2022年8月外文研究报告fake news in europe

INDUSTRIES

&

MARKETSFakenewsinEuropeCHAPTER

01NewsconsumptionoverviewSourcesfornewsconsumptioninselectedcountriesworldwideasofFebruary2022,bytypeNewsaccessinselectedcountriesworldwide2022,bytypeOnline(incl.socialmedia)TVSocialmediaPrint(incl.magazines)250%200%150%100%50%19%69%26%16%46%26%32%17%38%56%59%15%42%63%64%79%53%73%65%48%84%79%68%67%0%ArgentinaSouthKoreaSpainUnitedKingdomGermanyUnitedStates3Description:Accordingtotheresultsofaglobalsurveyheldinearly2022,consumersintheUnitedStatesweretheleastlikelytouseprintmediatogettheirnews,with15percentreportingconsumingprintnewscomparedto26percentofrespondentsfromSpain.Meanwhile,newsfromsocialmediawasmostpopularinArgentina,whereasfewerGermanconsumersusedsocialmediafornewsthanaudiencesfromothercountriesinthesurvey.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;JanuarytoFebruary,2022;2,000*;amongthosewhohadusedeachsourceinthelastweek;*Thesamplesizesforeachcountrywereasfollows:UK(2,410),UnitedStates(2,036),Germany(2,002),Spain(2,028),SouthKorea[...R]

eadmoreSource(s):ReutersInstitutefortheStudyofJournalism;YouGovNewssourcesusedinEuropeancountriesin2020SourcesusedtoaccessnewsinselectedEUcountries2020TVOnline(incl.socialmedia)PrintednewspapersSocial90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%79%77%74%73%70%

70%66%64%63%56%55%50%39%39%37%34%33%22%22%15%FranceGermanyItalySpainUnitedKingdom4Description:ThisstatisticshowstheresultsofasurveyonthenewssourcesusedbyconsumersinselectedEuropeancountriesin2020.Duringtheperiodofconsideration,itwasfoundthatTVandOnlinesources(includingsocialmedia)werethemostpopularnewssourcesinallgivencountries.

ReadmoreNote(s):Europe;2020;allwhousedasourceofnewsinthelastweekineachcountrySource(s):ReutersInstitutefortheStudyofJournalismShareofindividualsintheEuropeanUnion(EU-27)readingnewsonlinefrom2013to2021InternetusersreadingnewsonlineintheEuropeanUnion2013-202170%66%64%62%60%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%56%53%51%47%2013201420152016201720192020e2021b5Description:TheshareofinternetusersreadingnewsonlineintheEuropeanUniondecreasedbytwopercentin2021incomparisontothepreviousyear.ThiswasthefirsttimeduringtheobservedperiodthattheshareofonlinenewsreaderdeclinedintheEuropeanUnion.

ReadmoreNote(s):EU;2013to2021;Includingonlinenewssites/newspapers/newsmagazinesSource(s):EurostatFirstsourceofEuropeanpoliticalnewsamongEUcitizensin2022FirstsourceofinformationonEuropeanpoliticalmattersinEurope2022Shareofrespondents0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%Television(generalistchannels)32%Total"theinternet"*28%Television(newschannels)23%Informationwebsites(fromnewspapers,news,magazines,etc.)17%OnlinesocialnetworksWrittenpressRadio9%7%6%VideohostingwebsitesPodcasts1%1%Blogs

0%Other

0%Don'tknow

0%Doesn'tlookfornewsonEuropeanpoliticalmatters4%6Description:Television'sgeneralistandnewschannelswereamongthemostpopularmediaasafirstsourcefornewsonEuropeanpoliticalmattersamongtheamongtheEUcitizens,at32and23percentofrespondentsaccordingtothemostrecentsurvey,conductedinthebeginningof2022fortheEurobarometer.TheinternetasawholecompletestheTop3ofmostpopularmediawiththesecondpositionand28percent.Read

moreNote(s):EU;January18toFebruary14,2022;26,696respondents;15yearsandolderSource(s):EuropeanCommissionCHAPTER

