeedingwithnocompetition-onepersonatatimefeedingonsmallseedsasmanyaspossibleingiventimerepeatedtwicewitheachperson=4trialstotalaverageof13orgreatersurvivedaverageoflessthan13movedtonewislandBeaksofFinchesRoundTwo:Competitiononoriginalislandwithsmall seeds(ifsurvivedround1)onnewislandwithlargeseeds (ifdidnotsurviveround1)competition–feedingwith anotherteamfromsamedishcompetition–interactionbetweentwoormoreindividualstoobtainaresourcethatisinlimitedsupplyBeaksofFinchesRoundThree:IncreasedCompetitioncompetingwithallotherspeciesleftonyourislandallsuccessfulatfeedingonsmallseedsatonedishallsuccessfulatfeedingonlargeseedsatanotherdishBeaksofFinchesThisactivitysimulatesconceptsinvolvedin naturalselection:variation–differentbeaktypesandseedsizescompetition–morethanonebirdfeedingatatimestruggleforsurvival–eachbirdtryingtogetenough tosurviveadaptation–particularcharacteristicsofeachbeakenvironment–thebirds,foodandislandselectingagent–thesizeofseedavailableBeaksofFinchesOverall:somebirdshadbeaksthatallowedthemtosurvive onsmallseeds -ifabirdsurvivesitcanreproduce -itmaythenpassitstraitsontoitsoffspringotherbirdscouldnotsurviveonsmallseeds, butcouldsurviveonlargeseedsstillotherbirdscouldnotsurviveoneithersizeseedovertimeadaptiveradiationoccurred-new speciesevolvedfromacommonancestor–each newspeciesoccupiesadifferenthabitator ecologicalniche(inthiscasewithdifferentfood)BeaksofFinchesDifferentfincheshavebeakswithdifferentcharacteristicsthatallowthemtocompetesuccessfullyondifferenttypesoffood–eachspecieshasitsownniche,whichlimitscompetitionInorderforaspeciestosurvive,theappropriatetypeoffoodmustbeavailable.

RelationshipsandBiodiversityRelationshipsandBiodiversity

Botana

curus–hypotheticalplantusedtomakeCurol–fortreatingcancer

Botana

curus–endangered,growsslowlyrelatedspecies:X,YandZwilldeterminewhichismostcloselyrelatedtoBotana

Curususingstructuralandmolecularevidencewilldecidewhichspecies(X,YorZ)ismostlikelytoproduceCurolRelationshipsandBiodiversityStructuralEvidence–Test1:StructuralCharacteristicsofPlantsRelationshipsandBiodiversityStructuralEvidence–Test2:StructuralCharacteristicsofSeedsRelationshipsandBiodiversityStructuralEvidence–Test3:MicroscopicInternalStructureofStemsexaminedcrosssectionofstemundermicroscopetodeterminearrangementofvascularbundlesRelationshipsandBiodiversityStructuralEvidence–Test3:MicroscopicInternalStructureofStemsBotanacurusscatteredbundlesSpeciesXcircularbundlesSpeciesYcircularbundlesSpeciesZscatteredbundlesRelationshipsandBiodiversityHypothesisafterexaminingstructuralevidenceisthatBotanacurusismostcloselyrelatedtospeciesZ.RelationshipsandBiodiversityMolecularEvidence–Test4:PaperChromatographytoSeparatePlantPigmentspigments–absorbsunlightinplants,giveplantscolor,ex:chlorophyllpigmentsextractedfromeachspeciesplacedonchromatographypaperchromatographypaperplacedinwaterRelationshipsandBiodiversityMolecularEvidence–Test4:PaperChromatographytoSeparatePlantPigmentsRelationshipsandBiodiversityMolecularEvidence–Test4:PaperChromatographytoSeparatePlantPigmentsRelationshipsandBiodiversityMolecularEvidence–Test5:IndicatorTestforEnzymeMRelationshipsandBiodiversityMolecularEvidence–Test5:IndicatorTestforEnzymeMBotanacurusenzymeMpresentSpeciesXenzymeMabsentSpeciesYenzymeMpresentSpeciesZenzymeMpresentRelationshipsandBiodiversityMolecularEvidence–Test6:UsingSimulatedGelElectrophoresisToCompareDNARelationshipsandBiodiversityMolecularEvidence–Test6:UsingSimulatedGelElectrophoresisToCompareDNARelationshipsandBiodiversityMolecularEvidence–Test6:UsingSimulatedGelElectrophoresisToCompareDNARelationshipsandBiodiversityMolecularEvidence–Test6:UsingSimulatedGelElectrophoresisToCompareDNARelationshipsandBiodiversityMolecularEvidence–Test7:TranslatingtheDNACodetoMakeaProteinRelationshipsandBiodiversityMolecularEvidence–Test7:TranslatingtheDNACodetoMakeaProteinRelationshipsandBiodiversityRelationshipsandBiodiversity

Whichspecies–X,YorZ-ismostsimilarto Botana

curus

andismostlikelytoproduce