四级试卷一新程专转本

itlookedlikeareallygoodopportunity,”hesays.“Also,Ididn’twanttobeinschoolforthatlong.”Thefast-tracktrendfillsaneed,butit’salsocreatingsome44betweenersandve ns.“Nursesthatarestillatthebedside45thesekidswithsuspicion,”saysLindaPellico,whohastaughtnursingatYaleUniversityfor18“Theywonder,howcantheydoitquicker?”TheansweristheyA)B)C)D)E)F)G)H)I)J)K)L)M)N)O)Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.TheriseofthesharingLastnight40000peoplerented modationfromaservicethatoffers250000roomsin30000citiesin192countries.Theychosetheirroomsandpaidforeverythingonline.Buttheirbedswereprovidedbyprivateindividuals,ratherthanahochain.HostsandguestswerematchedupbyAirbnb,afirmbasedinSanFrancisco.Sinceitslaunchin2008morethan4millionpeoplehaveusedit—2.5millionofthemin2012alone.Itisthemostprominentexampleofahugenew“sharingeconomy”,inwhichpeoplerentbeds,cars,boatsandotherassetsdirectlyfromeachother,co-ordinatedviatheinternet.Youmightthinkthisisnodifferentfromrunningabed-and-breakfast(家庭旅店),owningatimeshare(分时度假房)orparticipatinginacarpool.Buttechnologyhasreducedtransactioncosts,makingsharingassetscheaperandeasierthanever—andthereforepossibleonamuchlargerscale.Thebigchangeistheavailabilityofmoredataaboutpeopleandthings,whichallowsphysicalassetstobedividedandconsumedasservices.Beforetheinternet,rentingasurfboard,apowertooloraparkingspacefromsomeoneelsewasfeasible,butwasusuallymoretroublethanitwasworth.NowwebsitessuchasAirbnb,RelayRidesandSnapGoodsmatchupownersandrenters;smartphoneswithGPSletpeopleseewherethenearestrentablecarisparked;socialnetworksprovideawaytocheckuponpeopleandbuildtrust;andonlinepaymentsystemshandlethebilling.What’smineisyours,foraJustaspeer-to-peerbusinesseslikeeBayallowanyoneto earetailersharingsitesletindividualsactasanadhoc(临时的)taxiservice,car-hirefirmorboutiqueho(精品酒店)asandwhenitsuitsthem.Justgoonlineordownloadanapp.Themodelworksforitemsthatareexpensivetobuyandarewidelyownedbypeoplewhodonotmakefulluseofthem.Bedroomsandcarsarethemostobviousexamples,butyoucanalsorentcamspacesinSweden,fieldsinAustraliaandwashingmachinesinFranceAsadvocatesofthesharingeconomyliketoputit,accesstrumps(胜过)ownership.RachelBotsman,theauthorofabookonthesubject,saystheconsumerpeer-to-peerrentalmarketaloneisworth$26billion.Broaderdefinitionsofthesharingeconomyincludepeer-to-peerlendingorputtingasolarpanelonyourroofandsellingpowerbacktothegrid(电网).Anditisnotjustindividuals:thewebmakesiteasierforcompaniestorentoutspareofficesandidlemachines,too.Butthecoreofthesharingeconomyispeoplerentingthingsfromeachother.Such“collaborative(合作的)consumption”isagoodthingforseveralreasons.Ownersmakemoneyfromunderusedassets.AirbnbsayshostsinSanFranciscowhorentouttheirhomesdosoforanaverageof58nightsayear,making$9300.CarownerswhorenttheirvehiclestoothersusingRelayRidesmakeanaverageof$250amonth;somemakemorethan$1000.Renters,meanwhile,paylessthantheywouldiftheyboughttheitemthemselves,orturnedtoatraditionalprovidersuchasahoorcar-hirefirm.Andthereareenvironmentalbenefits,too:rentingacarwhenyouneedit,ratherthanowningone,meansfewercarsarerequiredandfewerresourcesmustbedevotedtomakingthem.Forsociablesouls,meetingnewpeoplebystayingintheirhomesispartofthecharm.Curmudgeons(倔脾气的人)whoimaginethateveryrenterisamurderercanstillstayatconventionalhos.Forothers,thewebfosterstrust.Aswellasthebackgroundcheckscarriedoutbytformowners,onlinereviewsandratingsareusuallypostedbybothpartiestoeachtransaction,whichmakesiteasytospotbaddrivers,bathrobe-thievesandsurfboard-wreckers.Byusingandothersocialnetworks,participantscancheckeachotheroutandidentifyfriends(orfriendsoffriends)incommon.AnAirbnbuserhadherapartmenttrashedin2011.Buttheremarkablethingishowwellthesystemusuallyworks.PeeringintotheThesharingeconomyisalittlelikeonlineshop,whichstartedinAmerica15yearsago.Atfirst,peoplewereworriedaboutsecurity.Buthavingmadeasuccessfulpurchasefrom,say,Amazon,theyfeltsafebuyingelsewhere.Similarly,usingAirbnboracar-hireserviceforthefirsttimeencouragespeopletotryotherofferings.Next,considereBay.Havingstartedoutasapeer-to-peermarketce,itisnowdominatedbyprofessional“powersellers”(manyofwhomstartedoutasordinaryeBayusers).Thesamemayhappenwiththesharingeconomy,whichalsoprovidesnewopportunitiesforenterprise.Somepeoplehaveboughtcarssolelytorentthemout,forExistingrentalbusinessesaregettinginvolvedtoo.Avis,acar-hirefirm,hasainasharingrival.SodoGMandDaimler,twocarmakers.Infuture,companiesmaydevelophybrid混合的models,listingexcesscapacitywhethervehicles,equipmentorofficespace)onpeer-to-peerrentalsites.Inthepast,newwaysofngthingsonlinehavenotdiscedtheoldwaysentirely.Buttheyhaveoftenchangedthem.JustasinternetshopdWal-martandTescotoadapt,soonlinesharingwillshakeuptransport,tourism,equipment-hireandmore.Themainworryisregulatoryuncertainty.Willroom-rentersbesubjecttohotaxes,forexample?InAmsterdamofficialsareusingAirbnblistingstotrackdownunlicensedhos.InsomeAmericancities,peer-to-peertaxiserviceshavebeenbannedafterlobbyingbytraditionaltaxifirms.Thedangeristhatalthoughsomerulesneedtobeupdatedtoprotectconsumersfromharm,existingrentalbusinesseswilltrytodestroycompetition.Peoplewhorentoutroomsshouldpaytax,ofcourse,buttheyshouldnotberegulatedlikeaRitz-Carltonho.Thelighterrulesthaternbed-and-breakfastsaremorethanThesharingeconomyisthelatestexampleoftheinternet’svaluetoconsumers.Thisemergingmodelisnowbiganddisruptive(性的)enoughforregulatorsandcompaniestohavewokenuptoit.Thatisasignofitsimmensepotential.Itistimetostartcaringaboutsharing.SharingitemssuchascarsdoesgoodtotheAirbnb’ssuccessclearlyillustratestheemergenceofahugesharingThemajorconcernaboutthesharingeconomyishow ernmentregulatesThemostfrequentlyshareditemsarethoseexpensivetobuybutnotfullyThesharingeconomyhasapromisingOnlinesharingwillchangethewaybusinessisdoneintransportation,travel,rentals,etc.AirbnbisawebsitethatenablesownersandrenterstocompletetransactionsThesharingeconomyislikelytogothewayofonlineshopOneadvantageofsharingisthatownersearnmoneyfromrentingoutitemsnotmadefulluseof.SharingappealstothesociableinthattheycanmeetnewSectionQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingInrecentyears,agrowingbodyofresearchhasshownthatourappetiteandfoodintakeareinfluencedbyalargenumberoffactorsbesidesourbiologicalneedforenergy,includingoureatingenvironmentandourperceptionofthefoodinfrontofus.Studieshaveshown,forinstance,thateatinginfrontoftheTV(orasimilardistraction)canincreasebothhungerandtheamountoffoodconsumed.Evensimplevisualcues,liketesizeandlighting,havebeenshowntoaffectportionsizeconsumption.Anewstudysuggestedthatourshort-termmemoryalsomayyaroleinappetite.Severalhoursafterameal,people’shungerlevelswerepredictednotbyhowmuchthey’deatenbutratherbyhowmuchfoodthey’dseeninfrontofthem—inotherwords,howmuchtheyrememberedeating.Thisdisparity差异)suggeststhememoryofourpreviousmealmayhaveabiggerinfluenceonourappetitethantheactualsizeofthemeal,saysJeffreyM.Brunstrom,aprofessorofexperimentalpsychologyattheUniversityofBristol.