02FakenewsconsumptionNewsconsumerswhosawfalseormisleadinginformationaboutselectedtopicsinthelastweekworldwideasofFebruary2022,byregionConsumerswitnessingfalseinformationoncertaintopicsworldwide2022,byregionShareofrespondentsAfricaLatinAmerica20%AsiaNorthAmerica30%Europe0%10%40%50%60%47%47%54%53%COVID-19Politics45%49%51%42%43%34%33%48%Celebrities29%22%20%19%21%ClimatechangeImmigration15%16%32%19%18%9%27%20%29%26%Products(e.g.scams)22%19%16%8Description:Astudyheldinearly2022foundthatbetween45and55percentofsurveyedconsumersworldwidehadwitnessedfalseormisleadingCOVID-19newsintheweekrunningtothesurvey,withNorthAmericansandLatinAmericansmostaffected.Suspiciousorfakepoliticalnewswasalsoaproblem,particularlyinLATAMandAfrica,andAfricanconsumerswerealsothemostlikelytohaveencounteredfalseinformationproducts,i.e.scams.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;JanuarytoFebruary2022;seenotesSource(s):ReutersInstitutefortheStudyofJournalism;YouGovShareofpeoplewhooftencomeacrossnewsorinformationthatmisrepresentsrealityorisfalseinEUmemberstatesasofFebruary2022ConsumersoftenseeingfakenewsintheEU2022Don'tknow5%Totallydisagree5%Tendtodisagree20%Totallyagree23%Tendtoagree47%9Description:Themajorityofrespondentstoasurveyheldacrossthe27EUmemberstatesoftencameacrossnewswhichmisrepresentedrealityorwasfalse,with70percentsayingthattheytotallyagreedortendedtoagreewiththatstatement.Justfivepercentdisagreedentirelythattheyregularlysawfakeandsuspiciouscontent,highlightingthegrowingproblemofmisinformationandthedisseminationofmade-up,manipulated,anddoctorednewscontent.Read

moreNote(s):EU;January18,2022toFebruary14,2022Source(s):EuropeanCommissionShareofpeoplewhooftencomeacrossnewsorinformationthatmisrepresentsrealityorisfalseinEUmemberstatesasofFebruary2022,bycountryConsumersoftenseeingfakenewsintheEU2022,bycountryAgreeDisagree120%100%80%60%40%20%0%10Description:Encounteringfakenewsis,forthemajorityofEuropeancitizens,acommonoccurrence.Accordingtoa2022surveyacrossall27Europeanmemberstates,70percentfullyagreedortendedtoagreethattheyoftencameacrossnewsandinformationthatmisrepresentedrealityorwasfalse.FakenewswasmostoftenencounteredbythosefromMalta,with90percentofMalteseparticipantssayingtheyoftensawit.Infact,theshareofrespondentswhooftensawfakenewswas80percentof[...]ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;January18,2022toFebruary14,2022;responsesincludethosewhoresponded'totallyagree'or'tendtoagree'and'totallydisagree'or'tendtodisagree',andexcludesthosewhoanswerered'don'tknow'Source(s):EuropeanCommissionTypesoffakenewsencounteredonlineinEuropeasofDecember2020EncounteringfakenewsonlineinEurope2020,bytype30%26.9%24.1%25%20%15%10%5%18.4%15.5%13%2.2%0%FakeinformationAuthenticmaterialusedinthewrongcontext(photos/videosfrom

doctored,Photoshopped,anotherevent/timethat

orcontaindeepfakes)aredesignedtomisleadManipulatedcontent(photos/videosthatareFakenewssitesImposternewssitesdesignedtolooklikebrandswealreadyknowParodycontenttheviewer)11Description:AccordingtoasurveyheldinDecember2020,18.4percentofpeopleaged16yearsandaboveinEuropehadencounteredmanipulatedcontent,e.g.photosandvideoswhichhadbeendoctored,Photoshopped,orcontaineddeepfakes,and15.5percenthadcomeacrossfakenewssites.Fakeinformationwasthemostcommonlyencounteredtypeoffakenewsfound,followedbyauthenticmaterialusinginthewrongcontext.ReadmoreNote(s):Europe;December8,2020;1,000*;16yearsandolder;across23countries**;*Respondentswereaged16toover54,withthemajorityofparticipantsbetweentheagesof18and24(28.1percent).Thegendersplitskewedfemale(55.2[...]Read

moreSource(s):TrustedWebFoundationAttitudestowhetheritiseasytoidentifynewsorinformationthatmisrepresentsrealityorisfalseinEUmemberstatesasofFebruary2022EaseofidentifyingfakenewsintheEU2022Don'tknow5%Totallydisagree7%Totallyagree17%Tendtodisagree26%Tendtoagree45%12Description:Themajorityofrespondentstoa2022surveyacrossthe27EuropeanUnionmemberstatessaidtheyagreedthatitwaseasyforthemtospotnewsorinformationtheybelievedtomisrepresentrealityorbefalse,with17percenttotallyagreeingthatthiswasthecase,andafurther45percentsaidthattheytendedtoagree.Justsevenpercentdisagreedentirelythatitwaseasyforthemtoidentifysuchcontent.ReadmoreNote(s):EU;January18,2022toFebruary14,2022Source(s):EuropeanCommissionCHAPTER