“Hungerisn’tcontrolledsolelybythephysicalcharacteristicsofarecentmeal.Wehaveidentifiedanindependentroleformemoryforthatmeal,”Brunstromsays.“Thisshowsthattherelationshipbetweenhungerandfoodintakeismorecomplexthanwethought.”Thesefindingsechoearlierresearchthatsuggestsourperceptionoffoodcansometimestrickourbody’sresponsetothefooditself.Ina2011study,forinstance,peoplewhodrankthesame380-calorie(卡路里)milkshakeontwoseparateoccasionsproduceddifferentlevelsofhunger-relatedhormones(),dependingonwhethertheshake’slabelsaiditcontained620or140calories.Moreover,theparticipantsreportedfeelingmorefullwhentheythoughtthey’dconsumedahigher-calorieshake.Whatdoesthismeanforoureatinghabits?Althoughithardlyseemspracticaltotrickourselvesintoeatingless,thenewfindingsdohighlightthebenefitsoffocusingonourfoodandavoidingTVandmultitaskingwhileeating.Theso-calledmindful-eatingstrategiescanfightdistractionsandhelpuscontrolourappetite,Brunstromsays.WhatissaidtobeafactoraffectingourappetiteandfoodHowweperceivethefoodweeat.C)WhenweeatourWhatingredientsthefoodcontains.D)HowfastweeatourWhatwouldhappenatmealtimeifyourememberedeatingalotinthepreviousYouwouldprobablybemorepickyaboutYouwouldnotfeellikeeatingthesameYouwouldhaveagoodYouwouldnotfeelsoWhatdowelearnfromthe2011FoodlabelsmaymisleadconsumersintheirFoodlabelsmayinfluenceourbody’sresponsetoHungerlevelsdependonone’sconsumptionofPeopletendtotakeinalotmorecaloriesthanWhatdoesBrunstromsuggestwedotocontrolourTrickourselvesintoeatingless.C)ConcentrateonfoodwhileChoosefoodwithfewercalories.D)PickdishesoftherightWhatisthemainideaoftheEatingdistractionsoftenaffectourfoodPsychologicalfactorsinfluenceourhungerOurfoodintakeisdeterminedbyourbiologicalGoodeatinghabitswillcontributetoourAsasocietywemightwanttorethinkthetimeandmoneyspentoneducation,sothattheseresourcescanbenefitagreaterpercentageofthepopulation.Ideally,bothhighschoolsandcollegescanprepareindividualsfortheever-changingrolesthatarelikelytobeexpectedofthem.Highschooldegreesofferfarlessinthewayofpreparationforworkthantheymight,orthanmanyothernationscurrentlyoffer,creatingagrowingskillsgapinoureconomy.Weencouragestudentstogoontocollegewhethertheyarepreparedornot,orhaveaclearsenseofpurposeorinterest,andnowhavethehighestcollegedropoutrateintheworld.Wemightlooktoothercountriesformodelsofhowhighschoolscanofferbettertraining,aswellasthedevelopmentofaworkethic(勤奋工作的美德)andtheinlectualskillsneededforlearninganddevelopment.I Harvard’s2011“PathwaystoProsperity”reportformoreattentiontothe“forgottenhalf”(thosewhodonotgoontocollege)andideasabouthowtoaddressthisissue.Simultaneously,theliberalarts emoreimportantthanever.Inaknowledgeeconomywhereprofessionalroleschangerapidlyandmanycollegestudentsarepreparingforpositionsthatmaynotevenexistyet,theskillsetneededisonethatpreparesthemforchangeandlearning.Learningtoexpressideaswellinbothwritingandspeech,knowinghowtofindinformation,andknowinghowtodoresearchareallsolidbackgroundskillsforawidevarietyofroles,andsuchtrainingismoreimportantthananyparticularmajorinaliberalartscollege.Weneedtocontinuetovaluebroadpreparationinthinkingskillsthatwillserveforalifetime.Studentsalsoneedtolearntoworkindependentlyandtomakeresponsibledecisions.Thelengtheningpathtoadulthoodappearsexacerbated()byparentalinvolvementinthecollegeyears.Giventherisinginvestmentincollegeeducation,parentalconcernisnotsurprising,butlearningwhereandwhentointervene(干预)willhelpstudentstakemoreownershipofthe esoftheseincreasingl