03ImpactoffakenewsImpactoffakenewsinEuropeasofDecember2020EffectoffakenewsinEurope202040%34.6%35%30%25%20%15%10%5%33.2%12.4%11.4%8%0.4%0%CheckfactsmorethoroughlymyselfNoimpacttomepersonallyStopgettingnewsfrom

Reducetheamountofmorespecificoutlets

newsIconsumeoverallReducetheamountoftimespentonsocialmediaOther14Description:AsurveyheldinEuropeinDecember2020foundthatthebiggestimpactoffakenewsonconsumerswasthattheycheckedfactsmorethoroughlythemselves,withatotalof34.6percentofrespondentsacross23participatingcountriessayingthattheydidso.Meanwhile,12.4percentstoppedgettingnewsfromspecificplaces,andeightpercentreducedtheamountoftimespentonsocialmedia.ReadmoreNote(s):Europe;December8,2020;1,000*;16yearsandolder;*Respondentswereaged16toover54,withthemajorityofparticipantsbetweentheagesof18and24(28.1percent).Thegendersplitskewedfemale(55.2percent).**Topfive[...R]

eadmoreSource(s):TrustedWebFoundationShareofpeoplewhobelievetheproblemoffakenewswillgetworseinthenextfiveyearsinEuropeasofDecember2020OpinionsonhowfakenewswillchangeinEurope40%34%35%30%25%20%15%10%5%32%23.6%10.4%0%ImproveStaythesameWorsenIdon'tknow15Description:AsurveyheldinEuropeinDecember2020foundthatthemajorityofrespondentsbelievedtheproblemoffakenewswouldstaythesameoverthenextfiveyears,with34percentfeelingthatthiswouldbethecase.Meanwhile,23.6percentsaidthattheythoughtthesituationwouldimprove,and32percentbelievedthesituationwouldgetworse.ReadmoreNote(s):Europe;December8,2020;1,000*;16yearsandolder;*Respondentswereaged16toover54,withthemajorityofparticipantsbetweentheagesof18and24(28.1percent).Thegendersplitskewedfemale(55.2percent).**Topfive[...R]

eadmoreSource(s):TrustedWebFoundationAttitudestowhethernewsorinformationthatmisrepresentsrealityorisfalseisaproblemfordemocracyinEUmemberstatesasofFebruary2022,bycountryFakenewsanddemocracy:opinionsinEUcountries2022AgreeDisagree120%100%80%60%40%20%0%16Description:AsurveyheldbetweenJanuaryandFebruary2022foundthat93percentofrespondentsfromCyprusagreedthatnewsmisrepresentingreality,orfalsenews,wasaproblemtodemocracyingeneral.AsimilarshareofrespondentsfromMalta,Czechia,Greece,andCroatiasaidthesame.AustriansandRomanianswerelessinclinedtobelievethistobethecase,withunder70percentofrespondentsfromeachofthesetwoEUmemberstatesrespectivelysayingthattheystronglyor[...]ReadmoreNote(s):EU;January18,2022toFebruary14,2022;responsesincludethosewhoresponded'totallyagree'or'tendtoagree'and'totallydisagree'or'tendtodisagree',andexcludesthosewhoanswerered'don'tknow'Source(s):EuropeanCommissionCHAPTER

04TrustLeveloftrustinmediainselectedcountriesworldwideasofNovember2021Trustinmediaworldwide2021Leveloftrust0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%ChinaIndonesiaIndia80%73%66%66%ThailandSaudiArabiaUnitedArabEmiratesMalaysia64%64%60%59%58%57%SingaporeNetherlandsKenyaMexico54%52%51%CanadaNigeria18Description:Duringasurveyheldinlate2021,80percentofrespondentsfromChinastatedthattheytrustedthemediaasasourceofreliableinformation.Chineseconsumerswerethereforethemostlikelytohavefaithinthemedia,whereasbycontrast,just29percentofrespondentsfromRussiasaidthesame.TheshareofadultswhotrustedthemediaintheUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStateswasunder40percent,andthesamewastrueofrespondentsfromColombia,France,Japan,andSouthKoreaR.

eadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;November1to24,2021;36,000+respondents;18yearsandolder;1,150respondentspercountrySource(s):EdelmanShareofadultswhotrustnewsmediamostofthetimeinselectedcountriesworldwideasofFebruary2022Trustworthinessofnewsmediaworldwide2022Shareofrespondentswhotrustnewsmedia30%

40%0%10%20%50%60%70%80%FinlandPortugalSouthAfricaDenmarkKenya69%61%61%58%57%56%56%NetherlandsNorwayIreland52%51%50%50%BelgiumGermanySwedenBrazil48%Switzerland46%19Description:Astudyexaminingperspectivesonthenewsmediafrom40countriesrevealedthatlevelsoftrustdifferednotablyaroundtheworld,althoughonthemostparttrustinEuropeanmediawashighest.WesternEuropeansinparticularhadgreatertrustinthenewsmediathancitizensfromotherpartsoftheworld,with65percentofFinnstrustingthenews.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;JanuarytoFebruary,2022;2,000*;18yearsandolder;*Totalsamplesizeforeachmarketwasapproximately2,000.ReadmoreSource(s):ReutersInstitutefortheStudyofJournalism;YouGovShareofrespondentswhotendedtotrusttheinternetintheEuropeanUnion(EU27)countriesin2021TrustintheinternetinEurope2021,bycountryShareofrespondents30%0%10%20%40%50%60%CzechRepublicHungaryPoland43%52%54%PortugalBulgariaLithuaniaAustria33%44%50%42%Italy46%Greece54%SlovakiaCroatia39%37%Estonia53%Belgium31%20Description:ThisstatisticpresentstheresultsofasurveyontheleveloftrustintheinternetinEU27countriesin2021.Duringthesurveyperiod,itwasfoundthatjust35percentofrespondentsacrosstheEuropeanUniontrustedtheinternetR.

eadmoreNote(s):EU;February-March2021;27,409respondents;15yearsandolderSource(s):EuropeanCommissionTrustinpublicservicenewsmediabrandsinselectedmarketsworldwidein2018and2022Globaltrustinpublicservicenewsmedia2018-2022Shareofrespondents2022

201840%

50%0%10%20%30%60%70%80%90%100%84%86%Yle(Finland)DR(Denmark)NRK(Norway)RTÉ(Ireland)81%83%80%82%74%80%78%76%75%66%ABC(Australia)CBC(Canada)BBC(UK)59%55%76%SVT(Sweden)SR(Sweden)71%71%75%67%ARD(Germany)ZDF(Germany)ORF(Austria)NHK(Japan)69%66%68%62%66%57%57%53%FranceTélévisions55%21Description:Astudyexaminingperspectivesonnewsconsumptionfoundthatwhilsttrustinpublicservicemediawasgenerallyhigh,trustdroppedinalmostallmarketsbetween2018and2022.ThebiggestdropcouldbeseenintheUnitedKingdom,wheretheshareofrespondentswhotrustedtheBBCdroppedby20percent,from75percentto55percent.ABCinAustraliaandCBCinCanadaalsosawasubstantialdecreaseinthepercentageoftrustingnewsconsumers,whereastrustinSwedishpublic[...]Read

moreNote(s):Worldwide;2018and2022;2,000foreachmarket;amongthosewhotrustthesourceSource(s):ReutersInstitutefortheStudyofJournalism;YouGovShareofrespondentswhotendedtotrustthewrittenpressincountriesintheEuropeanUnionasofFebruary2022TrustinthewrittenpressinEurope2022,bycountryShareofrespondentswhotendtotrust30%

40%0%10%20%50%60%70%80%NetherlandsDenmarkFinland71%70%70%69%PortugalEstonia67%66%SwedenAustria62%LuxembourgBelgium58%57%56%GermanyIreland52%51%CzechRepublicItaly49%22Description:ThepopulationwiththehighestleveloftrustinthewrittenpressinEuropeliveintheNetherlands,with71percentofDutchcitizensreportingtrustintheprintedpress.Thesurvey,releasedinApril2022,foundthatcountrieswiththehighestshareoftrustintheEuropeanUnionwereinFinlandandDenmark,bothwitha70percentshareofpeopletrustingthewrittenpress.ReadmoreNote(s):EU;January18toFebruary14,2022;26,696respondents;15yearsandolderSource(s):EuropeanCommissionMostimportantfactorsinhelpingconsumerstrustthatonlinenewsandinformationistrueinselectedcountriesworldwideasofJune2020Factorsthatincreasetrustinonlinenewsworldwide2020TotalEMEAArgentinaAustraliaBrazilIndiaNigeriaU.S.Beingfamiliarwiththewebsiteorapponwhichitappears39%51%43%48%46%43%46%Knowingthewebsiteorapponwhichitappearsisindependentandunbiased46%43%10%9%44%55%12%11%20%20%17%46%47%12%9%45%47%16%14%30%22%23%48%44%29%30%38%35%36%57%45%16%18%35%19%25%48%47%12%9%RecognisingthepersonororganizationthatwroteorcreateditSeeingithasbeensharedbyafriendorsomeoneyouknowSeeingithasalotofshares,likesorcommentsnexttoitIfitfitswithyourunderstandingoftheissuesreported24%16%12%35%29%12%28%23%13%KnowingthewebsiteorapponwhichitappearsisbasedinThewebsiteorapponwhichitappearsis23Description:AsurveyfromJune2020foundthatinmanycountriesrespondentsfounditimportanttogetinformationfromawebsiteorappthatappearstobeindependentandunbiased,especiallyinNigeriawhere57percentofrespondentsreportedthatthiswaskeyinorderforthemtobeabletotrustwhetherornotinformationwastrue.InArgentina,thesurveyparticipantsfeltthatitwasimportanttoknowthepersonwhowrotethenews,with55percentofrespondentsmorelikelytotrust[...]ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;January6toJune18,2020*;35,030respondents;16-70yearsSource(s):IpsosCHAPTER

05Spotlight:Russia-UkrainewarnewsNewssourcespaidmostattentiontofornewsontheRussia-UkrainewarinselectedmarketsworldwideasofFebruary2022SourcesmostusedforRussia-Ukrainewarnewsworldwide2022ShareofrespondentsUnitedKingdom20%

40%

60%BrazilUnitedStatesGermany80%Poland0%100%

120%

140%

160%

180%

200%

220%TelevisionOnlinenewssitesfrommajornewsorganizationsSocialmediasitesRadioNon-mainstreamsites(e.g.specialistwebsites,oralternativesites)Conversationswithcolleagues,friends,orfamilyPrintednewspapersOnlineingeneral(newssites+non-mainstreamsites+social)25Description:EngagementwithnewsontheRussia-Ukrainewaroccurredmostlyviatelevisionoronlineoutletsinfiveselectedmarketsinaglobalstudy,andGermanconsumersweremostlikelytogetupdatesonthewarviatelevision,with46percentsayingtheydidso.Meanwhile,morethan20percentofBrazilianrespondentspaidmostattentiontosocialmediafornewsonthematter,comparedtojustsixpercentofGermans.Indeed,Germanrespondentswereoveralllessinclinedtogetupdatesvia[...]ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;JanuarytoFebruary2022;seenotesSource(s):ReutersInstitutefortheStudyofJournalism;YouGovNewsconsumerswhosawfalseormisleadinginformationaboutselectedtopicsinthelastweekworldwideasofFebruary2022,byregionConsumerswitnessingfalseinformationoncertaintopicsworldwide2022,byregionShareofrespondentsAfricaLatinAmerica20%AsiaNorthAmerica30%Europe0%10%40%50%60%47%47%54%53%COVID-19Politics45%49%51%42%43%34%33%48%Celebrities29%22%20%19%21%ClimatechangeImmigration15%16%32%19%18%9%27%20%29%26%Products(e.g.scams)22%19%16%26Description:Astudyheldinearly2022foundthatbetween45and55percentofsurveyedconsumersworldwidehadwitnessedfalseormisleadingCOVID-19newsintheweekrunningtothesurvey,withNorthAmericansandLatinAmericansmostaffected.Suspiciousorfakepoliticalnewswasalsoaproblem,particularlyinLATAMandAfrica,andAfricanconsumerswerealsothemostlikelytohaveencounteredfalseinformationproducts,i.e.scams.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;JanuarytoFebruary2022;seenotesSource(s):ReutersInstitutefortheStudyofJournalism;YouGovShareofrespondentswhothinktheRussia-UkrainewarissubjecttofakenewsinFrancein2022OpiniononfakenewsandtheRussia-UkrainewarinFrance2022Notatall5%Yes,absolutely18%No,rathernot36%Yes,certainly41%27Description:InFrance,almost60percentofrespondentsthoughtthattheRussia-Ukrainewarwassubjecttofakenewsin2022.Amongthem,18percentwereabsolutelysurethatthatwasthecase.Ontheotherhand,fivepercentofFrenchrespondentscompletelyrejectedthatidea.

ReadmoreNote(s):France;March1to2,2022;1,007respondents;18yearsandolderSource(s):IFOP;LaFrenchComTrustintheinformationprovidedbydifferentmediaontheRussia-UkrainewarinFrancein2022,bymediaMosttru